Britain, 4,633,497 pounds, $440,668; Germany, 4,927,727, $435,232. Trade with the most important countries, in thousands of dollars: decided to establish not later than January 1, ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. MOLOGY. See ENTO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. See GEOLOGY. ECUADOR. A South American republic on the Pacific coast between Colombia and Peru. The capital is Quito. AREA AND POPULATION. The 16 provinces have an estimated area of 116,000 square miles. The population has been estimated at 1,272,000, or, including uncivilized Indians, 1,400,000. An estimate published in 1910, however, places the total at about 1,500,000. The Galápagos islands, constitute a territory; area, 2400 square miles; population, about 500. The inhabitants of Ecuador are almost all of Indian or mixed blood. The principal towns, with estimated populations, are: Quito, 80,000; Guayaquil, 75,000; Cuenca, 40,000; Riobamba, 18,000. Great Britain ........ During 1909 foreign vessels entered at the port of Guayaquil numbered 195 steamers and 7 sailing vessels, with a registered tonnage of 398,963 and a cargo of 87,717 tons. Over half the shipping was British. COMMUNICATIONS. The total length of railway in actual operation is about 325 miles, of which 286 miles are comprised in the line from Guayaquil to Quito, opened in June, 1908. In 1910 a line (begun in July, 1909) between Bahia de Caraquez and Quito (about 300 kilometres) was under construction. The government has contracted for a line from Vargas Torres to Ibarra (about 200 kilometres) and for one from Manta to Santa Ana. Telegraph system, 2608 miles, with over 60 offices. Quito is connected with Guayaquil and other towns by telephone. FINANCE. The unit of value is the sucre, worth one-tenth of a sovereign, or 48.665 cents. Revenue and expenditure, in thousands of sucres: Revenue Public primary schools, instruction in which is free, number about 1200, with about 70,000 pupils in attendance. There are several institutions, especially in Quito for secondary, higher, and professional education. The established religion is Roman Catholicism. INDUSTRIES. The people are occupied chiefly Expenditure in agriculture. Valuable minerals exist, but have been little exploited. A few manufactories are established in Quito and Guayaquil. The plaiting of Panama hats is of considerable importance. The staple product is cacao, Ecuador being one of the principal sources of this article. Coffee, rice, and sugar-cane are cultivated. COMMERCE. Imports and exports, in thousands of sucres, have been valued as follows: The leading imports are textiles, food-stuffs, iron manufactures, clothing, and wines and liquors. The decline in exports in 1909 is more apparent than real; for the total for the preceding year includes gold coin to the value of 2,800,508 sucres, while the total for 1909 includes less than 900,000 sucres. Import values in 1908 and 1909, expressed in American money, are $10,277,365 and $9,352,122; export, $13,279,603 and $12,439,400. The principal exports in the two years were: Cacao Articles pounds. 1908 1909 1906 1907 1908 1909 .12,188 12,725 13,362 15,878 .13,237 15,402 12,765 15,565 About 70 per cent. of the revenue is derived from import and export duties. The largest item of expenditure is for the army. Total net debt, June 30, 1909, 43,142,393 sucres; on June 30, 1910, 44,000,000. ARMY. While there are laws providing for compulsory military service these are not rigorously enforced and a standing army estimated at about 4350 officers and men is maintained. In time of war the National Guard could be increased up to about 90,000 men. NAVY. There are one torpedo launch, one transport, and one lighter, with about 130 men. GOVERNMENT. The executive authority is vested in a president, elected by direct vote for four years and assisted by a cabinet of five members. The Congress consists of the Senate (32 members) and House of Representatives (41, members). The president in 1910 was Gen. Eloy Alfaro, inaugurated Jan. 1, 1907. In May, Ecuador in accepting the mediation of United States, Argentina, and Brazil in her boundary dispute with Peru imposed conditions which Peru was inclined to reject and troops in both countries were sent to the frontier, but at the request of the mediators the troops were $ 8,868,520 $ 7,261,309 withdrawn by June 4. On that day President 70,662,042 69,453,562 Alfaro announced Ecuador's acceptance of the 492,626 $1,530,991 offer of mediation. Meanwhile Ecuador having 799,284 1,158,573 770,334 refused arbitration under the King of Spain, 274,368 the latter withheld his decision and later re226,398 signed the office of arbitrator. In August an outbreak of the bubonic plague was reported. Of the cacao exported in 1909, France received EDDY, MARY (BAKER) GLOVER. The founder 39,064,753 pounds, valued at $4.190,386; United and discoverer of Christian Science, died Dec. States, 13,893,658 pounds, $1,407,077; Great 3, 1910. She was born at Bow, N. H., in 1821. Ivory nuts Panama hats Rubber Gold (metal and ore). Hides 415,919 374,981 Among her ancestors were persons distinguished Dr. Eddy was the first man in the world to in the early history of the United States. The announce himself a Christian Scientist. He first fifteen years of her life were passed on the was also the organizer of the first Christian farm on which she was born at Bow, but in 1836 Science Sunday school, and in his later years her father sold the farm and she removed to attracted much attention by his lectures on Tilton, N. H. She attended school at Ipswich Scriptural topics. He died in 1882. Seminary and other academic institutions, and also received instruction from her brother, who was a graduate of Dartmouth College. As to the amount of education which she received there is a dispute of authorities. It is asserted by some that she studied Latin, Greek, Hebrew and French and became proficient in these languages. It is claimed also that she became comparatively learned in logic and metaphysics. These statements have been disputed by