Rousseau in Geneva (very amusing); and H. Bachelin's Robe noire; a seminarist comes back to his native village in his black gown and filled with spiritual pride, but he comes near having a love adventure; he conquers, and the girl after his departure decides to wear the white robe of the Virgin. Bazin's La barrière describes the terrible social "barrières" erected in England by confessional distinctions. Exotic novels are still in favor: L. Bertrand, Les bains de Phalère (sentimental story under the sunny skies of Greece); Mirriam Harry, Madame Petit Jardin (a love adventure in Tunis described in a sort of Pierre Loti style); E. Nolly, La barque Annamite, describing old customs driven out by European civilization. Three lively novels describe the stage life, Aug. Germain, Les maguillées, André Castigne, Les jolies bill-topers; Colette Willy, La Vagazonde. Le roi des airs by G. de Weede is an aviation novel. Stories with children for heroes become more numerous every year. A. Lichtenberger leads again with Le petit roi (king child almost crushed by etiquette); F. Nohain attracted attention with his Jaboune, a modern child, childish, but no longer the naive child of tradition; M. Epuy's Petit âme tells that all the best things in life we owe to the presence of children; Fr. Jammes tells most charmingly the story of Ma fille Bernadotte. Here would belong L. Delzons' Le meilleur amour; the love for children is the best, because disinterested, love, while the other love is the most egoistic feeling in men. Ch. de Pomairols has an original novel, Ascension, describing the soul of a girl possessed with a religious vocation and who enters a convent.

The chief novels of the year by women are: Daniel Lesueur, Princesse Flaviane, which adds another to her monotonous list of books inducing women to resist by force man's egoism; Renée Lafont, L'appel de la mer, the deceptions of love for a woman; and Mme. Marbo tells us that L'heure du diable is the hour of man. Mme. Delarue Madrus, with characteristic feminine exaggeration thinks in Comme tout le monde that all marriages that look happy cover awful tragedies and hatred. On the other hand, Mme. Colette Yver in Les Dames du palais continues her series of novels in which she discourages women from entering the liberal professions; here she takes up women lawyers. Mention has been already made of Mirriam Harry's exotic novel. Jean Bertheroy in Gilles le Ménétrier takes us into Sixteenth Century life. Worthy of mention are Duchesse de Rohan, Les dévoilées du Caucase; Gyp, Les petits joyeux; and Brada, La brèche, and attention should be called to the new name of Marie Audoux, a former dressmaker, whose semi-autobiographical Marie-Claire has attracted much notice. She received the 5000 francs prize of "La Vie Heureuse."

SHORT STORIES. A rich crop of excellent collections, many of the realistic type: Cl. Farrère, Trois hommes et deux femmes; L. Frapié, Contes imprévus. More psychological are: Bourget, La dame qui a perdu sou peintre; Ch. L. Philippe, Dans une petite ville (the author died in the year); E. Jaloux, Le Boudoir de Proserpine (very successful), light, Eighteenth Century style applied to rare love stories. A sort of revival of the fantastic and weird story was noticeable: Pierre Mille was much praised for his volume, La biche écrasée, reminding one now of Poe, now of Maupassant; Ch. Foley, who in his

Chambre au Judas sings the whole scale of human terrors; G. Apollinaire offers the same sort of catching and disconcerting stories with a more frivolous purpose in L'hérésiargue et Cie. An amusing volume of military stories is Binettes militaires by A. Charmain, and A. Lichtenberger has stories of the French Revolution, Tous héros.

Finally mention should be made of a clever book, A la manière de by Paul Reboux and Ch. Muller, imitating the story of famous recent novels and story writers.

The "Prix Goncourt" for 1910 was awarded to Louis Pergaud for a book called De Goupil à Margot (16th century novel).

