Several revivals met with favor. Oscar Wilde's fairly clever The Importance of being Earnest was one, and Robertson's Caste another. In the latter Miss Marie Tempest's Polly and Mr. G. P. Huntley's Eccles were good enough to recall memories of years ago and make one forget how faded is the old comedy. The revival of Trelawney of the Wells has already been mentioned. Mr. William Gillette appeared with success in a number of plays of his own, such as Secret Service, The Private Secretary, Too Much Johnson, etc.

Of the foreign players who visited the United States during 1910 Mme. Sarah Bernhardt is pre-eminent by virtue of achievement and personality. At the age of 67 years and a greatgrandmother, she came to play what to most women at the height of their powers would be an exhausting engagement. For weeks at a stretch in Chicago, New York and elsewhere this remarkable woman appeared sometimes ten times a week in dramas and plays requiring a tremendous expenditure of emotional force. For a month in New York she kept up the strain without showing any marked deterioration in the quality of her work. She was still able to suggest on the stage all the allurements of a woman half her age. Her technical command of her art remains as perfect as ever, and in the parts which she has made her own, such as Marguerite in Camille, La Tosca and Fédora she still stands without a rival. During her American engagement Bernhardt appeared for the first time in this country in Jeanne d'Arc, a drama by Émile Moreau, which was more curious than inspiring. It is chiefly devoted to the trial of Jeanne at the hands of her English captors. Mme. Bernhardt suggests the mystic exaltation essential to the part, but it is nothing by which she will be remembered. Another play in which she had not heretofore been seen outside of Paris was Rostand's La Samaritaine, a poetic fantasy having for its protagonists Christ and the woman of Samaria. Notwithstanding the sincerity and reverence with which the theme is treated, public sentiment is against such an exhibition.

A curiosity of Mme. Bernhardt's New York engagement was the production of Judas, a play written in English by John De Kay, an American, and translated into French. Mme. Bernhardt, who has played Hamlet and who is even said to have considered Falstaff, assumed the part of Judas, the disciple who betrayed Christ. The drama itself is a queer mixture of politics, love and religion which would be offensive if it

were not so puerile. Judas is made a fanatic who loves Mary Magdalen. When the Mag dalen turns from him to follow Christ he gives way to raging jealousy and betrays his Master. Why Mme. Bernhardt should have consented to masquerade in this worthless affair remains listless fasion, was almost as insignificant as the piece itself. Mme. Bernhardt gave several performances of Bisson's La Femme X, showing her usual skill in depicting a despairing woman. The part was originally written for her, although it fell to Mme. Réjane to play it first in Paris. Once or twice during her New York engagement Mme. Bernhardt dropped the tragis mask to appear in comedy. A most delightful treat was her performance in Zanacois's Les Bouffons which Miss Maude Adams played here some years ago as The Jesters. The French actress and her company did wonders with it. Mr. Ernst von Possart, the noted German actor and director of the Munich Court Theatre, returned to this country after an absence of many years and delighted German audiences with his admirable work in such plays as Freund Fritz, The Merchant of Venice, Nathan der Weise, etc.

During the year in England The Piper, by Josephine Preston Peabody (Mrs. Lionel s. Marks), had its first production in Stratford. This was the play which took the Stratford prize of $1500 from 300 competitors. It is a poetic treatment of the story told in Robert Browning's well-known poem. Grace, by W. Somerset Maugham, struck a serious note and showed how a woman may find happiness even with a dull mate whom she cannot adore. Nobody's Daughter, by George Parton (Miss Symonds), was a domestic comedy of more than common cleverness. Sir Arthur Pinero's Hesler's Mystery was a failure, and Helena's Path, by Messrs. Hope and Lennox, fared no better. A Single Man, by Hubert H. Davies, was found lacking. The ubiquitous Hall Caine tried The Bishop's Son, a dramatization of his "Deemster," and a melodrama called The Eternal Question. Justice, by John Galsworthy, a strong but depressing drama, made sufficient impression to cause official investigation of the legal abuses set forth. The Fighting Chance, a war play, won popular favor. Altogether the dramatic year in Great Britain offered little of vital importance.

