FINLAND dependence in internal administration and legislation. Hitherto questions bearing on the common interests of the two countries, as for example their commercial relations, had been regulated by identical Russian and Finnish laws. There were no grounds for this violation of the treaties and for this suppression of Finnish liberties. The difficulty with Russia caused the resignation of four governors and in November the governor of the Viborg District was dismissed for non-compliance with Russian demands. For further details see the article on RUSSIA, paragraphs on History. FIRE ENGINES. See FIRE PROTECTION. FIRE INSURANCE. See FIRE PROTECTION and INSURANCE. 251 FIRE LOSSES AND WASTE. See FIRE PROTECTION. FIRE PROTECTION. During the year the New York Fire Department definitely decided to commence putting its apparatus on an automobile basis. Contracts were let for the construction of six motor-driven 'hose wagons for use in the high pressure district to carry the strong, heavy hose required for use with the high pressure mains. These wagons were in the main counterparts of one successfully used for two years with the first high pressure hose company, carrying forty-five 50-foot lengths of 3inch hose in addition to the crew of from eight to twelve men and the ordinary tools and adjuncts. They were to be capable of an extreme speed of 40 miles an hour, but this would be rarely if ever needed. At the same time the New York Fire Department prepared specifications for an electrically driven motor extension ladder truck where a gasoline engine was connected with a dynamo from which current was derived for a motor at each wheel, the steering and control of the motor being done by the driver, while a tillerman over the rear wheels assisted in turning sharp corners. A contract was also let for building a second-size steam fire engine with an automobile chassis in place of the front wheels, poles, etc., used with horses. A few months previously an engine had been rebuilt in this way largely as an experiment and its success warranted the New York Fire Department in making a contract for the transformation of one of its standard fire engines. This in no way interfered with the steam engine and its pumping mechanism, but merely substitutes gasoline motors for the horse, giving a six wheeled vehicle in place of one with four wheels. As further demonstrating the tendency of the New York Fire Department to install motor apparatus it may be said that towards the end of the year several contracts were awarded for combination engines for use in the suburbs. In these engines the driving mechanism could be uncoupled from the motors and the pumping machinery thrown into gear. The specifications of the New York Fire Department were very rigorous, but so many of these machines were in use during the year that a number of manufacturers were willing to bid on their construction. HIGH PRESSURE. During the year the high pressure system was extended on the borders of the original high pressure district. Late in December it was announced by Fire Commissioner Waldo that a fire college would be started at fire headquarters to give practical instruction to various members of the department both officers and firemen. It was thought in this way that the already high standard of efficiency of FIRE PROTECTION the New York Fire Department would be mater- A DIRECT FIRE ALARM SYSTEM. Another interesting development among the many progressive ideas introduced into the New York Fire Department during the year was the proposed reorganization of the fire alarm system which for many years has been obsolete and of low efficiency, though in actual operation worked with considerable success and skill by the telegraph bureau. A new system being required, J. C. Rennard, the electrical engineer of the department, proposed a direct circuit system with paper insulated cables in which a pair of conductors would run from each separate box to the central station which it was proposed to erect in one of the city parks where it would be absolutely safe from any conflagration risk. Such a system would require only the simplest form of alarm boxes and would be more economical to install and maintain than the best non-interfering successive circuit systems which were thought would be less efficient. These various improvements in New York concerned fire departments throughout the United States, as the innovations introduced or projected were all most radical. INSURANCE INVESTIGATION. During the year a committee from the legislature of the State of New York, appointed to investigate the various conditions alleged as to corruption and other attempts to influence legislation, investigated the question of fire insurance. A number of hearings were held at which much testimony was presented and data and statistics in the records of fire rates and similar technical details were recorded in addition to much information relating to the business practices of the insurance companies, their exchanges