GEORGIA 287 GERMAN LITERATURE Com. of Insurance, W. A. Wright; Attorney 000). Governor (1910), Baron von Rechenberg. SUPREME COURT. Chief Justice William H. Fish; Beverly D. Evans, Presiding Justice; Associate Justices, J. H Lumpkin, M. W. Beck, and Samuel C. Atkinson; Clerk, Z. D. Harrison -all Democrats. STATE LEGISLATURE 1911. Democrats, Senate, 43; House, 182; joint ballot, 225; Republicans, Senate, 1; House, 1; joint ballot, 2; Democratic majority, Senate, 42; House, 181; joint ballot, 233. GERMAN EVANGELICAL SYNOD OF NORTH AMERICA. A religious denomination, founded in 1840 at Gravois Settlement near St. Louis as the Evangelical Church Association of the West. It was organized by six German pastors for the purpose of making Provision for the religious needs of the pioneer with the German Evangelical Church Associa German immigrants. It united successively tion of Ohio, 1858, and the United Evangelical Synod of North America. Doctrinally this synod GEORGIAN BAY CANAL. See CANADA, represents the Prussian Union of 1870. The Industrial Affairs. strength of the organization, which comGERHARDT, DAGOBERT VON. A German Frises eighteen districts, covering almost soldier, poet, and novelist, better known under of Canada, is greatest in the Central and all the States of the Union and parts the pen-name Gerhard von Amyntor, died February 24, 1910. He was born at Liegnitz in 1831. After attending the University he entered the Prussian army and advanced to the rank of major. He was severely wounded in the assault on the fortifications of Düppel during the Danish War of 1864 and in 1867 he was employed by Moltke on the General Staff at Berlin. He served in the Franco-German War, 1870-71. He became known chiefly through his numerous novels, such as Der neue Roman zero (2d ed. 1883); Die Cis Moll Sonate (1891), and Ein Kampf um Gott (1902). His earlier works include the Hypochondrische Plandereien (4th ed. 1875, new series; 3d ed., 1890). GERMAN ARCHITECTURE. See ARCHI TECTURE. North Central States. The most recent sta tistics show 1034 pastors, 1321 churches, 259,593 communicants and 114,372 Sunday school in 1910 was $13,281,202; the amount contributed scholars. The total value of church property for the maintenance of churches was $1,647,468; for church work and benevolences, $155,181. Foreign missions are actively carried on in the Central provinces of India by nine men missionaries, 8 women missionaries, 67 native helpers and 114 native teachers. The denomination maintains Elmhurst College at Elmhurst, Ill., and Eden Theological Seminary at St. Louis. The work of the synod, which was formerly carried on exclusively in the German language, is now, to a considerable extent, being done in English, especially in the large cities. The official organs are Der Friedensbote and A number of other The Messenger of Peace. periodicals, covering all departments of church See GERMAN LITERA work, are issued in both languages. Charitable institutions are maintained for orphans, superannuated ministers and the widows and orphans of deceased ministers in different parts of the synod. GERMAN BAPTIST BRETHREN. BRETHREN, CHURCH OF. GERMAN DRAMA. TURE. See GERMAN EAST AFRICA. A German GERMANIUM. See ATOMIC WEIGHTS. GERMAN LITERATURE. To the tumultuous pace of a decade ago the even tenor of literary life in Germany during the past year offers a striking contrast. All sensationalism, either critical or commercial, seems to have been discarded; it has had no secessionist manifestoes nor clamorous advertisements. It has lacked the mild excitement furnished by an exceptionally great seller or an unusual stage hit. Even Frenssen's latest and very creditable work, Klaus Hinrich Baas, which at the end of the previous year had promised to outrun its comFetitors, rapidly disappeared from the list of books most in demand. protectorate bordering upon the Indian Ocean. Estimated area, 365,000 square miles; estimated population, 7,000,000, largely of mixed Bantu race. Europeans (1908), 2845. Arabs, Syrians, and East Indians inhabit the coast regions. Capital, Dar-es-Salaam, with 24,000 inhabitants; Tabora has 37,000; Ujiji, 14,000; Tanga, 5690 (all estimates). Government schools (1908), 31, with 14 European and 77 native teachers and 3821 pupils. The mission schools have over 16,500 pupils. German plantations raise