FRANCE. Rostand's Chantecler was of course the sensation of the year in France. While the dramatic value of this fantasy in which the barnyard denizens play a drama of love and jealousy may be doubted, the beauty of the piece as literature is unquestioned. The best French critics assign it no permanent place upon the stage. The acting and the stage devices employed at the Porte St. Martin Theatre were alike admirable. At the Théâtre Français the play of the year was, perhaps, Comme ils sont tous (All Men are Alike), by MM. Aderer and Ephraim, a play of which the moral is that in the matter of sentiment husbands must not be asked to give much and that wives should forgive and forget. Pierre Wolff's satirical comedy, Marionettes, also seen at the Français, is based upon the familiar situation of a young girl whose simple virtues weary her husband. When she becomes a dazzling Parisian butter fly, he awakens to her charm. Bourget's Un Cas de Conscience, a comedy by Romain Coolus

Also to be noted are Alfred Capus's L'Aventurier, the story of a self-made man who conquers social prejudice; Tristan Bernard's Danseur Inconnu; Courteline's Boubouroche and Zamacois's Fleur Merveilleuse, a fantastic piece in the style of Les Bouffons. Bataille's Vierge Folle sketches the career of a neurasthenic girl who ends by suicide. Posthumous plays of interest were Balzac's L'École des Ménages, a study of marital relations, and Henri Becques's Polichinelles, a realistic and unpleasant drama. Balzac's César Birotteau was made into a play and produced with some success. Hamlet and Jules César were important Shakespearean revivals. René Fauchois, the author of Beethoven (see YEAR BOOK, 1909), created a sensation by attacking Racine in a lecture that was bitterly resented. Among books dealing with theatrical topics were the Mémoires of the veteran actor, Got, and a Vie Sentimentale de Rachel, by Mile. Thomson.

GERMANY. On the German stage a drama entitled Sold, by the Russian author, George Erastov, made a deep impression. The Moloch, also by a Russian, Leo Berensky, was produced in Berlin with some success. Hermann Bahr's comedy, The Children, also met with a favorable reception. See GERMAN LITERATURE.

DRAPER, WILLIAM FRANKLIN. An American manufacturer and diplomatist, died January 28, 1910. He was born in Lowell, Mass., in 1842 and was educated at the common schools and an academy. He enlisted in 1861 in the 25th Massachusetts and served throughout the war, becoming lieutenant-colonel and brevet brigadier-general of volunteers. After the close of the war he engaged in the manufacture of cotton machinery, in which he was successful. He was a member of Congress from Massachusetts from 1892 to 1897, and from the latter year until 1900 was United States Minister to Italy. In 1909 he published an interesting book of reminiscences.

DREDGING. A powerful clay-cutting suction dredge was put in service on the Upper White Nile and showed its ability to cut channels at a rapid rate. The vessel had a flat-bottomed, rectangular shaped hull, 162 feet long x 28 feet beam, and was propelled by a paddle wheel at the stern. The working end of the hull carries a frame or movable suction tube, on the front of which is mounted a heavy steel rotary cutter. This cutter, as well as the centrifugal pump working in connection with it, is driven by a 700 horse-power triple expansion engine to which steam is supplied by Babcock and Wilcox water-tube boilers. Near the stern of the vessel, on either side, steel anchors are secured to fastenings that can move in slotted castings and allow the boat to swing from side to side through a small angle, while holding her so as to offer resistance to going backwards when dredging. By means of these spuds or flexible anchors, a channel can be dredged 150 feet in width and 25 feet in depth without changing the vessel's position. The mud and spoil sucked up is delivered through a pipe supported on pontoons to any desired point.

A dredge of 2224 tons capacity was structed in Great Britain for Argentina.

conThis

DREADNOUGHTS. See BATTLESHIPS and NAVAL PRogress.

DRY DOCKS. See DOCKS AND HARBORS. DRY WINES. See LIQUORS, FERMENTED AND DISTILLED.

