ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE was approximately 500, but the actual attendance was not far from 1200. It was one of the most successful meetings in point of numbers ever held. This fact was of especial interest as it had been questioned whether a successful and well attended meeting of the association could be held in the Middle West. election of the Fellows of the Association was placed on the basis of professional work in science in the hope that greater uniformity would then be secured in the action of sectional committees. The next meeting of the Association will be held in Washington, from December 27 to 30, 1911. The following officers were There were three public addresses during the elected: President, C. E. Bessey; Vice-Presimeeting. The retiring president, Dr. David dents; Section A, Mathematics and Astronomy, Starr Jordan, delivered an address on "The E. B. Frost, Yerkes Observatory; Section B, Making of a Darwin." Mr. W. A. Bryan gave Physics, R. A. Milliken, Chicago University; an illustrated public lecture on the Hawaiian Section C, Chemistry, F. K. Cameron, Departvolcano of Kilauea, and Mr. A. B. Stickney de- ment of Agriculture, Washington; Section D, livered a public lecture on the subject Should Mechanical Science and Engineering, C. S. Agriculture and the Physical Development of Howe, Case School of Applied Science; Section Childhood be added to the Curriculum of the E, Geology and Geography, Bohumil Shimek, Public Schools?" A symposium on aviation un- University of lowa; Section F, Zoology, H. F. der the auspices of the section on mechanical Nachtrieb, University of Minnesota; Section G, science and engineering was also of popular in- Botany, F, C, Newcombe, University of Michiterest. The section on mathematics and astro- gan; Section II, Anthropology and Psychology, nomy held a joint session with the American G. T. Ladd, Yale University; Section I, Social Mathematical Society. The section on chem- and Economic Science, no election; Section K, istry held no session apart from the session for Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Dr. W. the delivery of the vice-presidential address. T. Porter, Harvard University; Section L, E. All sessions of the general programme in this L. Thorndike, Columbia University; General section were essentially joint sessions, though Secretary, John Zeleny, University of Minneunder the auspices of the American Chemical sota; Secretary of the Council, T. S. Palmer, Society. Sixteen papers were read before the Washington, D. C. Division of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, BRITISH FOR THE. A learned society, 12 before the Division of Fertilizer Chemistry, ASSOCIATION four before the Division of Pharmaceutical founded at York, England, in 1831 for the purChemistry, and eight before the Chemical Edu- pose of stimulating scientific inquiry, for procational Section. In the Division of Inorganic moting the intercourse of scientific men and for Chemistry 47 papers were given and many evoking public interest in the progress of papers were read before the Biological Section, science. The Association holds its meeting anbefore the Industrial Chemists and Chemical nually in important cities of the United KingEngineers and before the Division of Organic dom and of the colonies. It does not hold meetChemistry. In the symposium on aeronautics ings in London. The meeting of the Association referred to above, 12 papers were presented. in 1910 was held in Sheffield. The inaugural adBefore the Section on Geology and Geography papers were presented on economic geology, on structural geology, glacial geology and geography. The Section on Zoology met in joint session with the central branch of the American Society of Zoologists, and 43 papers were read at these sessions. The Section on Botany met jointly with the Botanical Society of America and the American Phytopathological Society, Seventy-one papers were presented at the Botanical sessions. The Section on Anthropology and Psychology held no meeting, but the American Psychological Association and the Western Philosophical Association met in joint session and in session with the Section on Education. Thirtyfour papers were presented. In the Section on Social and Economic Science 12 papers were read. In the Section on Physiology and Experimental Medicine, there was a symposium devoted to the subject, Diseases due to Filtering Organisms." The Section on Education met in joint session with the American Psychological Association for the discussion of the topic, "Educational Psychology and in joint session with the American Federation of Teachers of Mathematical and Natural Science to discuss the topic, "Methods of Testing the Results of Science Teaching." 66 Among the important actions taken by the Council was the preparation of a resolution requesting the Postmaster-General to give careful attention to the effects of any ruling of the Post Office Department that might limit the advancement and diffusion of science throughout the country. This was in view of the proposed change of rates in second-class matter. The dress was delivered by Rev. T. J. Bonney, the President-elect. This address dealt with problems of the Ice Age. In the mathematical and physical section Professor E. W. Hobson delivered an address on the scope and tendencies of modern mathematics. In the same section, Sir J. J. Thomson read a paper on the cathode rays. Sir William Ramsay and Sir. W. Gray announced the result of the emanation of radium and declared it to be a gas of the argon type. See CHEMISTRY. Important addresses were made also in the other sections, which include the agricultural section, geological section, zoölogical section, geographical section, engineering section, physiological section, botanical section, educational science section, anthropological section and the economic science and statistics section. In the last named section a valuable report was presented by Professor Cannan on the number and amount of incomes below the income tax limit. The President of the Association is Professor T. J. Bonney, and the general secretaries are Major A. P. MacMahon and Professor W. A. Herdman. The next meeting of the Association will be held in Portsmouth under the presidency of