the construction of two cruisers in the United States and two small cruisers in England. GOVERNMENT. The executive authority is vested in a president, who is elected for four years and is assisted by a cabinet appointed by himself and responsible to Congress. The legislative power devolves upon a Congress of two houses, the Senate (24 members) and the House of Representatives (64). The President in 1910 was Gen. José Miguel Gomez, who was inaugurated Jan. 28, 1909; Vice-President, Alfredo Zayas. Each of the six provinces is administered by an elective governor. CUMBERLAND which they had been laid, refused to consider them. The subject was much discussed in the press. There was an attempt made to associate the assassination with a bill before Congress providing that the head of the army should not be removed except for cause, and it was declared that the bill was not approved by the Commander of the Rural Guard, General Monteagudo. CUCKOO. See ORNITHOLOGY. CUDAHY, MICHAEL. An American merchant, died Nov. 27, 1910. He was born in Callan, County Kilkenny, Ireland, in 1841. In 1849 he came with his parents to the United States, settling in Milwaukee. He became an employe in a packing house and gradually rose to be manager, and partner in Armour & Company from 1873 to 1890. Engaging in business independently, he became president of the Cudahy Packing Company of Omaha, Sioux City and Los Angeles. He was president of the American Transportation and Trading Company and was connected with other financial enterprises. CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN HISTORY. On Feb. 3, two editors were sent enced to imprisonment for libeling President Gomez. Señor Morna, the first negro to hold a Cabinet office, was installed on April 16. An uprising occurred near El Caney in July, but was of slight importance and soon put down by the Rural Guards, who captured the leader and two companions. At a convention of the Liberal party on August 1, the Secretary of the Treas. ury, Villegas, became involved in a quarrel and the President subsequently ruling that no Cabinet Minister should henceforth attend political meetings, he resigned. Congress adjourned in CHURCH. A religious denomination organJuly. The President in his message urged a ized in 1810 as the result of a revival in the campaign against tuberculosis. As to the gov- Cumberland country" in Kentucky and Tenernment profits from the lottery, he recom- nessee, conducted by Rev. James McCready. The mended that $1,346,000 be applied to the build- denomination was founded as the result of obing of new revenue cutters and a Presidential jections on the part of the regular Presbyterian palace. A bill for exchanging the government's church in Kentucky to the admission to the arsenal property on the river front for a rail- ministry of men who were not up to the usual way terminal in the heart of the city passed literary and theological standard, and to certain both Houses in spite of the sharp criticism of reservations in the acceptance of the Westthe Havana press and the disapproval of it by minster Confession, dealing with the doctrine the United States government. Charges of brib- of predestination. Nearly all the churches of ery were made in conection with it. A project the Cumberland country adhered to the new for a gambling resort on the plan of Monte presbytery, which was constituted February 4, Carlo was passed by the House, in spite of much 1810. The denomination became in the followadverse comment in the press, but was ing years of considerable strength in the South. deferred in the Senate until the next Proposals were made at various times for union meeting of Congress. The first congres with other churches, and in 1903 the union with sional elections under the new régime the Presbyterian Church in the United States of were held in November, the terms of half the America was proposed. The general assemblies members, both in the Senate and in the House, of both churches appointed committees on frahaving expired. The Liberal party was divided ternity and union. These held a joint meeting in its counsels. The ultra-radical or Young and formulated a basis of union, which was Cuba faction, demanded the prohibition of re- approved by the general assemblies in 1904 and ligious orders, suppression of trusts, and the was ratified by the presbyteries of each body prevention of foreign corporations from holding in the following year, when the general assemreal estate in Cuba, while the other group had blies took action for the organic union of the as the chief plank in its platform the abolition two churches. Meanwhile considerable opposiof the Platt amendment to the Constitution. tion had arisen in the Cumberland Church and The negroes also showed themselves discon- a protest had been filed against the constitutented and endeavored to found a party of their tionality of the assembly's action. The civil own but did not succeed in effecting an or court, to which the matter was referred, held ganization. The elections were conducted with the action to be legal, and when it became eviout disorder. The Liberals were generally vic- dent that it was to be carried through, another torious although the strength of the Conserva- movement was started in the Cumberland tive party increased. On the opening of Con- Church to "enjoin the general assembly from gress the President urged tariff revision in the taking the final steps to merge, unite or coninterest of certain Cuban articles of manu- solidate the Cumberland Presbyterian Church facture, which needed better protection and with the Presbyterian Church of the United asked that a new Palace of Justice be built and States of America." The court refused the inpublic libraries established in the chief cities. junction and the general assembly by a vote of The Senate