DUBOC, CHARLES ÉDOUARD. A German author of French extraction, died in April, 1910. He wrote under the pseudonym "Robert Waldmüller." He was born in Hamburg in 1822, son of Édouard Duboc author of Dignité de l'Homme. He wrote a great number of poems, novels and reminiscences, some of which became very popular. He also wrote dramas and translated into German the poems of François Coppée, and Alfred Tennyson's Enoch Arden and In Memoriam. Among his novels are Leid und Lust (1874); Darja (1884) and Liebesstürme. He wrote also the tragedy, Brunhilde (1873), and the drama Die Tochter des Präsidenten (1880). DUGMORE, A. R. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Travel and Description. DUMA. See RUSSIA, History.

DUNANT, JEAN HENRI. A Swiss author and philanthropist, died October 31, 1910. He was born in Geneva in 1828. He inherited a large fortune and during the battle of Solferino in Italy in 1859 conceived the idea of an international agreement for the care and protection of those wounded in battle. His conception included the idea of pledging the nations to regard as neutral all sick and wounded combatants and all persons caring for them, and through the coöperation of the Swiss Federal Council he brought about an international conference at Geneva in 1863, at which 16 governments were represented. From this conference grew the International Red Cross Society. This meeting was followed in 1864 by the Geneva Convention, at which time articles of agreement were signed by twelve governments. The Red Cross flag was adopted, an international committee was provided and it was agreed that each country should have its own national Red Cross organization. From the twelve governments originally signing the agreement, the number afterwards grew to forty. M. Dunant spent his fortune in perfecting Red Cross organizations, and in 1901 he was awarded the Nobel prize for peace. He was the author of several books including the Souvenir de Solferino, which ran through many editions; Fraternité et Charité Internationales en temps de guerre (1st and 7th editions, 1864); l'Esclavage chez les Musulmans et aux Etats-Unis de l'Amerique, (1863); La Renovation de l'Orient (1865). In his later years he received a pension from the Empress of Russia.

DUNKERS or DUNKARDS. REN, CHURCH OF THE,

See BRETH

DUNNE, EDWARD JOSEPH. American bishop of the Roman Catholic church, died August 5, 1910. He was born in Tipperary, Ireland, in 1848, and in the following year his parents removed to the United States, settling in Chicago. He was educated at the College of St. Mary's of the Lake, and studied theology at the Seminary of St. Francis de Sales of Milwaukee, and St. Mary's of Baltimore. He was ordained priest in 1871. From 1875 to 1893 he served as assistant pastor of All Saints Parish, Chicago. In the

Java and Madura.

Island of Sumatra:

Sumatra, East

Benkulen

Lampongs

Palembang

Atjeh (Achin).

4,473 1,870

Pop. end

Of the revenue in 1909, 41.9 per cent. was furnished by taxes; 24,6 by the opium and salt monopolies; 41.1 by sales of coffee, cinchona, tin,

coal, rubber, etc; diverse sources, 19.4. Of the and 25 per cent for administration. The budget annual expenditure, 25 per cent. is for defense for 1910 estimates the revenue and expenditure at 194,318,330 and 218,335,062 guilders respectively. The governor-general (1910, A. W. F. Idenburg) is assisted by a council of five mem

156,518

36,858

37,734,000

Europeans and assimilated persons numbered (1905) 80,910; Chinese, 563,000; Arabs, 29,000; other Orientals, 23,000; natives (about), 37,000,000. Births (Java and Madura and outposts) among Europeans and assimilated persons (1906), 2659; deaths, 1812; marriages, 997. Principal towns of Java: Batavia (the capital), with 138,551 inhabitants; Surabaya, 150,198; Samerang, 96,600. Of Sumatra, Palembang, 60,985; of Borneo, Banjarmassin, 16,708; of Celebes, Macassar, 26,145. There were (1907) 221 elementary schools for Europeans, with 25,054 pupils; for natives, 2229, with 251,439; for foreign Orientals, 478, with 12,426. Religious liberty prevails.