cacao, coffee, vanilla, tobacco, rubber, sugar, tea, cotton, cocoanuts, cardamon, cinchona, and fibre plants. There were (1905), 523,052 cattle and 3,380,492 sheep and goats Minerals are known to exist, and large quantities of gems. Imports (1908), 25,786,771 marks (cotton, rice, food-stuffs, hardware, and iron); exports, 10,873,856 marks None of the plays of the year have held the (rubber, 991,724 marks; copra, 806,202; ivory, boards so long and so successfully as Ludwig 561,946; coffee, 801,462; sisal, 2,685,633; wax, Thomas's Moral in 1908-9 and Alt Heidelberg 699,309). The trade is mainly with Zanzibar in a previous season, not to mention the success and Germany. Vessels entered (1908), 1057, of Die blaue Maus. The dramatic world had of 1,507,427 tons; besides 4186 dhows, of 87,669. not even been stirred by disputes over a prize The railway from Tanga to Muhesa, Korogwe, competition as it was in 1908 at the distribuand Mombo is 82 miles long; the extension to tion of the Schiller prize. The annual report Buiko (opened July, 1909) and from Dar-es- en the repertoire of the German stage for the Salaam to Mrogoro, 130 miles. An extension year ending in August, 1909, had proved that from Mrogoro to Kilimatinde (240 miles) is the French farce, or its German off-spring, and building. Telegraph lines, 1500 miles; offices, the musical comedy of The Girl and the Kaiser 26. Post-offices, 39. Revenue and expenditure type, hold sway abroad as they do in America; for the year 1909-10, estimated at 31,759,000 and a glance at more recent statistics corrobormarks (including imperial subvention of 3,579,- ates the inference. The only book that profoundly agitated the Jakob Wassermann's Die Masken des Erwin minds of German readers has been Enrica Reiners is an admirable achievement vaguely Händel-Mazetti's story Dic arme Margaret, suggesting the influence of Oscar Wilde; Friedwhich induced the Catholic press to accuse the rich Huch's Enzio is a striking study of the author of Modernism and in return called forth musical temperament; Norbert Jacques's Der from her a protest and the statement that her Hafen, of a weak and dissolute character; Herwritings are firmly anchored in the Roman- mann Bahr's O Mensch, of those modern AusCatholic faith. Another incident would ten trian types so splendidly portrayed in Die Rahl years ago have aroused a storm of indignation, and Drut; Jakob Schaffner's Konrad Pilater, of but passed by almost unnoticed; it was the libel youth seeking a goal indefinite; and George von case of a prominent publisher against the official Ompteda's Benigna, of a woman's life. But the organ of the conservative "Centre," which had finest work from every point of view is Ernst called his publications pornographic, among the Heilborn's story of a man at the critical stage works thus branded being those of Stendhal, when age lurks upon the threshold and youth the philosopher Kierkegaard and the nature- still asserts its longings and desires: Die steile writer Bölsche. Nor did the distinction of Paul Stufe. Volumes of short stories have been nuHeyse by the Nobel prize call forth any comment merous. Noteworthy documents of lives, simple from the young generation which had so often and unsophisticated are the stories by Clara made him the butt of unwarranted animosity, Viebig Die heilige Einfalt; of a more complicated yet the literary activity of the country has been character those by Bernardine Schulze-Smidt: in no way smaller than in previous years; on Allerlei Volk, with their admirable suggestion the contrary, the bulk of it seems greater than of local atmosphere. Hugo Salus does not deny ever, and the unavoidable discrepancy between his lyric voice in the stories called Schwache quantity and quality is not too much in evidence. Helden. Raoul Auernheimer cultivates the FICTION. Of the novels of the year the one clever society satire in his sketches Gesellschaft. which appeared at the beginning and the one There have been posthumous volumes by Rudolf which was published shortly before its close are Lindau and Otto Julius Bierbaum. likely to dominate the market for some time. Die arme Margaret by Enrica Händel-Mazetti is a story of the crusades distinguished by unusual dramatic intensity and tender poetic feeling. Emanuel Quint by Gerhart Hauptmann is the first long novel from the pen of the author and is bound to excite profound interest, his