and agents. See NEW YORK. FIRE WASTE IN THE UNITED STATES. During the year many attempts were made to make effective the lessons of the enormous fire losses in the United States. The United States Geological Survey published Bulletin 418: The Fire Tax and Waste of Structural Materials in the United States, by Herbert M. Wilson and John L. Cochrane, in which were compiled statistics showing the unenviable record of the United States, as compared with Europe. It was here pointed out that the annual loss by fire in the United States is $456,486,151, of which amount $215,084,700 represents the total loss by fire, while $241,401,442 represents the annual expense of fire protection, included in this being the excess premiums over insurance paid, annual expense of water works chargeable to fire service, annual expense of fire departments and annual expense of private fire protection. Were American buildings as nearly fire-proof as those of Europe, this amount would be reduced to $90,000,000 and an annual saving of money amounting to $366,000,000 or nearly enough to build a Panama Canal would be effected. FIRE LOSSES IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. The losses by fire in the United States and Canada in the year 1910 showed a marked increase over the figures of the preceding year. The statistics of the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin gave for 1910 an aggregate loss of $234,470,650, as compared with $203,649,150 in 1909. The increase in the total losses during 1910 was in large manner caused by the protracted drought during the summer as during the first half of 1910 the aggregate losses were less than during the same period of 1909. The forest fires during the late summer months were productive of large fire waste, but in addition there was a continued and widespread destruction of property which can not be explained by the extraordinary climatic conditions of the year. The following table gives the losses by months during 1908, 1909 and 1910: mills .1,000,000 .1,000,000 .1,200,000 .3,500,000 750,000 N. Y. city, steamship pier and freight... other 500,000 500,000 ..1,000,000 1910 Topeka, Kan., railroad storage yard.. 500,000 600,000 Philadelphia, Pa., business block and 500,000 1908 1909 $29,582,000 $22,735,000 18,489,700 16,131,000 16,723,300 13,795,400 Winnipeg, Man., wholesale drug house. 515,000 26,009,000 19,345,200 18,071,800 Livingston, Ala., lumber plant.... 500,000 15,181,150 17,360,400 18,823,200 Evansville, Ind., cigar factory and other.. 750,000 19,512,000 14,435,900 13,183,600 Cincinnati, O., shoe factory and leather 15,323,750 15,830,900 26,847,900 works .1,750,000 23,123,000 16,423,000 21,570,550 Chicago, Ill., meat packing plants....... .1,000,000 21,431,400 15,043,000 11,700,000 Bradwardine, Man., business portion of 22,722,850 17,765,200 37,188,300 town 525,000 15,834,350 14,808,550 16,407,000 14,629,750 19,975,500 21,528,000 $238,562,250 $203,649,150 $224,470,650 1910.. 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906 1905. $234,470,650 1904. FRITH, C. H. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERILAN, History. FISCHER, SYDNEY ARTHUR. See CANADA, Government and History. FISCHER, THEOBALD. A German geographer, died in October, 1910. He was born in Kirchsteitz in 1846 and was educated at the universities of Heidelberg, Halle, Bonn and Vienna. From 1879 to 1883 he was professor of geography at Kiel. In the latter year he took the same chair at Marburg. In 1886 he visited the Tunisian Sahara and two years later made a tour through Morocco and Algeria. His published writings include the following: Raccolta dei mappemondi e carte nautiche del XIII. al XVI. secolo (10 atlases containing 79 leaves, 1881); Beiträge zur Geschichte der Erdkunde und der Kartographie in Italien im Mittelalter (1886); "Die südeuropäischen Halbinseln," in Kirchhoff's Unser Wissen von der Erde, Vol. iii. (1892); and La Penisola Italiana. FISH AND FISHERIES. The fiscal year 252,554,050 of the United States Bureau of Fisheries ends on 156,195,700 149,260,850 June 30 and the report for 1909 of the Com164,347,450 missioner of Fisheries appeared in June, 1910. 163,362,250 It was reported that owing to greater economy of operation the work for the year had been carried on at less expense than in previous years, though more work had been done. * Blueback and Chinook salmon had been successfully sent to New Zealand, a shipment in a previous year of rainbow trout having been entirely successful. Fish were sent also to Argentina, France, and Germany. The United States Fisheries Steamer Albatross returned to San Francisco in May, after a collecting trip extending over two and one-half years, in the region of the Philippine Location and description. Esti. loss. archipelago. Extensive collections were made, N. Y. City, United States Army Depot....$ 500,000 which have been distributed to specialists for Pueblo, Colo., steel works pattern shop... 600,000 Winlock, Wash., business portion of town. 650,000 study. According to this report the commisHambleton, W. Va., tannery. 