PRODUCTION, COMMERCE, ETC. Area (1907) under rice, 5,385,154 acres; corn, cotton, etc., 5,346,667; sugar-cane, 355,306; tobacco, 344, 872; indigo, 35,429. Area under coffee not given; under rubber (estimated) 1907, 70,000 acres; 1908, 90,000; 1909, 120,000. Many coffee plantations have been replanted to rubber in the past two years. Production (1907) of sugar, 1,025,801 tons; coffee, 55,009,878 lbs. (1906, 101,819,600); cinchona (1906), 6,065,412 kilos; tobacco (1907), 61,313,212 kilograms; tea (Java), 11,494,665 kilos; indigo (Java, 1906), 289,527; cacao (Java, 1907), 1,382,149. Yield of tin mines (1907-8), 15,807 tons; of coal mines, .418,284 tons; oil yield (1907), 1,328,892,000 litres; diamond mines were opened up in southern Borneo early in 1910. Imports and exports in 1907 were valued at 247,270,702 and 364,558,145 guilders respectively (1 guilder 40.2 cents); in 1908, 280,562,000 470,714,000. Vessels entered (1907), 4143, of 3.400,878 tons. Miles of railway (1908), 3198 (2623 in Java, 575 in Sumatra); of telegraph, 8800. Telegraph offices, 569; post-offices, 1661.

FINANCE AND GOVERNMENT. Revenue and expenditure for four years are given in thousands of guilders:

DWIGHT, JONATHAN. An American engineer, died November 28, 1910. He was born in 1831 and graduated from Harvard College in 1852. After leaving Harvard he went to West Point and studied civil engineering. He practised his profession in the west and helped build several lines of railway. In 1861 he settled in Madison, N. J., and thereafter practised almost wholly as a consulting engineer. He was for a time one of the chief engineers of the New York Central Railway. He had charge of laying the foundation of the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor.

DYER, NEHEMIAH MAYO. A rear-admiral of the United States Navy (retired), died, January 27, 1910. He was born at Provincetown, Mass., in 1839, and was educated in the public schools. He followed the sea from 1854 to 1859, and was in mercantile employment from 1859 to 1861. In the latter year he enlisted in the 13th Massachusetts Volunteers, and in 1862 was transferred as acting master's mate. He was promoted for gallant service to acting ensign in 1863 and acting master in 1864. In 1868 he was commissioned lieutenant in the reg ular service and in the same year was made lieutenant commander. He became commodore in 1883, captain in 1897, and rear admiral, retired, in 1901. During the Civil War he served at the Navy Yard of Boston and on various vessels, participating in the battle of Mobile Bay and the surrender of Fort Morgan. He was on various duties afloat and ashore until the outbreak of the Spanish-American war. He participated

1898, as He was eminent

in the Battle of Manila Bay, May 1, second in command to Admiral Dewey. advanced seven numbers in rank for and conspicuous conduct in this war. DYESTUFFS. See CHEMISTRY. DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY. See GEOLOGY. DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINERY. No new types of electrical machines were brought out in 1910 and the most noteworthy progress was in the direction of units of enormous size, especially turbo-alternators. Machines of 15,000 kilowatts have been placed in service, designs for 20,000 kilowatt units have been prepared and makers have announced their entire readiness to undertake the production of 25,000 kilowatt units. The immense machines owe their advantage to their lower cost per kilowatt of capacity and the reduction of labor costs in stations rather than to great gains in efficiency. The enormous output of power which these machines supply for momentary periods when short circuited, exceeding in some cases 100,000 kilo watts, makes the problem of protection peculiarly difficult. In some instances reaction coils of extremely rugged design have been placed in series with the armature windings to limit the short-circuit current.

The advance in the design and construction of transformers was exceptional, with a distinct trend toward the use of three phase units. These have now reached the immense size of 14,000 kilovolt-amperes and are built for voltages up to 140,000. Improved methods of oil circulation have made possible the increase of self-cooled transformers to a maximum size of 2000 kilo volt-amperes, as compared with 800.