hero being of the Nazarene type and the record of his life offering a reply to the questions "What would Christ do in the World to-day?" and "What would the World do to Christ today?" The work is proof that in spite of his recent dramatic failures Hauptmann has not stood still, but developed in a new direction. Among novels with a historical setting Ricarda Huch's Das Leben des Grafen Federico Gonfalonieri is a fair specimen of the author's exquisite style. The poet Friedrich Lienhard has appeared as the author of a novel of the French Revolution in an Alsatian milieu, Oberlin, suggesting the spirit of the time from the æsthetic period antedating the upheaval to its religious postlude. Another poet, Rainer Maria Rilke, makes a symphony of life and death out of the story of an old Danish nobleman, called Die Aufzeichnungen des Malte Laurids Brigge. While these stories deal with the past and the present there have been at least two attempts to give a forecast of the future. Wilhelm Hegeler's Die frohe Botschaft is a Utopian novel anking artistically as high as previous works of the author; Alexander Ular's Die Zwergenschlacht, however, suggesting a world's peace trust, is devoid of literary merit. Novels de riving their interest mainly from the more or less effective suggestion of the place and the period of the story are very numerous; among them are Hermann Anders Krüger's story of Herrenhutian life, Kaspar Krumholtz, Karl Hans Strobl's story of the Silesian border, Der brennende Berg, Max Burkhardt's Trinacria, painting Sicilian life, and towering above them Die vor den Toren by Clara Viebig, a remarkably forcible and convincing story of the corruption spreading in the middle class of Berlin when the building boom that followed the victory of Sedan metropolized remote and simple suburbs. Among the psychological novels of the year DRAMA. The greatest success of the dramatic season in Germany has also been among the greatest in America: Hermann Bahr's comedy, Das Konzert. Hermann Sudermann's mediæval drama of the Baltic shores Strandkinder which opened to him the sacred portals of the court theatre, failed, however, to satisfy the demands of the critics. Of the young contemporaries of Sudermann and Hauptmann, George Hirschfeld, once the most promising, experiences failure after failure, Das zweite Leben being another weak performance. Hugo von Hofmannsthal, who so far has been rather lucky, also failed with his comedy Christina's Heimreise. Of the older generation Adolf Wilbrandt's tragedy Das verschleierte Bild zu Sais and Ludwig Fulda's play Herr und Diener had likewise a cool reception. Heinrich Lilienfein who a few years ago was one of the most promising newcomers, has gradually conventionalized his individual talent and his Stier von Oliveira cannot compare with his earlier work. H. Müller's neo-romanticism, though clad in exquisite language, fails to make an impression when presented on the stage, as Die Wunder des Beatus proved. He shares the fate of Adolf Paul, who, though an individuality of quite a different stamp, has also learned that the poetic and romantic qualities of his play, Blauer Dunst, were rather a bindrance than an advantage on the stage. It is significant of the attitude of German managers towards new and untried plays that even works so manifestly fit only for reading, as Carl Hauptmann's Panspiele should nevertheless be given a hearing; but it is not likely to be repeated. Another author who has a number of Buchdramen to his credit, Hans von Gumppenberg, has, however, achieved a success with the one-act comedy Münchhausen's Antwort. A unique experiment was the performance of the legendary drama, Das Weib des Vollendeten by the German-writing Dane, Karl Gjellerup. Arthur Schnitzler, physician and dramatist, who has proved himself such a subtle analyst of the souls of men of his time, has turned back a hundred years and given us a most remarkable study of character in the drama Der junge Medarus, which he calls a dramatic history GERMAN LITERATURE 289 with a prelude, and which presents a picture of Vienna in the Bonaparte year 1809. He has also published a marionette play, Der tapfere Cassian. One of the most successful works by a newcomer has been the Russian revolutionary drama Der Moloch by Leo G. Birinski. Frank Wedekind continues to send out the curiously grotesque