MÉMOIRES AND HISTORY. Comparatively few works of importance were published in this line, usually so well represented. For the Seventeenth Century E. Magne's Mad. de Chatillon, and for the Eighteenth. Funck-Brentano's Rosette (Rose de Launay) are the only ones to mention. For the time of the Revolution: Aulard, Etudes sur la Révolution; G. Fabre, Les pères de la Révolution; Marquis de Ségur, Au coucher de la Monarchie; D. Almeras, Charlotte Corday; De Billard, Les femmes enceintes devant le tribunal révolutionnaire; Stenger, Le retour de l'empereur; P. Frémeaux's remarkable Les derniers jours de l'empereur, and the diary of Hudson Lowe; two works on Talleyrand by Lacombe and by Loliée. The third volume of the Mémoires de la Duchesse de Dino came out. J. Claretie gives interesting souvenirs of the Franco-Prussian War in Quarante ans après.

LITERARY CRITICISM. No contributions were made which call for much comment. Here are some valuable books arranged according to periods: Mme. L. Félix Faure Goyan, Vie et mort des fées; Armaingand, Le Contre un (see YEAR Воок, 1908); Rocheblave, Agrippa a'Aubigné (coll. des grands écrivains); Lemaitre, Fénelon; Masoon-Forestier, Racine ignoré; Caponnière, Piron; Gaiffe, Drame du 18me siecle. Rousseau is still the favorite author: Champion, J. J. Rousseau et la Révolution; Dide, J. J. R. le protestantisme et la Révolution; Rodet, J. J. R. et le contrat social; Vallette, J. J. R. Genevois. In the Nineteenth Century: Souriau, Idées morales de Mad. de Staël; Léon Séché, Delphine Gay, Jeunesse dorée sous Louis Philippe; P. Lafond, L'aube romantique, Rességuier; A. Séché et Bertaut, Au temps du romantisme; Cim, Le chansonnier Debraux; Troubat, La salle à manger de Ste.-Beuve; Clouard, Balzac; Dupuy, Alfred de Vigny, ses amitiés; Dumoulin, Les Ancêtres d'A. de Musset. The letters of Musset to his sister-in-law-to-be were published. After the period of Romanticism: Parigot, Renan; Seillière, Barbey d'Aurevilly; Ch. Brun, Le roman social en France; St. Zweig has a most interesting book on Verhaeren. A book on women poets by Jean de Gourmont, Muses d'aujourd'hui. J. Bertaut published a well-received La jeune fille dans la littérature française (he takes authors like Molière, Fénelon, Rousseau, Hugo, etc.). Finally the much-discussed article of Faguet (Revue des Deux Mondes, September 15) on the crisis of the French language must be remembered: crisis exists, but it is unavoidable; modern preoccupations render it impossible to work on style as formerly; still, one can prevent things from going too fast, by studying Latin which gives the real meaning of words, and by reading

The

Swarthmore, Pa., with thirteen preparatory and twelve secondary schools in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland. Its schools and colleges are all co-educational. In July, 1910, the Biennial General Conference was held at Ocean Grove, New Jersey, with the largest attendance of any similar gathering in the history of the Society. The Religious Society of Friends carries on active philanthropic work, especially in the line of peace and temperance. The Advancement Committee, appointed by the General Conference, maintains headquarters at 140 N. Fifteenth Street, Philadelphia, and has a general secretary who devotes all his time to the work of the Society. During 1910 this committee published an important volume entitled The Life and Labors of Elias Hicks. The Society publishes the Friends' Intelligencer, in Philadelphia. During 1910 the Society witnessed an upward tendency in membership and interest. For the first time in half a century the largest yearly meeting, that of Philadelphia, showed an increase in membership for

1909-10.

THE WILBURITE branch had in 1909-10 about 4500 communicants with 38 ministers. It has seven yearly meetings, each of which is independent, relations between them being maintained by an annual exchange of epistles.