800,000 sioner the quantity and value of the fish landed Philadelphia, Pa., oil warehouse, mantel at Boston and Gloucester in the year 1908 were 600,000 factory and other.. Omaha, Neb., flour mill and elevator...... 600,000 as follows: There were no large conflagrations during the year 1910 unless forest fires in the northwest may be considered as one continuous fire. A general conflagration at Campbellton, N. B., in July, destroyed property valued at $3,500,000. There were during the year some 36 fires which caused a property loss of $500,000 or over. These fires were as follows: Value 253 $1,042,683 9,729 279,302 FISH The total value of the Alaskan fisheries for 1909 as reported in 1910 was $11,181,388,000, mainly in the salmon fisheries, though cod, seal and whale fisheries were important. 3,531 It was reported during the year, that the ex1,117,332 periment of shipping live fish in sealed cans in water charged with oxygen gas had been entirely 1,833 successful. Fish were sent in this way from the 135,168 United States to Germany, and a large percent232,634 age reached their destination in good condition. 66,263 The following table gives the production of the 308,594 different kinds of fish in the United States and 175,515 their value, according to a Federal census made 123,644 136,590 for December 31, 1908: 16,364 119,633 8,071 The Bureau of Fisheries has been investigating the catfishes of the United States, and a Bulletin on this subject appeared in 1910. These fish are omnivorous in their diet, but though they eat anything they can find, their flesh seems not to be at all injuriously affected by the character of the food. On account of their hardiness they are excellent for artificial culture, and will thrive in all parts of the country. In the work of the Bureau of Fisheries the best results have been obtained with the "bull head" or yellow cat. Louisiana was reported as potentially the equal of any State in its natural adaptability to oyster growing, and should develop a profitable industry in this line provided proper measures be taken to avoid overcrowding of beds, and that judicious measures of fishing be employed. Apparently freedom from the oyster borer may be had by planting in the fresher waters, a large amount of alkalinity favoring the growth of the borer. The following table gives statistics of fisheries in each of the States according to a Federal census made for December 31, 1908: (1) Includes Kansas, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, South Dakota and West Virginia. FISHBERG, M. E. See LITERATURE, ENG. Ophy and history have been honored by the AMERICAN, Political and Social learned societies of Europe and America. Among his published writings are: Christ's Kingdom on LISH AND Science. FISHER, H. A. L. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH Earth (1865); Theism (1877); Anti-Theistic AND AMERICAN, Biography. FISHERIES AWARD. See ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL. FISKE, MINNIE MADDERN. See DRAMA. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Philosophy and Religion. FITZGERALD, J. D. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Travel and Description. FITZGERALD, JOHN F. See MASSA CHUSETTS. FLAX. Owing to dry weather in the principal flaxseed-producing States, Minnesota and the Dakotas, the yield of this product in 1910 was not large enough to cover home consumption. Although an area of 2,916,000 acres was devoted to flax the production amounted to only 14,116,000 bushels, and the average yield per acre to only 4.8 bushels. In 1909 25,856,000 bushels were produced on 2,742,000 acres, the average yield per acre being 9.4 bushels. The flaxseed production of the United States is limited practically to ten States, in which the acreage ranges from about 5000 to 1,500,000. The acreage and production of the leading States in 1910 was as follows: North Dakota, 5,778,000 bushels on 1.605,000 acres; Minnesota, 3,540,000 bushels on 472,000 acres, South Dakota, 3,300,000 bushels on 600,000 acres, and Montana, 420,000 bushels on 60,000 acres. The average yield per acre in these States was 3.6, 7.5, 5, and 7 bushels respectively. The highest acreage yield for the year was produced in Iowa, where it reached 12.2 bushels per acre. For the year ending June 30, 1910, the United States exported about 65,000 bushels of flaxseed and about 650,000,000 pounds of oil cake and meal. The annual flaxseed production of the world amounts to 100,000,000 bushels approximately. The yield in countries other than the United States was about normal, although in parts of Argentina the production was also reduced through drought. The world's flax-fibre crop, which amounts annually to about 2 billion pounds, came up to the average this year. FLICK, A. C. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, History. FLINDERS PETRIE, W. M. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, History. FLINT, ROBERT. A Scotch theologian, died November 26, 1910. He was born in Dumfriesshire in 1834 and at a very early age entered the University of Glasgow. In 1858 he was licensed to preach and in the following year was called to the East Church, Aberdeen, from which he was transferred in 1862 to the country parish of Kilconquhar. Here amid quiet surroundings he lived the life of a student, laying the foundation of the immense erudition for which his writings are notable. In 1864 he was elected to the chair of moral philosophy in the University of St. Andrews. This position he held for twelve years, when, in 1876, he was transferred to the chair of divinity in the University of Edinborough. In 1874 he edited his first important work, The Philosophy of History in France and Germany. In 1903 he resigned his University chair in order to devote himself entirely to literary work. Professor Flint ranks high as a philosopher as well as a theologian. As a defense of the fundamental doctrines of theism his writings have long occupied an authoritative position, while his exhaustive labors in philos Theories (1879); Historical Philosophy in France (1894); Socialism (1894); Sermons and Addresses (1899); Agnosticism (1903). He also contributed to the Encyclopædia Britannica and other encyclopædias and to various periodicals In 1880 he was Stone Lecturer at Princeton University. FLOATING DOCKS. See DOCKS AND HAR BORS. FLORIDA. The southernmost State of the American Union. It has an area of 56,666 square miles, of which 3085 square miles are water. The capital is Tallahassee. POPULATION. The population of the State in 1910 according to the Thirteenth Census was 752,619, as compared with 528,542 in 1900 and 391,422 in 1890. The increase during the decade 1900 to 1910 was 42.4 per cent. The State ranks thirty-third in point of population, the same relative rank which it occupied in 1900. The population of the larger cites and towns will be found in the tables in the article CENSUS. MINERAL PRODUCTION. The chief mineral product of the State is phosphate. The latest available statistics of production are those of 1908, when there was produced 1,692,102 long tons of phosphate rock, valued at $8,484,539. The first shipment of pebble phosphate was made in 1888 from which date the industry has greatly grown. The production has shown an increase almost without exception each year since its beginning. The State produces also considerable quantities of clay products, mineral water and road making materials. The value of the mineral products in 1908 was $9,167,762. AGRICULTURE. The acreage, production and value of the principal crops in 1909 and 1910 are shown in the following table: EDUCATION. The total school population of the State in 1910, as estimated from the census of 1905, was 241,650, of whom 136,773 were white and 104,877 were colored. The total enrollment in the State in the school year 1909-10 was 148,089. Of these 92,834 were white and 55,255 were colored. The average daily attendance was 103,892, of whom 63,243 were white and 40,649 were colored. The teachers employed in the schools of the State numbered 4015, of whom 3041 were white and 974 were colored. The average monthly salary paid to male white teachers was $68.13 and to female white teachers, $55.80. The average salary of male negro teachers was $33.68 and of female negro teachers, $30.18. The total expenditure of public school funds in 1910 was $1,773,388. The value of the school property in the State was $2,311, 469. An aggressive campaign was carried on in 1909-10 in the interest of education in the State. This resulted in the establishment of 150 school improvement associations, with a total membership of more than 10,000. Each member of this association is pledged to use his influence for the passage of a compulsory education law, the establishment of at least one high school in each county and a constitutional amendment of a one mill tax. FINANCE. There was a balance in the State treasury on January 1, 1909, of $268,106. The total receipts for the year ending December 31, 1909, amounted to $1,178,766. The total disbursements for the year amounted to $1,007,328, leaving a balance on January 1, 1910, of $171,438. The chief sources of revenue are from taxation, general license tax, insurance company premium tax, the sale of fertilizer stamps and the corporation charter tax. The chief disbursements were for education, maintenance of the State institutions and legislative and executive expenses. The public debt of the State consists solely of refunded bonds amounting to $601,567, bearing interest at the rate of 3 per cent., all of which are held by the education funds of the State. POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT There was no meeting of the State legislature in 1910 as the meetings are biennial and the last was held in 1909. The next session begins April 4, 1911. ELECTIONS. Primary elections for candidates for the Senate were held on May 9. The contestants were Senator Taliaferro, who