The United States Tariff Board is making an effort to determine the cost of production of leading farm products, as a basis for a tariff representing the difference between cost of production at home and abroad. In the case of wool, for example, it is proposed to substitute real facts for guesswork and ex-parte statements. Considerable difficulty is experienced in gathering such data, as few studies of the kind have been made and farmers rarely keep books with their farm output. ate investigated wages and the prices of com- 13.7 per cent. for 14 potato farms, and 19.8 per modities in the spring of 1910. It reported that cent. for 31 fruit farms. Comparisons of the the advance in prices of farm and food products, most successful and least successful farms of although world-wide, had been somewhat more various types showed about double the income rapid in the United States than in Europe, with for the most successful ones, whereas the exthe possible exception of Russia. Canada also pense for the two classes was about the same. showed a rapid advance. Among the causes In other words, success was measured by the assigned were an increased cost of production farmer's efficiency in production. The cost of owing to higher land values and higher wages, agricultural production has been determined by increased demand for products, shifting of popu- the Minnesota Experiment Station from statislation from food-producing to food-consuming tics gathered over a period of six years from occupations and locations, reduced fertility of over 80 farms. The average cost of growing land, increased banking facilities in agricultural an acre of barley was $8.21, of corn $10.26, of localities which enable crops to be held for more oats $8.86, of wheat $7.25, and of potatoes (mafavorable market, holding products in cold stor- chine production, using fertilizer) $37.72. The age, cost of distribution, and organization of cost of maintaining a milch cow was $40.97 a producers and of dealers. In the past decade year exclusive of shelter, and of feeding a farm the wages of farm labor have increased on an work horse $51.39. average about 60 per cent., and the cost of farm land has practically doubled. Nearly all agricultural implements and supplies have advanced in price except binder twine. The report says: "Witnesses claim that farming operations were conducted at a loss or at best with only a very slight margin of profit for several years, and that only during the past two or three years have farmers been able to secure a fair return on their labor and investment." A comparison of wholesale prices in 1900 and 1910 showed that cereals, corn, cotton, flaxseed, hay, hops, hogs, and steers had all advanced, from 34 to 153 per cent., the advance in hogs being about 110 per cent. The percentage increase in the price of farm products in the decade was twice as great as in any other group of commodities, food products coming next. Considering the production of staple crops and the decline in exports, it is shown that the supply available for home use has increased and that this has been attended by an increased domestic consumption. A committee on the cost of living, appointed in February, 1910, by the Massachusetts Legislature, rendered a voluminous and comprehensive report in which prominence is given to the restriction of agricultural production and the enhancing of cost through the drain of population from the land. The scarcity and increased wages of farm labor, with demand for shorter working hours, is cited as a potent factor in increasing the cost of agricultural products. Another factor mentioned is the uneconomic methods of production and distribution, especially the latter. The commission says: "Were a clearing house, for information only, organizedan exchange to which all carload shipments of produce were promptly reported-and a central committee appointed to issue orders for consignments from the various sources of supply after going over the receipts for the day, crowded markets would be greatly reduced in number. With a shippers' exchange on the one hand, cooperating with a commission men's exchange on the other, most of the present waste would be eliminated." Studies of the incomes of 178 farms of various kinds in New York State, published by the experiment station of Cornell University, show that, allowing interest at 5 per cent. and deducting labor of members of the farmer's family other than himself, the average return for the year's work was $981, in addition to the use of a house and such products as the farms furnished. The return on the investment was 7.9 per cent. for 60 general farms, 8.7 per cent. for 67 dairy farms, 9.7 per cent. for 6 truck farms, COUNTRY LIFE; SMALL HOLDINGS; AGRICULTURAL LABOR. There has been much public discussion of the necessity for the reorganization of agriculture and rural life, in which coöperation is to dominate as a means of enabling the farmer to secure a reasonable profit and a larger net income for his industry. While education will help to solve some of the economic problems of farming, coöperation is looked upon as the most helpful agency in bringing this about. An important conference on agriculture and country living, lasting three days, was held at Albany, N. Y., in January, 1910. The methods and agencies for the advancement of agriculture were considered, resolutions adopted, and the State agricultural society reorganized. The