coruscations of his fancy: In allen Wassern gewaschen, a tragi-comedy, is as impudent a bit of naturalism as anything that has come from his pen, while Der Stein der Weisen, a one-act play in verse, is an admirable satire. There has been no lack of dramas founded upon well-worn themes and challenging comparison with earlier works. An ambitious but commendable first work was Hans Franck's tragedy, Der Herzog von Reichstadt. Gustav Renner's Francesca is also said to be an acceptable version of the old story. Paul Ernst's Demetrius adds to the list of dramas endeavoring to complete the torso of Schiller's pretender-tragedy. Another Schiller-fragment, Warbeck, has been skillfully used by Hermann Riotte and well received at its initial performance. GERMAN LITERATURE other collection in two volumes is entitled Die neuere deutsche Lyrik and is edited by Philipp Witkop. Lastly there has appeared a new and enlarged edition of Maximilian Bern's Dichtungen vom Brettl und fürs Brettl, containing perhaps the best collection of poetry suitable for recitation. ESSAYS, TRAVEL, HUMOR. Prose of infinite variety has flooded the book market of the year and among it are some delightful books. Richard Schaukal's causeries, Vom unsichtbaren Königreich, are 'distinguished by the same rare and refined qualities as his poems. Theodor Wolff's Spaziergänge are in lighter vein, but more brilliant. Emil Reich's Aus Leben und Dichtung is a book containing no little philosophy of life and art. Carl Ludwig Schleich is the author of a book entitled Von der Seele, which is full of stimulating and illuminating reflections on matters spiritual and aesthetic. Posthumous volumes of aphorisms have come from Ernst von Wildenbruch, Blätter vom Lebensbaum and Georg von Oertzen, Nebensachen. Paul Friedrich's volume, called Das dritte Reich records the tragedy of individualism and Hans W. Fischer's Der Dreissigjährige stands entirely apart as an interpretation of life and a sermon on manhood. Among the books of travel Ludwig Brinckmann's volume of American impressions, Eroberer, challenges serious attention. Isolde Kurz has sent out a charming volume of Florentine reminiscences, Florentinische Erinnerungen, Richard Voss dwells upon his Roman days in Du mein Italien, Karl Hans Strobl has written a Romantische Reise im Orient, Paul Barcham reflects modern Russia in Petersburger Nächte, and Karl Scheffler draws a portrait of Berlin. An entertaining took on hunting is Fritz Skowronnek's Halali. A commendable undertaking is that of Roda Roda, the well-known contributor to Simplizissimus and Theodor Etzel, called Welthumor. Of this collection of the world's best humor the volume called Das lachende Deutschland is an excellent specimen and one that augurs well for the volumes to come. Selections from the writings of Otto Ernst have been published under the title Gesund und frohen Mutes, and Wilhelm Rullman has undertaken to gather some of the wit and humor of the day, culled from the press and other sources, under the title Witz und Humor. A brilliant specimen of Paul Scheerbart's grotesque humor is the story of an invention, Das Perpetuum mobile. POETRY. The poetical production has been somewhat meagre in proportion to that of other years. A work of distinction and genuine poetical qualities is Carl Hauptmann's volume of verse and prose entitled Aus meinem Tagebuch, and containing exquisite lyrical mood pictures and stimulating philosophical reflections. Ernst Lissauer, who some years ago made his début with a volume of verse of pronounced individuality Der Acker, has published a revised and enlarged edition of the same book. Gustav Falke, who is classed with the group of rebellious young Germans though he kept aloof from its idiosyncrasies, has sent out a volume of verse called Die Auswahl. Carl Busse, who gradually conventionalized his muse until it became almost popular, has published a new volume, Heilige Not. It is singular that in this unpoetic age there are poets who manage to publish two volumes within one year, as Christian Morgenstern, the author of Einkehr and Palmstrom, or even three as Max Dauthendey, the author of Weltspuk, Schwarze Sonne and Die geflügelte Erde, genuine specimens of his somewhat errant imagination and impressionistic vision. Whoever has admired the lyrical qualities in the fiction of Ernst Zahn was not surprised when he