sought renomination, and N. B. Broward, former governor of the State. A third candidate was Claude L'Engle. Senator Taliaferro did not have a majority over Broward and L'Engle, and under the Florida law a second primary was necessary. This was held on June 7 and resulted in the defeat of Senator Taliaferro by Mr. Broward. The latter, however, died before he could take his place in the Senate. In the senatorial primaries the corporation question figured largely, Mr. Broward charging that Senator Taliaferro was the choice of and had acted as the agent in the Senate of corporation interests. In the first primary on May 9, nominations were also made for Congressmen. Congressman Sparkman of the First District had no opposition and was therefore nominated. Congressman Clark of the Second District and Congressman Mays of the Third District were also renominated. Mr. Clark was opposed by Louis Zim, representing organized labor, but the latter polled only a small vote. On account of the death of Mr. Broward it was necessary to hold another primary election for Senator, and arrangements were made for such an election to be held on January 10, 1911. There were three candidates, W. A. Blount, John N. C. Stockton, and Nathan P. Bryan. Senator Taliaferro was not a candidate for re-election. On account of the provisions of the Florida law mentioned above, there was such a certainty that none of these candidates would receive the majority of the votes that still another primary election was planned for January 31. This election would constitute the sixth primary contest for the selection of a United States Senator within two years. STATE OFFICERS. Governor, Albert W. Gilchrist; Secretary of State, H. C. Crawford; Treasurer, W. V. Knott; Comptroller, A. C. FOOD Groom; Attorney-General, Park M. Trammell; Auditor, Ernest Amos; Adjutant-General, J. C. R. Foster; Superintendent of Public Instruction, W. M. Holloway; Commissioner of Agriculture, B. E. McLin-all Democrats. JUDICIARY. Supreme Court: Chief Justice, J. B. Whitfield; Justices, W. A. Hocker, R. F. Taylor, T. M. Shackleford, Chas. B. Parkhill and R. S. Cockrell; Clerk, Milton H. Mabry—all Democrats. STATE LEGISLATURE, 1911. The legislature is: Senate, Democrats, 32; House, Democrats, 70. FLUORINE. See ATOMIC WEIGHTS. FLYING. See AERONAUTICS. FLYNN, JOSEPH MICHAEL. An American Roman Catholic priest, died January 5, 1910. He was born in Springfield, Mass., in 1848. His parents moved to Newark, N. J., where he was sent to the parochial school at St. Patrick's Cathedral. In 1861 he entered a printing office in that city, and in 1864 enlisted in the 37th New Jersey Volunteers. He served throughout the Civil War and received a medal of honor from Congress for bravery. In 1865 he entered St. Charles College, and in 1870 graduated from Seton Hall College. Following his graduation he entered the seminary of that college. He was ordained a priest in 1874. He successively filled the offices of diocesan chancellor, pastor of ceremonies and secretary of investigation of St. Patrick's, Newark, N. J., and for one year administered the parish. He was afterwards pastor of St. Mary's, Morristown. He was made a monsignor in 1904. FONSECA, HERMES DA. A Brazilian public official, inaugurated on November 15 President of the Republic. He was born in 1855, and entered the army as a cadet at the age of 16. He was commissioned five years later lieutenant of artillery, and thence rose through all grades of the army to be Marshal of Brazil. During the previous administration he was Minister of War until he resigned prior to his election as President. He is considered the foremost military authority in South America. President da Fonseca has always manifested a friendly disposition toward the United States. He has repeatedly expressed himself as in favor of closer relations with that country rather than with Europe. One of his favorite projects is the establishment of a Pan-American bank. FOOD AND DRUGS ACT. See FOOD AND NUTRITION. FOOD AND NUTRITION. FOOD INSPECTION. The Federal Food and Drugs act of 1906 continued to receive vigorous enforcement. A total of 990 cases as regards interstate commerce was reported for prosecution, 496 more than in the year preceding. Fines aggregating $11,049.31 were collected and 175 shipments were condemned and forfeited as adulterated and misbranded. Of 95,482 samples of imported foods and drugs examined, approximately 3000 were found to be illegal. The scope of the inspection of both imported and domestic goods was further extended, as regards imported goods, by a further systematizing of their examination at the smaller ports of entry, and as regards domestic products by a closer inspection of factories. During the four years since the law went into operation, it has been a subject of great public interest. In the working out of the details of its enforcement criticism has been inevitable. This has been of two kinds, that which aimed to discredit the law because of selfish motives, and |