fourth annual New England Conference on Rural Progress was held in Boston in March. A notable conference was held at the New York Produce Exchange in May, on the subject of increasing the productivity of New York farm lands. Chambers of Commerce, railroads, the grange, and agricultural societies joined in the call, and the attendance reached nearly a thousand. In April a meeting was held at Bryn Mawr College to consider the opportunities open to women in various branches of agriculture, horticulture, and stock raising. The National Farm Homes Association was organized at St. Louis in May with Governor Hadley as president, as a philanthropic movement for encouraging and assisting people from towns and cities to establish homes in the country. The plan includes organizing farm colonies, each colony consisting of a central farm of 160 acres, held by the association, surrounded by 32 farms of 40 acres each, to be acquired by settlers on easy terms. The central farm will serve to instruct the new farmers, will be provided with creameries, mills and other machinery for community use, and will be a headquarters for marketing the produce of the colony. In Europe rural depopulation and the difficulties growing out of it have made a problem which continues to receive much public attention. Various measures have been considered or set AGRICULTURE on foot for remedying the situation and for enabling small farmers to acquire land. Efforts have been made in Denmark for the past ten years to facilitate the acquisition of allotments and small holdings by agricultural laborers. A law passed in 1904 has recently been re-enacted in amended form extending its applications and increasing the value of land which may be so acquired, the State advancing a sum not exceed ing nine-tenths of the total value. Favorable terms for interest and repayment are provided. The law places at the disposal of the government a fund of over one million dollars annually for five years to assist in the acquisition of small holdings. Similar action has been proposed in Germany. In Russia a great impetus has been given to agriculture by the distribution of land to peasants which was formerly controlled by large land owners. Where the peasants formerly worked in communal districts, plots of land are now being assigned them for working individually. Following the adoption of this plan, the small credit societies for the assistance of the small farmers have increased at the rate of 1300 a year. The establishment of small banks in the country districts is being considered by the government. There has been an unprecedented sale of landed property in Great Britain the past year. The market for agricultural land has been good, and the good prices offered have, it is stated, been a prominent factor in leading landlords to sell. The movement to supply small holdings, under an act for that purpose passed two years ago, resulted in 1909 in acquiring 60,889 acres in England and Wales. In the two years the act has been in operation land has been provided for sale or lease for approximately 6600 applicants, and applications have been received from nearly 27,000 persons for a total of 437,124 acres. The labor problem on the farm continues to call for much consideration. A study of the conditions of agricultural labor in the Vexin district of France, presented before the Agricultural Society of France, showed the economic position of farm laborers to compare favorably with the lot of industrial workers generally. Social conditions are regarded as the chief cause of farm laborers abandoning the country, and to remedy this the erection on each large estate of a hall as a meeting place for entertainment and social purposes, with a library and other educational features, was recommended. In April, 1910, a law was passed in France for insuring and pensioning workmen, including the different classes engaged in agriculture. In Württemberg the experiment has been tried with success of providing places for the registration and care of agricultural and other laborers in search of employment. An investigation of farm labor in California, made under a special act of the legislature, resulted in securing data from 4100 farms. The average duration of employment was found to be less than two months in the year, and only 16.6 per cent. of the white laborers and 10.7 per cent. of the Japanese laborers were employed permanently. White labor was very generally preferred to any of the alien races, but is far from sufficient to meet the needs. during 1910 authorizing mutual credit societies to grant long-time loans to members in order to facilitate the acquisition and development of small holdings. The board of agriculture in Great Britain is working for the establishment of a system of credit banks, and to encourage the further formation of agricultural credit organizations, to assist farmers in times of distress or emergency. The relative scarcity of crop-selling and exporting associations in Italy has been the subject of comment, and an increase in the number has been urged on the ground that it would tend to equalize prices between producer and consumer, and develop the highest efficiency in Italian agriculture. In Egypt there has been a movement for the organization of agricultural coöperative societies, with a view to improving the economic condition of the small land owners, which comprise a very large proportion of