rejected the bill for a gambling 165 to 91, approved the report and “adjourned resort. An attempt had been made to assas- sine die as a separate assembly, to meet in and sinate General Guerra, Commander of the Cuban as a part of the One Hundred and Nineteenth army. He attributed the crime to a police lieu- General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church tenant, who could not be found. At the same of the United States of America." The oppositime charges were brought by Vice-President tion then filed a protest and determined Zayas and Mr. Steinhardt, formerly United to "continue and perpetuate the GenStates Consul, that a plot had been made to eral Assembly of the Cumberland Presassassinate them, but the Supreme Court before byterian Church as same was constituted and Ayre (95; 6233), Aruba (69; 8555), St. Mar- See NECROLOGY. organized on May 17, 1906" and declared itself made up of the islands of Curaçao (210 square "to be the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, the miles; 30,883 inhabitants), Bonaire or Buen repository of its established faith, the owners of its property and the protectors of its trusts." It held that all offices had been vacated, appointed men to fill the vacancies in the boards, rescinded the action and announcements of the general assembly and adjourned to meet in Dickson county, Tennessee. Suits were brought in a number of courts in regard to church property during the years following with varying Imports and exports (1907), 3,750,863 and results. The courts up to November 1, 1910, had made decisions as follows: The Supreme courts of Georgia, Kentucky, Texas, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana and California favored the union in their decisions. The Appellate court of Texas and Indiana and the Supreme courts of Tennessee and Missouri in their decisions were unfavorable to the union. Most of the courts upholding the union have done so on the ground that a civil court cannot review CURRENCY. The total stock of money in the decisions of an ecclesiastical court. On the the United States, June 30, 1910, was $3,419,other hand, the two appellate courts and the 500,000. Of this 927 per cent. was held in the two supreme courts unfavorable to the union Treasury as assets; 41.37 per cent. was in declared it null and void, and that a union was banks; and 49.36 per cent. in circulation among impossible on account of doctrinal differences the people. Excluding the $317,200,000 in the and on account of a want of constitutional au- Treasury the aggregate circulation was $34.33 thority. The most important result of these per capita. This compared with $34.93 in suits, from the standpoint of the Cumberland 1909; $31.08 in 1905; and $26.94 in 1900. The Presbyterian Church, was the possession gained total stock of money in banks was $1,423,808,of the Cumberland Presbyterian Publishing 000, of which sixty per cent. was held by naHouse at Nashville, Tennessee, valued at $200,- tional banks. The following table shows the 000, which was surrendered to the Cumberland total stock of money, the amount held in the Board of Publication in February, 1910. The Treasury as assets, and the amount in circulalast General Assembly of the Cumberand Pres- tion, November 1, 1910. The gold coin and bulbyterian Church convened at Dickson, Tenn. lion in the Treasury includes the reserve held May 19th to 24th, 1910. According to the to redeem greenbacks, the amount represented United States census of 1906, published in by the gold certificates, both within and with1910, the total number of communicants in out the Treasury, and the gold available for March, 1906, was 195,770, with 2474 churches general government purposes. The silver cer and 1514 ministers. The present membership tificates are set over against the silver dollars. of the denomination is uncertain. It is claimed that there are 100,000 communicants and 600 pastors, who remained in adherence to the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. CUMMINGS, URIAH. An American engineer, died November 11, 1910. He was born at Akron, N. Y., in 1833. For many years he had charge of the investigations conducted by the United States on cement and concrete and was considered an authority on these subjects. He was also the inventor of over thirty successful mechanical devices and was often a contributor of articles on scientific subjects to magazines. Aside from his technical works, he wrote tales, both historical and fanciful, dealing chiefly with the Indians of western New York. He was an honorary member of the tribe of Tonawanda Indians who live upon the government reservation near Akron, N. Y. 346,681,016 724,874,308 $3,488,738,804 $308,654,305 706,068,406 $3,180,084,499 The total amount of money in 23,095 banks June 30, 1910, was $1,423,808,000, of which slightly more than 60 per cent. was held by the 7,145 national banks. All banks held $690,683,000 in gold and gold certificates, of which amount 60 per cent. was in national banks. These latter held there-fourths of the $236,080,000 legal tender notes (greenbacks) and 70 per cent. of the $178,002,000 silver certificates held by all banks but only two-fifths of the $108,652,000 national bank notes so held. Under the provisions of the Aldrich-Vreeland Emergency Currency Act of 1907 the only currency association formed previous to 1910 was that for the District of Columbia. The reasons given for this were a feeling of dissatisfaction with the law and the absence of need for such associations. But early in the summer the Secretary of the Treasury took active steps to CUMMINS, SENATOR. See UNITED STATES, bring more associations into existence. Though section Congress. there was nothing in the existing financial con CURAÇAO. A Dutch West Indian colony ditions to require this step, it was deemed ad |