appeared as the author of a volume of verse, Gedichte. Of the poets of the older generation Ludwig Fulda has been the only one heard from through his Melodien, HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, ETC. Valuable additions an enlarged edition of his recent verse. A to history are the works by Dr. Albrecht Wirth, posthumous volume bearing the name of Hein- Weltgeschichte, and Oskar Jäger. Deutsche rich Leuthold is of unusual interest, the poems having been reconstructed from the manuscripts of the neglected author. Lastly there have been two volumes of poems by Frieda Schanz, who is perhaps the most popular, though by no means the most gifted among the women poets of Germany: Balladen and Italienische Pastelle. The year has been remarkable, however, for the publication of several valuable anthologies. Foremost among them is the dainty volume by Karl Henckell, called Weltlyrik, and containing specimens of modern poetry of France, Italy, England, Russia, America, and other countries, ter, Karl Muthesius's Goethe und Karl Alexanin commendable translations by the author, himself a striking poetic personality. A handy and inclusive collection of German poetry is published in two volumes by Willy Vesper and covers eight centuries of German verse. An Geschichte. Historical studies are contained in the books by Hermann Oldenburg, Aus dem alten Indien, and R. Dagobert Schoenfeld, An nordischen Königshöfen. Inclusive studies of the customs and manners of civilized society are the works by Edward Fuchs: Die galante Zeit and by Alexander von Gleichen-Russwurm, Sitten und Gebräuche der europäischen Welt. Glimpses of biography are contained in Adolf Kohut's book: Aus dem Herzensarchiv verliebter Berühmtheiten. Contributions to Goethe biog raphy are Alfred Biese's Goethe und seine Mut der, Arthur Rehbein's Studiosus Goethe in Leipzig und Strassburg, and others. Schiller Liography was increased by George Witkowski's Aus Schillers Werkstatt giving an insight into his methods of work. Ibsen literature was en A MISCELLANEOUS. Correspondence has figured largely in the book market of the year. Richard M. Meyer has published the collected letters of Goethe and his friends; there have been letters by Schiller, Theodor Storm, Wackenroder, Lenau, Hölderlin, Haller, Iffland, Fontane, Freiligrath and others. Another volume of the conversations of Goethe has appeared, covering the period from the death of Karl August to the year 1828. Dr. M. Schütte has written a book on the Goethe-National-Museum Weimar; the Goethe-Kalendar begun by Bierbaum has been continued by W. Schüddekopf, and Ludwig Geiger has sent out another volume of his Goethe-Jahrbuch. An interesting study is that of Karl Sell on Die Religion unserer in riched by Roman Woerner's Ibsen and Dr. Wil- great Russian writers of the century in well helm Hau's Ibsens Selbstportrait in seinen translated specimens of their works. Dramen. Wilhelm Fisher-Graz has given us a sympathetic study of Verhaeren is that by portrait and Hans Bélard a life of Nietzsche. Stefan Zweig. Die neue Form by Dr. O. E. Kurt Kuechler has stimulated interest in Hebbel Lessing is an attempt at interpretation of by a book on his life and works. August Ehr- German naturalism. There have been psyhard's life of Grillparzer has been translated chological and critical studies of Frankl, by Moritz Necker. There has been published a Schubert, Jordan, Heyse, Speidel, Zedlitz, Foulife of Platen by Constantia Ritter and a record quée, Geibel, Raabe, Wildenbruch, Carl Hauptof his intellectual development by Dr. Rudolf mann and others. Schloesser. Arthur Schurig has recorded the story of Wilhelm Heinse's youth, and Dr. Hans Henning is the author of a life of Spielhagen. John Henry Mackay's life of Stirner has gone into a second revised and much enlarged edition. LITERATURE, CRITICISM, ETC. Foremost among numerous works on German literature is the book by Dr. Kuno Francke which has grown out of his Social Forces in German Literature published a few years ago; it is entitled Kulturwerte der deutschen Literatur and the first volume makes one eager to see how the author is going to work out the central idea in the following. Of Richard M. Meyer's German Literature of the nineteenth century a fourth revised edition has been published; of Adolf Bartels's work on the same subject the eighth edition, Klassiker. The