the rural proprietors. A commission appointed to investigate the subject has reported favorably and urged the passage of a law whereby such coöperative societies can be easily organized. CONVENTIONS AND EXHIBITIONS. There was a large meeting of the Farmers' Coöperative Union at St. Louis in May, southern agriculture being especially represented. Out of the conference grew an alliance with the American Federation of Labor, and the formation of the American Coöperative Union, an attempt to eliminate the middleman by opening stores in large cities for the sale of farm produce direct to consumers. The Farmers' National Congress held its thirteenth meeting at Lincoln, Neb., October 6-11, many papers relating to education, extension, cooperation, and conservation in agriculture being presented. The fifth Dry Farming Congress was held at Spokane, Wash., October 3-6, with over 1200 delegates from the United States, Canada and abroad. These delegates represented about five billion acres of arid lands throughout the world, illustrating the extent of this interest. The consensus of opinion was that dry farming was passing from the experimental stage and becoming an established feature of agricultural development. The Minnesota Conservation Congress, held at St. Paul, March 16-19, aroused special interest among farmers, of whom over three thousand were in attendance. Particular attention was given to the agricultural phases of the problem of conservation. The Chicago Land Show, held the last of November, again illustrated the interest in land and served as a vast advertising campaign in behalf of the new sections and the old unsettled sections. The National Dairy Show, at Chicago in November, was the climax of dairy exhibitions. The International Livestock Exposition, held at Chicago in the latter part of November, was the world's greatest show of farm animals. It surpassed any of its ten predecessors in size-240 car-loads of stock, numbering 4345 head of cattle, sheep, swine and horses; and these exhibits were of unusually high quality. The New England Corn Show, at Worcester, Mass., held in November, was a great success and served to call attention to the high quality of corn which can be grown in the New England States and the good yields secured. A prize crop gave a yield of 127 bushels of shelled corn to the acre. The agricultural credit system in France at A jubilee of the German Agricultural Society, the close of 1909 included 96 district banks, with commemorating its twenty-fifth anniversary, was 3127 affiliated local banks, having 147,140 mem- held at Berlin, December 8-14. Vast audiences bers. The loans during the year aggregated over in the building of the Prussian Diet listened to two million dollars. A new law was passed the congratulations of the German Emperor, the Imperial Chancellor, the Prussian Minister of The agricultural explorers of the Bureau of Agriculture, and other distinguished personages. Plant Industry have recently brought back The society was organized in December, 1885, many valuable plants from southwestern Asia, with 2700 members. In 1910 the membership including a long-lived variety of alfalfa, a had reached 18,000. The society's annual show drought-resistant cherry, apricots with sweet was held at Hamburg, June 2-7, with a larger kernels, hardy olives, etc. Experience of the last attendance than any previous show. The 1911 three years has shown that Rhodes grass, which exhibition will be at Cassel, June 22-27. At the has fine upright stems and good seed habits, is annual meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society especially adapted to the Gulf coast region. The of England in December, it was announced that Kharkov variety of hard winter wheat has given the membership had reached 10.129. The society excellent results. The destructive tumor disis assisting agricultural research in a substan- ease of limes and other citrus fruits has been tial manner. Its seventy-first annual show was shown to be of fungus origin. The new method held at Liverpool, June 21-25. The attendance of spraying with sulphur. compounds has been was somewhat interefered with by the weather, widely adopted by apple growers. but the exhibition itself was pronounced one of the finest the society has ever organized. The 1911 show will be held at Norwich on the Crown Point estate. A society for the improvement of agriculture in Spain has been formed, to foster agricultural education, introduce modern farm machinery, improved plants and seeds, commercial fertilizers, insecticides and fungicides, and to promote the employment of improved methods in combating animal disease. International congresses of tropical agriculture, agricultural societies, and horticulture, were held at Brussels in connection with the Brussels Exposition. Agriculture was represented by one of the sections in the International Scientific Congress at Buenos Ayres, July 11-25. Resolutions were adopted advocating the formation of agrarian societies patterned after those in France, the greater use of agricultural machinery and additional instruction in the subject, the development of the sugar beet and cotton growing industries, and the adoption of uniform regulations in all American countries as to the importation and exportation of animals. An International Agricultural Exposition was held at Buenos Ayres during the summer, with exhibits from many foreign countries. The United States was the chief exhibitor among foreign nations. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The total number of employes of the Department, July 1, 1910, was 12,480, of whom 2414 were employed in Washington. The net increase in the force during the year was 1340. The appropriations by Congress for the work of the Department during the fiscal year 1910 aggregated $17,029,036, including $3,000,000 for meat inspection, $1,344,000 for the State agricultural experiment stations and $460,000 for printing and binding. For the rent of buildings in the District of Columbia the Department paid $72,645. The cases reported to the Attorney-General for prosecution under the several laws administered by the Department numbered 1738, twice as many as the year before. More than $40,000 in fines and costs were assessed; hundreds of tons of misbranded foods and drugs were forfeited. During the fiscal year 1910 the Department issued 1983 publications, of which 1520 were new. The total number of copies printed was 25,160,469, of which over 9,000,000 copies were Farmers' Bulletins. The Bureau of Animal Industry, besides its extensive service in connection with meat inspection (q. v ), has enlarged its work in cattle-tick eradication, over 57,000 square miles being released from quarantine during the year. The efficiency of the serum treatment for hog cholera, devised by the Bureau, has been strikingly demonstrated. Conditions revealed in the course of the enforcement of the Food and Drugs Act have led to investigation of the process of manufacture and subsequent handling of fruit and dairy products, poultry, fish and oysters. See FOOD AND NUTRITION. The Bureau of Soils has surveyed and mapped 359,564 square miles, or 230,120,960 acres since 1899. The Bureau of Entomology, in coöperation with State authorities in New England, has conducted an active campaign against the gipsy and brown-tailed moth. Great service has been rendered to the citrus fruit growers of California and Florida, by investigations of hydrocyanicacid gas fumigation for repression of scale insects and white fly. The inspection of important nursery stock has prevented the introduction of many injurious insects. See ENTOMOLOGY, The Biological Survey has carried on an active campaign against rats, which are carriers of bubonic plague, and the California ground squirrel, which has become plague-stricken. The most effective means of destroying the ground squirrel is the use of whole barley coated with a starch solution holding strychnine in suspension. Attempts to poison mice and chipmunks, which hinder attempts at reforestation by eating the tree seeds, have been very successful. During the past year the Office of Public Roads built 55 object-lesson roads, illustrating 10 types of construction. An oil-cement concrete has been developed which promises to have a wide use in structures where strength, solidity and waterproof qualities are required. The Forest Service has had a great struggle with forest fires which have been unusually destructive during the past two years. It is estimated that there are about 15.000.000 horsepower of water in the national forests which might be controlled and beneficially used. See FORESTRY. The Office of Experiment Stations has enlarged its work in relation to the agricultural colleges, schools, experiment stations, extension departments and farmers' institutes (see AGRICUL TURAL EDUCATION and AGRICULTURAL EXPERI MENT STATIONS), and continued investigations on human nutrition with the respiration calori meter (see FOOD AND NUTRITION) and on irrigation and drainage (see IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE). The Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1910 contains an interesting summary of the quantity and value of the year's crops, and a discussion of the farmer's share of the prices paid by consumers for agricultural products. The Secretary also claims that production per acre is increasing and overtaking the increase in population. The formation of coöperative or AGRICULTURE 25 ALABAMA ganizations for the purchase of agricultural a spot value of $16,305,168. This was an inproducts directly from the farmers is advised. DEATHS. Prof. Julius Kühn of Halle, Germany, a veteran teacher of agriculture and the head of the agricultural institute at the University of Halle from its organization, died April 14, 1910. Dr. O. Böttcher, vice-director of the experiment station at Möckern, Germany, and widely known for his investigations in animal nutrition, died February 2. Dr. Charles Anthony Goessmann, agricultural chemist and one of the oldest and most eminent agricultural investigators in the United States, died at Amherst, Mass., September 1, 1910. Dr. William Henry Brewer, associated with the history of the earliest undertakings in agricultural instruction, died at New Haven, Conn., November 2. Prof. Samuel B. Green, horticulturist and forester of the Minnesota College of Agriculture and Experiment Station, died July 11. Prof. John A. Craig, a breeder of livestock, one of the pioneers in instruction in animal husbandry, and formerly director of the Texas and the Oklahoma experiment stations, died August 9. Prof. Welton M. Munson, in charge of horticulture in the West Virginia University and Experiment Station, died September 9. Prof. J. S. Newman, of South Carolina, a pioneer worker for southern agricultural advancement, and for