of Philadelphia and drew with the Ottawa Cricket Club. The Metropolitan District Cricket League series both in Class A and Class B was won by the Brooklyn Cricket Club. In the county championships in England for the second year in succession the Kent men were the victors, winning 19 matches, losing 3 and drawing 3.

CRIMINAL LAW. See PENOLOGY. CRITICISM. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN; FRENCH LITERATURE; GERMAN LIT

ERATURE.

CROATIA. See AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, History, CROCKER CANCER RESEARCH FUND. See COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY.

CROFFUT, W. A. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, History.

CROMER, EARL OF See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Political and Social Science. CROPS. See AGRICULTURE and separate articles on crops. CROSS COUNTRY RUNNING AND MARATHONS. Long distance running in 1910 again proved a popular sport for hundreds of athletic clubs, colleges, and schools through out the United States. In Canada and England, too, the interest shown in distance events both by athletes and the public was very great. The Senior Metropolitan cross country championship run, which annually attracts a large rumber of entrants from clubs in the vicinity of New York City, was held in Paterson, N. J., in May. W. J. Kramer of the Acorn A. A. who carried off the junior championship in 1909 was the individual winner, his time for the six miles (about) being 39 minutes 34 seconds. Harry McGinn of the New York A. C. finished second, T. Dwyer of the Mohawk A. C. third and W. Bailey of the New York A. C. fourth. The team scores were: Mohawk A. C., 32; New York A. C., 43; Acorn A. A., 67; and Mott Haven A. C., 77. The junior championships were held at New York, the individual winner being Joseph Gilbert of the Mohawk A. C., who ran the 5 miles in 26 minutes 51 seconds. Harry McGinn of the New York A. C., who finished second in the senior race, won the same place in the junior.

The intercollegiate cross country championships held at Princeton on November 12 for the third successive year were won by Cornell, five of the Ithaca team finishing before the first of the Dartsmouth, Princeton, or Columbia runners crossed the line. Cornell's team score was 37 as against 70 for Harvard which captured second place. The score and order at the finish of the other colleges entered were: Yale, 73; Michigan, 86; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 120; Princeton, 171; Pennsylvania, 193; Dartmouth, 211; Columbia, 230; and College of the City of New York, 308. J. P. Jones of Cornell was the individual champion, his closest rival being T. S. Berna, one of his team-mates, who won the race in 1909 and who holds the 2-mile intercollegiate record. Among the amateur Marathon runs in 1910, the most important were those at St. Louis, under the auspices of the Missouri A. C., which was won by J. J. Sullivan of Chicago; at Hamilton, Ontario, where the winner was M. J. Ryan of the Irish American A. C. of New York, and the Vendome Club's Marathon at Newark in which E. H. White of Staten Island was the victor. Many professional Marathons took place in the larger cities of the United States, but they

CRUZ

Three

failed to arouse the enthusiasm on the part of
the public that they did in the preceding year.
Several of these events, because of this fact,
brought financial losses to the promoters. The
racing itself was in most instances high class.
Both the indoor and outdoor records for the
event were broken in the United States, and
in England too the indoor record fell.
international Marathons were run during the
year, two in New York and one in London,
England. The first took place in the 69th
regiment armory in New York on March 1 and
was won by T. Johansen of Sweden, whose time,
2 hours 36 minutes 55 1-5 seconds, established a
new indoor record for the United States. J.
Crowley of New York finished second.
April 2 an outdoor Marathon race was held at
the Polo grounds and again a Swedish runner
carried off the laurels. The winner was G.
Ljungstrom, who broke all records by completing
the course in 2 hours 34 minutes 8 2-5 seconds.
J. Svanberg, another Swede, it is said, ran the
distance at Canoble Park Lake, N. H., in 2
hours 29 minutes 40 seconds, but the accuracy
of the time was questioned. The international
Marathon held in London was won by L.
Bouchard of France in the record time of 2
hours 36 minutes 18 seconds.

On

CROTALIN. See EPILEPSY.
CROWNINSHIELD, CASPER S. See NEC-

ROLOGY.