relation of the Jews to German and a book by J. Schilling covers the same ground. Karl Weitbrecht has written a history of German letters in the classical period, Dr. Adolf Voigtlin a history of German poetry, and Kurt Martens a useful little handbook on German writers of the present, Literatur in Deutschland The world's literature has been comprehensively treated by Dr. Carl Busse, Geschichte der Weltliteratur, and Dr. Otto Hauser, Weltgeschichte der Literatur, both in two volumes. Nikolaus Welter is the author of a history of French letters. Otto Hartmann's history of the book-trade Die Entwicklung der Literatur und des Buchhandels and Robert F. Arnold's Allgemeine Buecherkunde zur neueren deutschen Literatur-geschichte are valuable reference works. Among the numerous psychological and critical studies of contemporaries the book by Maximilian Harden ranks first: Köpfe; it contains portraits of the old Emperor William, Empress Frederick, Bismarck and Johanna Bismarck, Eugen Richter, Dr. Stöcker, Gallifet, Holstein, Waldersee, Ibsen, Zola, Matkowsky, Wolter, Mitterwurzer, Menzel, Böcklin, and Lenbach. Under the title Blühender Lorbeer Otto Ernst talks interestingly about his literary colleagues and compatriots. Eduard Schwarz is the author of a book entitled Charakterkpfe aus der antiken Literatur and Max Willaert of Dante Alighieri und seine Zeit. Among the critical contributions to Goethe Literature the most important are the book of Stefan George and Karl Wolfskehl and Wasielewski's Goethes meteorologische Studien. Robert Saudeck has added to the literature on Schiller a study entitled Schiller als Realist. A. Boehlingk is the author of a book called Shakespeare und unsere Klassiker; Dr. Raphael Bazardjian in his Kritik über das Ibsensche Theater draws interesting comparisons between Sophocles. Shakespeare and Ibsen. Wilhelm Dibelius has treated English fiction in an inclusive work Englische Romankunst; and Julius Bab is the author of a book on George Bernard Shaw. Dr. E. Dühring's book Die Grössen der modernen Literatur contains studies of Rousseau, Schiller, Byron and Shelley, and Alexander Eliasberg's Die grossen Russen presents the literature was treated in a book by Ludwig Geiger. Dr. Franz Strich is the author of a book on the element of mythology in German literature from Klopstock to Wagner. P. M. Huber has written a bulky volume of folklore study, Die Wanderlegende von den sieben Schläjern, and Rudolf Buchmann is the author of Helden und Mächte des romantischen Kunstmärchens. Among new editions or new volumes in editions previously begun there are 14 of Goethe, several of Schiller, and Kleist, Arndt, Lenz, Heine, Lenau, Büchner and Nietzsche have likewise been reissued. There have been numerous translations of foreign works, among them another volume of Lafcadio Hearn, Buddha; works by Dostoyevski, Swinburne, Maeterlinck, d'Annunzio, Tolstoy, Strindberg, Shaw, Wells, Galsworthy, Zangwill and others. Among American authors thus honored Jennette Lee's Uncle William heads the list; next come Old Chester Tales by Margaret Deland and Mrs. Little's Lady of the Decoration. Death has removed a number of prominent writers, among them Otto Julius Bierbaum, Rudolf Lindau, Julius Wolff, Ludwig Hevesi, Hermann Heiberg, Kurt Lasswitz and Gerhard von Amyntor. GERMAN METHODIST CHURCH. See EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION. GERMAN MUSIC. See MUSIC. GERMAN NEW GUINEA, or KAISER WILHELM LAND. A German protectorate occupying the northeastern portion of the island of New Guinea. Estimated area, about 70,000 square miles; estimated population, about 110,000 natives, whites (1909) 197. There are mission schools. Cocoanuts, rubber, cabinet woods, copra, mother-of-pearl, and trepang are the chief articles of trade. Imports (1908), 722,538 marks; exports (mostly copra), 281.181 marks; tonnage, 82,381; revenue and expenditure (190910), 1,808,835 marks; imperial subvention, 1,065,000. Attached administratively to German New Guinea are the Caroline Islands, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Ladrone Islands, the German Solomon Islands, and the Marshall Islands (qq. v.). The governor (1910, Dr. Hahl) resides at Harbertshöhe in the Bismarck Archi GERMAN NEW GUINEA pelago. The German-Dutch boundary commission began the work of delimitation in 1910. 