many years a teacher and experimenter, died May 11, 1910. James J. H. Gregory, a veteran seedsman, originator and writer on vegetables, of Marblehead, Mass., died February 20, 1910. See also articles AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION; AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS; DAIRYING; FERTILIZERS; SOILS; STOCK RAISING; ALFALFA; BARLEY; CORN; COTTON; HAY; OATS; SUGAR; TOBACCO, and other crops; the paragraphs on Agriculture in the respective articles on the States of the United States and on foreign countries; and the allied articles on BOTANY; FORESTRY; HORTICULTURE; FOOD AND NUTRITION; MEAT AND MEAT INSPECTION; VETERINARY SCIENCE; DRAINAGE; IRRIGATION, etc. on AHMED MIRZA. See PERSIA. ALABAMA. One of the East South Central Division of the United States. Its total area is 51,998 square miles, of which 719 square miles are water. POPULATION. The population of the State in 1910, according to the figures of the Thirteenth Census, was 2,138,093 as compared with 1,828,697 in 1900 and 1,513,401 in 1890, an increase from 1900 to 1910 of 16.9 per cent. The State ranks eighteenth among the States in population, the same relative place which it held in 1900. The population of the chief cities and towns, according to the Thirteenth Census, will be found in the article UNITED STATES CENSUS. The great industrial growth of the State in the last decade is shown in the remarkable increase in population in the city of Birmingham, which is the chief centre of the iron industries of the State. This city showed an increase from 38,415 in 1900 to 132,685 in 1910, or 245.4 per cent., a greater increase than was shown in the population of any other of the largest cities of the country. MINERAL PRODUCTION. The chief mineral products of Alabama are coal and iron. In the production of the former it ranks fifth, being surpassed only by Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Illinois and Ohio. The production of coal in 1909 amounted to 13,703,450 short tons, having crease of 2,098,087 short tons in quantity and $1,657,297 in value over 1908. It was, however, 547,004 tons less than the record of 1907. With the exception of the latter year the production in 1909 was the largest in the history of the State. These figures indicate a recovery from the effects of the business depression in 1907-8. The conditions in 1909 were less favorable to the development of new properties than any former recovery from periods of depression. Mining in Alabama is carried on chiefly on the open shop basis. During 1909 the industry was not af fected by labor troubles, not a single strike, suspension or lockout being reported. According to the State mine inspector, there were 129 men killed and 50 injured in the coal mines of the State in 1909, as compared with 108 killed and 58 injured in 1908. Reports at the beginning of 1911 indicated the production for 1910 would reach the unprecedented total of 15,000,000 tons, as compared with 13,703,910 tons in 1909. The increase was due chiefly to the prolonged strike in Illinois and the western States, and to river conditions which existed during the year and which materially reduced the shipments from Pennsylvania and other northern States to New Orleans and other lower Mississippi points and added to the demand from that section for Alabama coal. There were no strikes of any consequence in the coal mines of the State during 1910, and the labor supply was, on the whole, satisfactory, although in places there was a decided shortage. The coal mining industry was affected during the year by two bad disasters, which altogether cost the lives of 131 men. The first was at the Mulga mine on April 20, and cost 40 lives; the second was at Palos on May 5, and cost 91 lives. The number of lives lost in these two accidents was more than the number of lives lost in the coal mines of the State either in 1909 or in 1908. A small quantity of gold is produced. This was valued in 1910 at $29,416, as compared with a value of the product of 1909 of $29,200. AGRICULTURE. The acreage, production and value of the principal crops in 1909-10 are shown in the following table: Since 1903 the value of the crop has greatly exceeded that of the years previous. The other crops, as will be seen from the table above, show about the same acreage in 1910 as in 1909. EDUCATION. There were in 1910 687,374 children between the ages of 6 and 21 in the State. Of these 380,142 were white and 307,232 were colored. The total enrollment in the schools of the State, including all institutions, public, private and denominational, was about 76 per cent. among the whites, and 48 per cent. among the colored. The total enrollment of white children in the public schools was 279,982, and in the colored public schools, 142,813. The average daily attendance among the white children was 176,500, and of the colored children 89,000. The number of schools for white children in 1910 was 4424, and for colored children, 1965. There were employed in the schools of the State 6434 white teachers, and 2243 colored teachers. Of the white teachers 2272 were males and 4162 were females. The average monthly salary for white male teachers was $70 and for female teachers, $46. The average monthly salary for colored male teachers was $30 and for colored female teachers, $25. The total expenditures for public schools during the year was $2,746,473. Of this, $2,417,378 was paid