CROZER, SAMUEL A. See NECROLOGY. CRUELTY TO ANIMALS, AMERICAN SoCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF. An institution whose object is sufficiently indicated by its title, founded in 1886. In 1910 there were received by the society 10,157 complaints of alleged cruelty, resulting in 2091 arrests and prosecutions; 6393 animals were suspended from labor, 2481 horses, mules, and other large animals were humanely destroyed; 318,615 small animals, homeless or disabled past recovery, were also destroyed and 1168 disabled horses and other large animals were removed in ambulances. The excess of expenditures over incomes was $22,656. The society received in bequests and from members' dues, donations, and other sources $117,110. The president is Alfred Wagstaff and the secretary, Richard Welling.

CRUELTY TO CHILDREN, NEW YORK SoCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF. A society founded in New York City in 1874 for the purpose indicated by its name. Its authority is given under the laws of New York State. During 1910 it received 18,541 complaints, and prosecuted 7947 offenders, of whom 6533 were convicted. There were rescued from destitute and vicious surroundings 7817 children, and 7899 children received care, food and clothing at the building of the society. The society investigates all complaints of neglect of children and brings action against the offenders. A school of instruction for prospective workers is conducted in the building of the society at 284 Fourth Avenue, New York City. The president in 1910 was John D. Lindsay, and the secretary and superintendent was Thomas D. Walsh.

CRUZ, ANIBAL. A Chilean diplomat, Minis ter to the United States, died December 18, 1910. He was born in 1865 and was regarded as one of the foremost men in public affairs in Chile He had been a member of the Chilean Congress and Minister of War of that country. He was appointed Minister to the United States in 1997. In April, 1910, he acted as chairman of the

Chilean delegation at the Pan-American Conference at Buenos Ayres.

CUBA. An island republic of the West Indies. The capital is Havana.

Leading imports in the fiscal year 1909: Cereals, $11,640,991; meats, $9,627,128; cotton and its manufactures, $8,023,562; iron and steel, $4,523,952; machinery, $4,108,560; manufactures, $3,724,147; food substances (not otherwise classified), $3,660,606; vegetables, $3,568,974; vegetable fibres, $2,837,486; wood and its manufactures, $2,042,161. Leading exports, fiscal year 1909: Sugar (crude and refined), 072,681; tobacco (manufactured), $12,938,624; copper and manganese, $2,543,068; fruits, $2,326,854; woods, $1,436,045; sirups, $1,196,899; skins and hides, $1,030,811.

AREA, POPULATION, ETC. The area of the six provinces constituting the republic is 44,164 square miles, including the Isle of Pines and small islands and keys with an approximate area of 1350 square miles. The population in 1887 was 1,631,687; in 1899, 1,572,797; in $70,996,726; tobacco (unmanufactured), $20,1907 (according to the census of Sept. 30), 2,048,980. The death-rate per 1000 decreased from 17.35 in 1900 to 12.69 in 1909. Immigration in 1909, 31,286 (24,662 Spanish). The principal cities, with populations according to the 1907 census and estimates published in 1910, are: Havana, 297,159 and 302,526; Santiago, 45,470 and 53,614; Matanzas, 36,009 and 64,385; Cienfuegos, 30,100 and 70,416; Camagüey, 29,616 and 66,460; Cardenas, 24,280 and 28,576; Sancti Spiritus, 17,440 and 36,572; Santa Clara, 16,702 and 46,620. The above mentioned estimates give for Manzanillo, 54, 900; Colon, 52,006; Holguin, 50,224; Pinar del Rio, 50,071; Guantanamo, 43,300; Guines, 32,216.

Trade by countries in fiscal year 1909: United States, imports from and exports to, $42,612,242 and $101,457,343 respectively; Great Britain, $10,639,462 and $4,959,040; France, $7,576,617 and $1,296,447; Spain, $7,390,782 and $1,460,445; Germany, $6,350,534 and $4,484,290; other American countries, $7,325,229 and $2,430,469; other European countries, $3,336,100 and $1,003,857; all other countries, $1,560,405 and $471,976; total imports, $86,791,371, and total exports, $117,563,867.