investigators, who declared that she was not a good student and had but little education. As a young girl she showed traces of an abnormal mentality, and she herself has detailed at some length curious psychological experiences which she underwent in her youth. Long before she became of age, she is said to have regarded herself as one set apart for some great work. Before she was sixteen years of age she had decided to fit herself either for the ministry or some other lifework in which she could make her abnormal mental powers felt. In 1843 she married George Washington Glover and with him removed to Wilmington, S. C. Six months after the marriage Mr. Glover died of yellow fever and a few months later a son was born to his widow. She returned with the child to Tilton, N. H. Here she became deeply interested in the study of homœopathy and began a course at one of the colleges near her home. She did not pursue these studies long and on account of financial difficulties was obliged to place her child in the care of a nurse and go back to live at her former home. The child was left in ignorance that she was living and it was not until many years had passed that he discovered the fact. Mrs. Glover was married again in 1849 to Dr. Daniel Patterson, a dentist. Mrs. Eddy has claimed that her chief object in marrying Dr. Patterson was to provide a home for herself and her child. She declared, however, that the child's stepfather was not willing that it should have a home with her. This marriage was unfortunate and a divorce was obtained in Salem, Mass. During the period of her marriage to Dr. Patterson, Mrs. Eddy began the foundation of what was later to be proclaimed the cult of Christian Science. The details of these experiences differ. Some of her biographers relate that she obtained possession of the life work of Phineas Parkhurst Quimby of Portland, Me., a believer in mental healing, rewrote many of his ideas and made of them a religion. This charge was denied by Mrs. Eddy and Christian Science leaders and several books in refutation of the accusation have been written at different times. It is a well known fact, however, that Mrs. Eddy prosecuted studies under Quimby in 1864. For several years after her studies with Quimby, Mrs. Eddy practised mental healing, but it was not until 1870 that she published her first volume, Science of Man, with a chapter on Science and Health. This was the forerunner of the book Science and Health, with Key to the Scriptures, which is the official text of the Christian Science Church. Previous to this time, however, in 1877, she married Asa Gilbert Eddy. Mrs. Eddy was successful as a healer, and the movement soon outgrew the city of Lynn, Mass., where she was at that time living and she removed to Boston. The Christian Science movement at once became popular in that city and its growth was remarkable. The official organ, the Journal of Christian Science, was established, with Mrs. Eddy as editor and chief contributor. This soon had a large circulation. Shortly after her arrival in Boston, Mrs. Eddy and her followers organized a Christian Science Association and it was decided to erect a church, called the First Church of Christ, Scientist. A charter was obtained in 1879 and Mrs. Eddy became pastor of the church. She was regularly ordained as minister in 1881. During the same year she founded the Massachusetts Metaphysical College in Boston, and this college flourished for eleven years, closing in 1892. Its graduates at that time numbered about 4000 and they carried on the work of Christian Science in all parts of the world. About this time Mrs. Eddy took up her residence in Concord, N. H., and went into semi-retirement. She continued, however, to have absolute authority in all matters relating to the Christian Science movement. Her home, called Pleasant View, became a place of pilgrimage for Christian Science believers. In 1906 reports were circulated that Mrs. Eddy was dying. These reports were denied and Mrs. Eddy issued a statement declaring them false. They continued, however, and in March, 1907, a bill in equity to obtain an accounting of her financial affairs was filed by her son, George W. Glover, who alleged that his mother's property was in the control of persons who unduly influenced her. Mrs. Eddy was at this time reputed to be worth a large sum of money. The suit resulted in a compromise by which a fund of $400,000 was set apart by Mrs. Eddy for her son and other relations. During this ligitation, Mrs. Eddy removed her household from Concord to Newton, Massachusetts. Scarcely had this suit been settled when trouble arose over the alleged attempt on the part of Mrs, Augusta E. Stetson, leader of the First Church of Christ, Scientist, in New York City, to usurp the power of Mrs. Eddy and proclaim herself Mrs. Eddy's successor in the leadership of Christian Science. Mrs. Stetson denied these accusations, together with the additional charge that her teachings were contrary to the principles of Christian Science as taught by Mrs. Eddy. A hearing was held by the Board of Directors of the Mother Church, and as a result Mrs. Stetson was excommunicated, and sixteen of her followers were expelled from the First Church in New York City. Mrs. Eddy's death came after many false reports of her decease had been circulated. Whatever her mental and intellectual attributes may have been, it is an undisputed fact that Mrs. Eddy had a strong personality, a remarkable talent for organization, and firmness of purpose. Her authority was never questioned by her followers and she carried on the affairs of the denomination with absolute power and almost without criticism until the time of her the Census Office, the National Education Assodeath. ciation's committee on uniform statistics, and the National Association of School Accounting Officers are coöperating for the better reporting of all school statistics. She was a prolific writer. In addition to Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, which has been revised many times, she wrote Retrospection and Introspection, The