for the maintenance of white schools and $329,094 for the maintenance of colored schools. FINANCE. The report of the treasurer for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1910, showed a balance in the treasury on December 30, 1909, of $712,024. The receipts for the fiscal year amounted to $5,368,144, and the total disbursements to $5,646,696, leaving a balance in the treasury on September 30, 1910, of $433,471. The total bonded debt of the State at the end of the fiscal year amounted to $9,057,000. The interest paid on this debt in 1910 amounted to $357,450. CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. The charitable and correctional institutions of the State and the sums paid for their maintenance in 1910 were as follows: Alabama Insane Hospital, $325,947; Alabama School for the Deaf, $38,410; Alabama School for the Blind, $19,952; Alabama School for Negro Deaf and Blind, $11,500; Alabama Girls' Industrial School, $36,000; Alabama Industrial School for White Boys, $19,700. The aggregate expenses of these institutions for the year amounted to $116,510. POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT. There was no regular meeting of the legislature in 1910, as the sessions in Alabama are quadrennial and the last regular session was held in 1907. There were, however, special sessions called in the intervening years to act on Prohibition and other political questions. The next regular session begins January 10, 1911. The most notable feature in the political history of the State during 1910 was the virtual repudiation of the Statewide Prohibition statutes which have existed in the State for nearly two years. A partial test came in the fall of 1909 when the Prohibition constitutional amendment was voted upon. While the measure was overwhelmingly defeated at this time, there was still some doubt in regard to the attitude of the people of the State toward the policy of Statewide Prohibition, because there were possibly those who, while they favored the policy, were not willing to see it placed forever in the organic law. The Democratic primary for Governor and members of the legis lature, which was held on May 3, 1910, was the real test of public sentiment on the question. In this contest the local option element was represented by Emmett O'Neal of Florence county for Governor, while the Prohibitionists had as their leader Col. H. S. D. Mallory. Colonel O'Neal was nominated by over 15,000 votes. The result was somewhat complicated, however, by the fact that E. Perry Thomas of Barbour county, a State Senator who had voted against and fought all the stringent Prohibition laws and who was the candidate for Lieutenant-Governor on the local option ticket, was defeated by Walter D. Seed of Tuscaloosa, a staunch Prohibitionist. Mr. Seed served for four years as State Treasurer. The attitude of the people was shown still more strongly in the election for delegates to the State convention, which met shortly after the primary. This convention was overwhelmingly for local option, although it went on record as in favor of a "fair and impartial trial" of the Prohibition laws. It was no less pronounced, however, on its advocacy of local option. The results in the legislative tickets were almost equally pronounced. The House of Representatives was overwhelmingly for local option, while the majority of the Senate will doubtless favor a modification of the present laws for the counties containing the larger cities. Jefferson county, containing Birmingham, Montgomery county, containing Montgomery, and Mobile county, containing Mobile, will probably have high-licensed saloons, or at least the sale of light wines and beer at cafés and restaurants. Another political feature of the year was the rapid development of the sentiment in favor of commission government for cities instead of the aldermanic system. It is probable that nearly all the larger cities in each county will be placed under this form of government by the legislature of 1911. Birmingham and Montgomery both voted favorably on the question for such form of government. OTHER EVENTS. One of the most important industrial events of the year was the beginning of work by the United States Steel Corporation on its Village Creek dam project, which will cost $8,000,000. The project was well under way at the end of 1910. It will supply water to all the company's plants in the district. Work has also begun on the American Steel and Iron Company's new mill at Ensley, which will cost $3,000,000. This will probably be completed in the summer of 1911. There were two unusually disastrous accidents during the year. An explosion at the Mulga mine of the Birmingham Coal and Iron Company on April 20 resulted in the death of 40 men. An explosion in the Palos mine of the Palos Coal and Coke Company on May 5 cost 91 lives. STATE OFFICERS: Governor, Emmett O'Neal; Lieutenant-Governor, W. D. Seed; Secretary of State, Cyrus B. Brown; Auditor, C. B. Smith; Adjutant-General, Bibb Graves; Attorney-General, R. C. Birkell; Treasurer, John Purifoy; Superintendent of Education, H. J. Willingham; Commissioner of Agriculture, R. F. Kolb; exofficio Commissioner of Insurance, Cyrus B Brown-all Democrats. JUDICIARY: Supreme Court: Chief Justice, J. R. Dowdell; Associate Justices, Ormond Somerville, A. D. Sayre, John C. Anderson, R. T. Simpson, J. J. Mayfield, and Thomas McClellan; Clerk, R. F. Ligon, Jr.-all Democrats. |