The great bulk of all articles exported, as classified above, went to the United states, with the exception of manufactured tobacco; of this, Great Britain received a value of $4,166,211, the United States $3,767,037, Germany $1,507,392. The number of cigars exported was 181,294,502, as against 118,846,784 in 1908. The sugar export was 1,431,538 tons, all of which except about 10,000 tons went to the United States. Pineapple export (mostly to the United States), 1,263,466 crates of 80 pounds each.

COMMUNICATIONS. At the beginning of 1910, length of railways, 2329.8 miles; telegraph lines, 5065 miles; telegraph offices, 171; post-offices, 472. On Oct. 4, 1910, a railway was opened between Santiago and Bayamo. Several new railways and extensions are projected.

The primary and secondary school systems were reorganized under American rule. Primary instruction is nominally compulsory. The reported number of primary schools at the end of 1909 was 2171, with 3613 teachers, an enrollment of 132,740 pupils, and an average attendance of 98,489. There are various schools for secondary instruction, and higher and professional education is provided by the University of Havana, which has about 600 students. INDUSTRIES. The staple agricultural products are sugar and tobacco. Other crops are cacao, potatoes and other vegetables, cereals, and fruits, especially pineapples. The production of raw sugar has been as follows: 1889-90, 632,268 tons; 1894-5, 1,004,264 tons; 1896-7, 212, 051 tons; 1899-1900, 283,051 tons; 1904-5, 1,- FINANCE. When the American provisional 183,347 tons; 1906-7, 1,441,910 tons; 1907-8, government ceased, Jan. 28, 1909, there was in 969,175 tons; 1908-9, 1,521,818 tons; 1909-10, the treasury $2,658,829. Obligations relating to 1,808,221 tons, the largest crop on record. The the month of January reduced this amount by last two crops were valued at $85,808,800 and $2,023,775, leaving a balance of $661,453. $112,552,700 respectively. About one-third of There were, however, various other obligations, the entire yield is in the province of Santa so that, according to the message of President Clara. From sugar cane are also produced Gomez (April 4, 1910) there was an actual large quantities of molasses, aguardiente, and deficit of $11,259,371 on Jan. 28, 1909. Up to alcohol. The tobacco yield in 1907 amounted Mar. 31, 1910, this deficit had been reduced by to 440,745 bales (of about 120 pounds each); $3,373,029, and there was $1,457,515 in the in 1908, 563,059; in 1909, 494,358. Livestock, treasury. Estimated revenue and expenditure June 30, 1910; 3,098,179 cattle, 572,901 horses, for the year 1909-10, $33,825,499 and $31,070.59,994 mules, 2414 asses. The mineral wealth 412 respectively; for 1910-11, $34,779,680 and of the country is considerable, especially in $30,996,600. The estimated revenue from Oriente, including iron, copper, manganese, toms in 1910-11 is $24,737,580, and from the lead, zinc, gold, asphalt and salt. The manu- national lottery, $3,000,000. Funded debt facture of cigars is a very important indus- (1909), $48,296,585. try.

COMMERCE. Imports and exports for fiscal years ended June 30 have been valued as follows:

Imports

1908

1909

Mdse.
Specie

Total
Exports

87,519,143

86,791,371

Mdse.
Specie
Total

98,849,091 4,245,769 103,094,860

115,637,321
1,926,546
117,563,867

1910

cus

ARMY. The Cuban Permanent army which had been organized and trained by officers detailed from the United States Army was organized as a brigade of two regiments of infantry. Each of these battalions, and an artillery division consisting of two field batteries, four mountain batteries, a modern gun corps of four companies, and a corps of coast artillery. There was also a general staff and the strength of the entire organization was estimated at about

5000.

$ 86,368,767 $ 83,856,835 $ 98,239,539
1,150,376 2,934,536 5,216,588
103,456,127
144,036,697 NAVY. By an act of the Cuban Congress of
2,786
July 3, 1910, the revenue-cutter service became
144,039,483 the navy. Towards the end of 1910, it was an-
nounced that contracts had been awarded for