291 States Prussia (k) GERMANY Sq. mi. It was reported in December that an uprising Bavaria (k) had taken place in the Caroline Islands owing to Württemberg (k) discontent with the German road-building policy Saxony (k) and that four German officials and five native Meck'burg-Schwerin (g). 5,068 Baden (g) employes had been murdered at Jokor. Troops Hesse (g) were at once sent to the island to restore order. Oldenburg (g). GERMAN REFORMED CHURCH. See Saxe-Weimar (g) Brunswick (d) REFORMED CHURCH IN THE UNITED STATES (GER- Mecklenburg-Strelitz (g) MAN). Pop. 37,293,324 277.2 29,292 6.524,372 222.7 7,534 2,302,179 305.5 5,789 4,508,601 778.8 5,823 2,010,728 345.3 625,045 123.3 GERMAN SAMOA. A German dependency in the southern Pacific, including Savaii and Upolu (the largest of the Samoan Islands), and several adjacent islets exceedingly fertile and Sch'zburg-Rudolstadt (p) populous. Area of Savaii, about 660 square miles; Upolu, 340. Population (1906), 33,478 (Upolu, Manono, and Apolima, 20,662; Savaii, 12,816), mostly Polynesians. Whites in 1909, 467; Chinese, 1050. Imports (1908), 2,482,406 marks; exports (mostly copra), 2,671,233 marks; tonnage, 117,586; revenue and expenditure (1909-10), 764,000 marks. The governor (1910, Dr. Solf) resides at Apia, in Upolu. GERMAN SOLOMON ISLANDS. The islands of Bougainville and Buka, in the southern Pacific, attached administratively to German New Guinea. Area, about 4500 square miles; population, about 45,000. GERMAN SOUTH POLAR EXPEDITION. See POLAR RESEARCH. hausen (p) 11, 1907, the total population was 61,720,259; According to the occupation-census of June census of December 1, 1910, 64,896,881 (subject to revision), showing an increase of about 7 per cent. since 1905, against nearly 8 per cent. from 1900 to 1905. The following table shows GERMAN SOUTHWEST AFRICA. A the number of persons directly engaged, the German protectorate lying south of Angola, number indirectly engaged (including domestic Area, about 318,000 square miles; estimated servants), and the total in the given occupations population, about 200,000 (Hottentots, Bush- (June 11, 1907): men, Bantus, and Damaras). Europeans (1909), 11,791. Government schools, 11, with 377 pupils; mission-school pupils, about 3000. There is little agriculture, the chief industry being stock-raising. Livestock, 1909: 96,112 cattle, 300,733 sheep, 4472 angora and 237,551 other goats, 8271 horses, 4636 mules, 5189 asses, The diamond fields, 2917 swine, 240 camels. discovered in 1908 near Lüderitz Bay, continue to yield stones of good size and quality. The first year's production amounted to 561,000 carats, valued at 17,000,000 marks, of which 6,000,000 marks were paid in to the treasury. In 1908, 31,004 tons of copper ore were exported; gold has been found. Imports, including government stores, in 1908, 33,178,994 marks (Germany, 26,933,761); exports, 7,586,427 (Germany, 7,412,160). Exports of copper ore, 6,296,000 riages (m), births, including still-births (b), marks. Vessels entered (1909), 339, of 1,126,569 tons. Total railways open, 780 miles; under construction, 106. Post-offices, 62. Revenue and expenditure (1909-10), 31,030,000 marks (subvention, 17,125,000). Dr. Seitz was appointed governor in 1910, with headquarters at Windhoek. A revolt broke out among the Kaffis employed on the railway at Wilhelmstal on October 4, but was suppressed by the aid of troops, 12 natives being killed and 6 wounded. GERMAN TARIFF. See TARIFF and GER MANY. GERMANIC PHILOLOGY. See PHILOL OGY. Army and navy... Without tion... оссира 471,695 651,194 150,785 287,456 438,241 3,404,983 1,769,720 5,174,703 30,232,345 31,488,184 61,720,259 The larger cities, with population December 1, 1905, are: Berlin, 2,040,148; Hamburg, 802,GERMANY. An empire of Europe extend- 793; Munich, 538,983; Leipzig, 537,733; Dresing from France to Russia. Capital, Berlin. den, 516,996; Breslau, 470,904; Cologne, 428,AREA AND POPULATION. The area in square 722; Frankfort-on-the-Main, 334,978; Düsselmiles and the population by states, with density dorf, 305,163. Reported returns of the census per square mile, are shown in the table below of December 1, 1910, place the population of (census of December 1, 1905). k=kingdom, Berlin at 2,064,153 and of "Greater" Berlin at g= grand-duchy, d duchy, p=principality, 3,712,554. f. t. free town, r= Reichsland. EDUCATION. Education is free and compul = |