THE PRIMITIVE BODY is very small, numbering about 235 communicants and 11 churches. FRUITS. See HORTICULTURE. FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, died July 4, 1910. He was born in Augusta, Me., in 1833, and graduated from Bowdoin College in 1853. He studied law in the office of his uncle, George W. Weston, at Bangor, Me., and attended lectures in law at Harvard College. In 1856 he was admitted to the bar and began practice in Augusta, where he was elected to the City Council and also for a time served as city attorney. At the same time he edited the Augusta Age, which was founded as a rival to James G. Blaine's Kennebec Journal. The rapid growth of Chicago attracted his attention and he removed to that city. He at once took an active part in politics as a Democrat and was elected a member of the State Constitutional Convention in 1861. In the following year he was elected to the State legislature from a Republican district. Although he remained a member of the Democratic party during the war, he had no sympathy with that wing of the party which supported the South. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1864, 1872, 1876, and 1880. During his active practice of the law, Justice Fuller was concerned in many celebrated cases and gained a reputation for an unusual scope of legal knowledge. Although he was well known in the West, his reputation had not penetrated to the Eastern section of the country and his nomination as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court by President Cleveland in 1888 occasioned surprise which was followed by strong opposition. The Senate hesitated for a time to confirm the appointment. Justice Fuller, however, found some warm supporters among his political opponents and his nomination was finally confirmed by a vote of 41 to 20, largely through the efforts of the Republican Senators from Illinois. In the year following his elevation to the bench he was appointed a member of the convention at Paris to arbitrate the boundary dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela

and in 1905 he was one of the peace commissioners at The Hague. Among the most important cases in which Justice Fuller gave his opinion were the nullification of the income tax law and the decision which destroyed the Northern Securities merger. Other important decisions were in the Danbury Hat case and the Western Union Telegraph Company vs. the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Although Justice Fuller lacked any brilliant characteristics to make him prominent in the public eye, he was noted for his thorough knowledge of the law and for his executive ability.

FURNIVALL, FREDERICK JAMES. An English philologist and Shakespearian scholar, died July 2, 1910. He was born at Egham, Surrey, in 1825 and was educated at public schools, at the University College, London, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating from the latter in 1846. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1849. In his youth he was well known as an oarsman and in 1845 built the first two narrow sculling boats in England. For ten years he was associated in philanthropic work with F. D. Maurice, teaching in the Workingmen's College. He afterwards devoted himself to philology and succeeded in founding for the publication of texts the Early English Text Society, 1864, the Chaucer Society, 1868, the Ballad Society, 1868, the New Shakespeare Society, 1874, the Browning Society, 1881, the Wyclif Society, 1882, and the Shelley Society, 1885. He was for many years joint editor and later sole editor of the new English Dictionary, now called the Oxford Dictionary. He was also honorary secretary of the Philological Society. He edited a large number of English manuscripts and texts, chiefly through the medium of the societies mentioned above. One of the most notable of these was a Six-Text Print of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (1868-1875). This he followed with the publication of the seventh text and the manuscripts of Chaucer's minor poems. Under his supervision were published forty-three facsimiles of the quartos of Shakespeare's plays. He wrote also introductions to the Leopold and Royal Shakespeares, and in coöperation with John Munro the introduction to the Century Shakespeare and Shakespeare's Life and Works. With F. W. Clarke he edited the Old Spelling Shakespeare. When Dr. Furnivall reached his 75th birthday the delegates of the Clarendon Press published a memorial volume written by his friends in his honor and bearing the title An English Miscel lany. In commemoration of the same anniversary his portrait was painted and given to Trinity Hall, £450 was raised and presented to his Early English Text Society and he was presented with a three sculling boat. Dr. Furnivall was interested in a number of organizations of a philanthropic nature and was active in the Christian Socialist and the coöperative movements and in the affairs of the Workingmen's College. He held honorary degrees from many English universities and societies.

GADOLINIUM. See ATOMIC WEIGHTS. GALLE, JOHANN GOTTFRIED. A German astronomer, died July 10, 1910. He was born at Pabsthaus, 1812. He studied the mathematical sciences at Berlin, taught for a time in a gymnasium, and was subsequently made assistant professor in the Berlin Observatory, of which Encke was director. He discovered three unexpected comets and was awarded the prize of the French Academy. His principal achievement,