Sir W. Ramsay. ADVENTISTS, SEVENTH DAY. A religious denomination which originated in 1845. It is based on the belief that the second coming of Christ is near at hand, founded on the fulfillment of the historic prophecies of Daniel and Revelation and on the teachings of Christ regarding signs of his first appearance in Matthew 24, and Luke 21. Many who at first composed the organization had been associated with the Advent movement of 1840-44, which numbered thousands of believers in the United States and Europe. One of the leading doctrines of the believers at that period was that Christ would come in 1844, according to the prophecy of Daniel 8:14, and the passing of that date and the consequent disappointment led to further investigation with the result that those who later founded the Seventh-day Adventist body saw that, instead of this earth being the sanctuary to be cleansed, the sanctuary referred to was the temple of Christ's ministry in heaven, the cleansing being the work of investigation and judgment described in Daniel 7:10, to precede the second advent. Thus there arose in New England in 1845 a body which, while believing in the second coming of Christ have never set a date for that event, but hold to the Scripture statement that it is near. According to the United States census of 1906, published in 1910, the Seventh-day Adventists numbered 62,211 communicants, 488 ministers and 981 churches. The property was valued at $1,454,087. In the Sunday Schools of the denomination there were 50,225 scholars with 11,033 teachers. According to data gathered by officers of the denomination, there were at the close of 1910, 22 union conferences, 107 local conferences, 135 foreign mission stations, 33 being in non-Christian lands, and over 2500 churches in eighty of the principal countries of the world, with 100,931 communicants. The denomination spent in 1910 approximately $2,000,000 for the support of evangelical work. In institutional lines the work is represented by 83 colleges, academies and intermediate schools, and 579 primary schools. There are 27 denominational publishing houses which print 125 papers. The publications are issued in 65 languages. The denomination also operates over 80 sanitariums, with which there are connected over 2000 physicians and trained employees. The next general conference of the denomination meets in 1913. In addition to the Seventh-day Adventists there are several bodies bearing the name of Adventists which have practically nothing in common with the former, except possibly the doctrine of the second coming of Christ, and even there the connection is remote. These bodies, with their membership in 1906 are as follows: Evangelical Adventists, 481; Advent Christian Church, 26,799; Church of God, 354; Churches of God, unattached congregations, 257; Life and Advent Union, 509; Churches of God in Christ Jesus, 2124. ADVERTISEMENTS. See SCENIC AND HIS TORIC PRESERVATION SOCIETY. AERONAUTICS. Following the usual custom of the YEAR BOOK, the material dealing with the progress of the navigation of the air in 1910 will be found treated under this head, although such topics as mechanical flight by machines heavier than the displaced air are quite different from questions involving merely spherical balloons which drift in the air as driven by winds and air currents. Accordingly below will be found a division into aviation. dirigible balloons, and aerostats or non-dirigible balloons, while under MILITARY PROGRESS will be found several paragraphs discussing the application of aeroplane and dirigible to war. AVIATION The year 1910 was memorable in the development of aviation for the large number of remarkable exploits. Various prizes and competitons stimulated the activity of the aviators; and while there was a regrettable loss of life due to failures of machines and other accidents, yet in the main considerable progress was made, and this was manifest in the constant improvement during the year in the records for distance, speed and altitude. The list of inventors and aviators engaged in practical flying with various types of machines grew rapidly and at the end of the year was truly remarkable. This was shown by the fact that on December 31 there were 42 machines in flight for records for the Michelin Cup. During the year the different features of the difference types of aeroplanes were carefully considered and in many cases these were adopted or modified, so as to combine in a single machine the most efficient methods of arrangement and manipulation. The wing warping method for lateral control which originated in America with the Wright brothers and was one of the fundamental features of their biplanes continued to be the prevalent method for lateral control, yet the ailerons which were important elements of the Curtiss aeroplane found use on other types of machines. Most biplanes adopted the rear elevating rudder which was found to give fore and aft stability so successfully to the monoplanes. The perfection to which the aeroplane motor had been brought in previous years did not leave room for great improvement in itself and the favorite motor seemed to be the revolving Gnome on account of its reliability and the light weight for the power produced. Aeronautical engineers were pleased to state that a distinct type of motor for aviation had been evolved and that they were quite independent of the automobile engineers. Many of the accidents that occurred to different aeroplanes were found to result from defective construction, and it was the general opinion that design and making must be very carefully considered and a larger safety factor introduced in making the machines. At the beginning of the year the leading types of machines seen in the United States and Europe were the Wright, Curtiss, Voisin and Farman biplanes, and the Antoinette, one-seated Bléroit, the two-seated Bléroit and the SantosDumont monoplanes. All of these underwent greater or less improvement during the year un der review. BIPLANES. The new Wright machines brought out in 1910 were conspicuous by the absence of the double surface horizontal rudder elevating in front. The tail surface had an elevating rudder and the two vertical surfaces which were formerly placed in front of the aeroplane were