No new types of motors were produced but the production of small and moderate sized motors for industrial installation exceeded all previous records. While the bulk of the industrial load is carried by direct current and induction motors the increase in the use of single phase commutator motors was great. No effective type of adjustable speed alternating current motor has yet appeared on the market, but an experimental type of three phase commutator motor was developed which gives promise of becoming a worthy rival of the direct-current shunt motor in this important field.

An important recommendation was made by the International Electrotechnical Commission at its Brussels meeting of 1910 to the effect that both generators and motors be rated hereafter in watts rather than horsepower.

The design of a 20,000 kilowatt generating unit, referred to above, has been carried out in the construction of two machines that will be put in service in the first few months of 1911 by the Commonwealth Edison Company, Chicago, in a station approaching completion to be called the Northwest Station. The design is similar to the 14,000 kilowatt units already in use in the Quarry Street Station in the same city, which generators on vertical shafts, direct coupled to are 3-phase, alternating current, revolving field Curtis five-stage steam turbines. Some of these machines are built for 9000 volt, 25 cycle energy, and the other group for 12,000 volt, 60 cycle. DYSON, C. C. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Biography.

DYSPROSIUM. See ATOMIC WEIGHTS. EARLAND, ADA. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Biography.

EARNINGS AND EXPENSES, RAILWAY. See RAILWAYS.

EARTH, AGE OF. See GEOLOGY.

EARTHQUAKES. The list of earthquakes which were recorded in the press and by seismological stations during 1910 included only a few of first importance, and the year, like its predecessor, was comparatively free from disasters attributable to such disturbances. There appeared to be no lack of interest, however, in the study of earthquake phenomena that was so stimulated by the events of the few previous years. This department of geology, as a consequence, has developed into a practically new science, with its own methods, instruments and corps of observers. The large number of seismological stations now established in the different countries will make possible a systematic campaign of investigation from which valuable results may be expected.

The one formidable catastrophe of the year was incident to the Costa Rican earthquake of May 4, when the towns of Cartago and Paraiso were almost completely laid waste. The loss of life was estimated by officials of the country at over 1000 and the property damage at about $25,000,000. The main disturbance was preceded by a long series of monitory tremors which seem to have been initiated by a sharp shock on April 13 that was especially noticeable at San José, the capital. Many of the urban dwellers had taken timely warning and sought shelter in the open before the violent earthquake came, so that the mortality was comparatively small in view of the completeness of the devastation. Clouds of dust, a heavy roar like thunder and temporary darkness, as usual, were accompanying features of the disaster, which was further accentuated by fire and later by a deluge of rain. The Carnegie Peace Palace, recently erected in Cartago, shared in the ruin.

Iceland was shaken, on January 22, by an earthquake that was transmitted long distances but did little damage. It may have been of submarine origin. A moderately heavy shock was reported on June 7 as felt at Naples, Benevento and other places in southern Italy; some damage to property resulted. Slight shocks were felt on June 16 in many parts of the Iberian peninsula and North Africa. The peninsula of Peloponnesus was shaken by a heavy earthquake on December 29, which inflicted much damage. The minor disturbances, of which the most were noted only by seismological stations, need not be mentioned.

CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKE. The second volume completing the work of the commission appointed for the investigation of the California earthquake of April 18, 1906, was published by the Carnegie Institution. In this volume the mechanics of the earthquake are discussed by H. F. Reid. It consists of a first part on the phenomena of the megaseismic region, a second part on the instrumental records of the disturbof the earthquake was the permanent displaceance and an appendix on the theory of the seismograph. One of the most important features ment along the San Andreas fault; the shift amounted to no less than six metres, the southwestern side of the fault moving that distance northeast. The accumulation of strain preceding the actual rupture is believed to have gone on for about a century. In this connection Reid considers the possibility of predicting earthquakes by measuring the development of strains in fault zones. A plan proposed is to build a line of pillars, a kilometre or so apart,