Unity of God, Miscellaneous Writings, Rudimental Divine Science, Messages to Mother Church, and Christian Science Versus Pantheism. She also contributed to the Christian Science periodicals. See CHRISTIAN SCIENTISTS. EDINBURGH, WORLD MISSIONARY CONFERENCE. See MISSIONS, PROTESTANT, FOREIGN. EDMANDS, J. RAYNER. An American astronomer, died March 26, 1910. He was born in 1850 and graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was for more than twenty-five years associated with the observatory staff of Harvard University and he made notable researches as an astronomer. In addition to his scientific work he will be remembered as having laid out paths in the mountains of New Hampshire. A short time previous to his death he completed a path from the base to the summit of Mount Washington. EDUCATION. See below, EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES; also UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES, and the paragraphs on the subject in articles on countries and in States of the United States. In various city school systems there were interesting special activities, like open-air schools, the extension of medical inspection, the advance of the trade-school idea, the combination of schooling and apprenticeship, arrangements for finding employment for school graduates, and the increase of attention paid to backward and otherwise exceptional children. Reports on industrial education were issued by the American Federation of Labor, National Association of Manufacturers, National Society for the Promotion of Industrial Education, State of New York, and Bureau of Education. Libraries and museums, playgrounds, home-andschool associations, evening and other continuation schools, lectures, correspondence courses, and home study, all showed in the year some new adjustment to the regular work of the schools. The commissioner, in conclusion, called attention to the need for a more stable and a better trained body of teachers, for less ornamental and more sanitary school buildings, for better attendance in the higher elementary grades, and for still better supervision of country and rural schools. STATISTICS. Preliminary statistics from the report of the commissioner, announced for March 1911, gave a public school enrollment in 1910 of about 17,200,000 pupils, or 19.6 per cent. of the population. In addition, private schools enrolled 1,500,000 and universities, colleges and professional schools 300.000,-the grand total of 19,000,000 representing 21 per cent. of the population. The public schools spent about $380,000,000, or $31 per pupil in average attendance, or $4.27 per capita of the population. The average attendance was 71 per cent. of the enrollment, and of this 92 per cent. was in elementary and 87 per cent, in secondary schools. EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATION, NATIONAL. See EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. THE COMMISSIONER'S REPORT. The first volume of the report of the United States Commissioner of Education for the year ending June 30, 1910, appeared late in December. The work of the bureau's newly appointed specialists in school administration and in land-grant college statistics had met with success, and the bureau's enlarged quarters and increased staff had amply justified themselves. In the field of state education it recorded that California had begun at Fresno to give two years of post-graduate or college work in its high school, South Dakota and Montana had placed all state educational institutions under a single board of control, Vir- The report of the commissioner appearing in ginia had established a State Board of Regents, March, 1910, owing to the slow process of colIowa a State Board of Education, and Missis- lecting statistics through State and county susippi a State Educational Board of Trustees. perintendents, presents complete statistics of Organizations like the Association of American State school systems for 1907-8, along with those Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, of city school systems for 1908-9. The grand had done much to encourage movable and sum- total enrollment in the common schools for mer schools, farmers' institutions, travelling 1907-8 was 17,061,962 pupils, or 19.64 per cent. of specialists, and correspondence courses for the total population. The total included 8,573,teachers-all in the interest of rural schools, 825 boys and 8,448,173 girls, 4,935,986 pupils in as well as of agriculture. 669 cities of 8000 population and over, and 737,A fourth conference of State superintendents 907 in 679 towns of 4000 to 8000 population. of public instruction was held with representa- In all there were 770,456 students in public tives of the bureau. There was also a conference high schools. There were 1,319,409 pupils in of representatives of eight States of the Middle West, and the superintendents of thirteen Southern States visited Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin under the auspices of the Southern Education Board. Important legislation was recorded for New York concerning rural schools, for Virginia in general supervision, for Massachusetts, Ohio and Virginia concerning child labor, and for New Jersey concerning juvenile delinquents. Virginia established an agricultural board. New York provided for the pensioning of teachers in State institutions. Massachusetts is recasting her entire state educational system. The bureau, private schools in cities and towns, and 227,652 elsewhere. The 5,673,893 pupils in public schools in towns and cities, constituting 33 per cent. of the total enrollment, had an average term of 188 days an average daily attendance of 77 per cent. of the enrollment. They were cared for by 134,265 teachers-11,750 men, 122,514 women-at a cost of $183,170,820, or $41.85 per pupil in average attendance, or 22 cents per pupil per day. The 11,388,069 pupils in public schools outside of towns and cities, 66 per cent. of the total, had an average term of 134 days, and an average attendance of 68 per cent. of the enrollment. They were cared |