cut down in amount and were carried on the skids. The vertical portions of the Voisin biplane used to give lateral stability similar to those of the cellular kite were replaced by ailerons which were employed also by Curtiss and Farman. Lateral stability was obtained either by employing these ailerons, or, Wrights, by warping the sustaining planes, though this is apt to weaken the transverse frame of the machine. The warping device, however, is found generally in monoplanes, but in the very large biplanes the ailerons are more generally employed. The horizontal rudder behind was found in the case of the Voisin and Henri Farman biplanes, while in the machines of Maurice Farman and Sommer the combined forward and aft rudders are used. French critics at the end of the year believed that the as was done by the AERONAUTICS single horizontal rudder placed at the stern brings the monoplane nearer to the model of a bird and preserves equilibrium better than the use of the forward rudder often seen in the American type of biplane. Two new French biplanes appeared during the year, those of Bréguet and Goupy. With two surfaces a greater load can be carried on account of more sustaining power, and this was considered one of the strongest points in favor of the biplane, the monoplane making during the year some wonderful speed records. plane. The best practice at the end of the year MONOPLANES. But little change was noted in the construction of monoplanes during the year except their gradual improvement and better adjustment. This type of aeroplane opposes less resistance to forward motion and therefore secures greater speed with equal power, as was clearly demonstrated in many important flights and competitions. It was found to maintain its equilibrium better in high winds on account of its greater velocity and its greater weight in proportion to its surface, and because the single support surface was less affected by gusts and eddies in the atmosphere than the double surface of the biplane. In fact one of the most important lessons of the Rheims aviation meet was that the monoplanes fared much better in weathering a gale. The Antoinette monoplane remained in exactly the same form at the end of the year as it was at the beginning, and but few modifications were made in the one-seated Blériot. The double-seated Blériot was made with seats side by side for pilot and passenger, and this promised increased usefulness for military reconnoitering as the observer was independent of any operation of the machine. The Santos-Dumont monoplane also remained unchanged and achieved considerable success during the year. Its deficiency was thought to lie entirely in the motor as all the machine needed apparently was a sufficiently light, low-powered motor, a type which had not been de- All things considered, however, the Gnome veloped to the needed efficiency and reliability. motor was considered the best of the light A new French monoplane of the year was the weight types as it was employed with many Hanriot, similar in many respects to the Antoi- machines accomplishing notable flights. It was nette and showing some good performances. demonstrated during the year that this motor The Tellier machine was a modified Blériot, was as well adapted to monoplanes as to biwhile the Nieuport was built with very small planes, and its gyroscopic action did not have the resistance to forward motion. The Sommer dangerous effects anticipated. The rotary monoplane also resembled that of Blériot. motor had become an established fact and was Typifying the tendency of French inventors thought to represent a true type of aeroplane to copy the general form of the bird was motor which eventually must take the form of the monoplane of Esnault-Pelterie, which resembled a great bird and was considered by many one of the most beautiful of the monoplanes of the year. CONSTRUCTION AND CONTROL. All of these typical machines were made in different sizes, varying as regards the power of their engines and the areas and curvature of their planes. Many of these resulted from practical tests with the dynamometer, though the building of aeroplanes was still more a matter of experiment than of calculation. Increased safety was procured by placing the aviator behind the motor, and this was typical of the more recent machines, though in others the pilot was placed either in front or at the side as in the case of the Wright machine. Practically all aeroplanes now start from wheels, the Wright brothers being among the last to adopt this method, though with machines of increasing size and power it may be necessary to employ again the skids and rails as used with the first Wright aero AEROPLANE MOTORS. In regard to motors for aeroplanes we have noted that a distinct type of aeroplane motor had been evolved and no longer were makers of monoplanes and biplanes dependent on the work of automobile engineers. One of the best performances of the year was that of the Antoinette water-cooled motor which accomplished 13,000 miles in one week at the Bordeaux aviation meeting. Such a record would be an enviable one for an automobile engine and when it was recalled that this is the work of a powerful engine where extreme lightness of weight was the prime requisite, it was most extraordinary. the gas turbine engine. Aviators were demanding a lightness and a small consumption of fuel. NEW TYPES OF AEROPLANE. The most original and interesting aeroplanes of the year exhibited at the Paris Aviation Salon were those of Fabre and Coandre. The Fabre machine had a trussed frame of considerable strength and was able to rise from and to light on the water, being the first aeroplane to accomplish this feat successfully. The Coandre aeroplane was designed to reduce to a minimum the resistance to progressive motion and had wooden wings which some critics considered lacking in strength. The inventor at the end of the year was engaged in developing a turbine which he hoped would produce considerable power. The Paris Aviation Salon was not, as usual, productive of novelties and it was stated that the leading inventors and manufacturers were developing and testing machines in which new ideas were embodied rather than exhibiting in their latest achievements. In their behalf it was said |