CIVIL SERVICE 167 1910 was held at Baltimore, December 16 and 17. The president of the League, Charles W. Eliot, made an address outlining the work of the League during the year. Among the recommendations made at this meeting were the following: The extension by executive order of the competitive examination to fourth-class postmasters; the extension of the merit system to the municipal service of the District of Columbia; legislation giving the appointment of first, second and third-class postmasters to the President alone or to the Postmaster General without confirmation by the Senate; legislation which in accordance with the recommendations of the President shall bring within the merit system the appointment and promotion of all Federal employes, excepting only officers responsible for the policy of the administration and their immediate personal assistants or deputies; the extension of the merit system of appointments and promotion to employes of legislative assemblies, National, State and municipal; the effective regulation of political activity of all non-political officers and employes; and the enactment of a comprehensive civil service law for Porto Rico. The officers of the League are; President, Charles W. Eliot; Vice-Presidents, Edwin A. Alderman, Joseph H. Choate, Harry A. Garfield, George Gray, Arthur T. Hadley, Seth Low, Franklin MacVeagh, George A. Pope, P. J. Ryan, D. D., Moorfield Storey, Thomas N. Strong, Herbert Welsh and Woodrow Wilson; Secretary, Elliot H. Goodwin; Treasurer, A. S. Frissell. CIVIL SERVICE REFORM LEAGUE, NATIONAL. See CIVIL SERVICE. CLEMENT, CLAY. See NECROLOGY. An American CLARK, CHARLES CAMERON. He was railroad official, died May 25, 1910. born in Canandaigua, N. Y., in 1822 He graduated from Hobart College and entered the as an service of the Hudson River Railroad auditor. He later became treasurer of this road and held this position until 1871, when he was elected 1st Vice President. The road had at this time been consolidated with the New York Central. He took an interest in art and scientific subjects and was a director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, American Museum of Natural History and the American Geographical Society. CLASSICS point not far from the Yosemite Valley, he be- CLARK, JOHN WILLIS. He was re An English zoölogist, registrar of Cambridge University until September, 1910, died October 10, 1910. He was After taking his born in 1833 and was educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge. degree he travelled extensively on the Continent. He lived at Cambridge for more than seventyFor five years and was one of the most conspicuous figures in the university community. twenty-five years he was superintendent of the Museum of Zoology during which time he did much for the promotion of the study of natural sciences at Cambridge. He made many contributions to zoology. His special interest lay in marine mammals and he published several scientific papers on the anatomy and habits of the narwhal, and on the dolphins and on the extinct rhytina. In addition to his work at the Museum he wrote essays on a great variety of He became regissubjects, topographical, biographical, bibliographical and antiquarian. trar of the university in 1891. CLARKE, CRESTON. An American actor, died March 21, 1910. He was born in Philadelphia CLARK, EDWARD LORD. An American Con- in 1865 and received his education in London gregational clergyman, died February 5, 1910. and Paris, where he accompanied his father, He was born at Nashua, N. H., in 1838 and grad- John Sleeper Clarke, who was also an actor. He His first appearance on the stage was at the uated from Brown University in 1858. studied at the Andover Theological Seminary, Adelphi Theatre in London, where he acted the Two years previously he part of Francois in Richelieu, in the company of graduating in 1863. had been ordained to the Congregational minis- his uncle, Edwin Booth. He played in London try. In 1861-2 he was chaplain of the Twelfth until 1886, when he joined Lester Wallack's Massachusetts Volunteers and from 1863 to stock company in New York and remained there 1866 was pastor of the First Church of North until that company went out of existence, when From 1867 to he became a member of Augustin Daly's stock Bridgewater, Massachusetts. 1873 he was pastor at New Haven, Conn. He company. was pastor of the Presbyterian Church of the Puritans, New York City, from 1873 to 1893 and of the Central Congregational Church of He travelled Boston from 1893 to 1902. and published Daleth-Egypt, extensively, illustrated (1863) and Israel in Egypt (1873). CLARK, GALEN. An American naturalist, died March 24, 1910. He was born in Dublin, N. H., in 1814. In 1853 he went to California by the Panama route. For a time he worked in the placer mines of the State, and while engaged on the South Fork of the Mercer River at a After one year he became head of his own company and played in many prominent parts, among them, Hamlet. At the head of his company he toured the country for the next ten years, playing a repertoire which included several of Shakespeare's plays. In 1897 he wrote a play called The Last of His Race. In 1906 he played the title rôle in Monsieur Beaucaire. CLARUS. See CHEMISTRY, INDUSTRIAL, parSee PHILagraph Alloys. CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. CLASSICS. See PHILOLOGY. OLOGY. CLAY, A. T. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, History. CLAY, ALEXANDER STEPHENS. United States available and he worked for several years to Senator from Georgia, died November 13, 1910. accumulate it. In 1857 he was able to begin He was born on a farm in Cobb county, Ga. in the course of instruction and two years later 1853 and graduated from Hiawassee College in he had a pilot's license. He came to be con1875. He studied law and was admitted to the sidered one of the most skillful pilots on the bar in 1877. He remained in active practice at river. In 1861 he enlisted in the Confederate Marietta, Ga., to the time of his death. From army with General Sterling Price, but after 1880 to 1882 he was a member of the city coun- a few months returned to St. Louis and joined cil and from 1884 to 1887 he was a member of his brother, Orrin, who had been appointed the General Assembly. He was also a member Secretary of the Territory of Nevada, and he of the Assembly in 1889-90. He served as accompanied the latter as his clerk, to Carson Speaker two terms. He was elected to the State City. There were at that time gold discoveries Senate and served as president of that body in a camp called Aurora, and Mr. Clemens went from 1892 to 1894. From 1894 to 1897 he was to that place. He made no discoveries of imchairman of the Democratic State Executive portance in mining, but he made many acquaintCommittee. He was elected to the United ances with original characters who frequented States Senate in 1897 and was re-elected in the gold diggings, and he accumulated much 1903 and 1909. Senator Clay was a member of material which he afterwards used in Roughthe Committee on Appropriations in the Senate ing It. After a year in this camp he went to and of the Post Office Committee. He was one Virginia City and took a place on the Enterof the most prominent and influential of the prise, a morning daily paper. There were on Democratic senators and he took an active part the staff of this journal two men who notably in the work of the special session which passed affected Mr. Clemens's later career and work. the Payne-Aldrich tariff and in the delibera- One was a scholar and writer of some talent, tions of the second session of the 61st Congress, who contributed to newspapers and periodicals although for the greater part of the time he was under the name of Dan De Quille. He soon suffering from ill health. He was one of the noted in Mr. Clemens's work a rare humorous readiest debaters in the Senate and was often vein and urged him to develop it. Dennis Mcheard on public questions. Carthy, a San Francisco newspaper man, was also a member of the Enterprise staff, and he, too, encouraged Mr. Clemens to write in his CLEARINGS, BANK. See BANKS. original vein. Soon signed articles appeared in CLEMENS, SAMUEL LANGHORNE (Mark the Enterprise over the name "Mark Twain," Twain). The most famous of American hu- a name derived from calls used in taking soundmorists, died April 21, 1910. He was born in ings on the Mississippi River. It had previously Florida, Monroe county, Missouri, a small town been taken as a pen-name by Captain Isaiah about 100 miles northwest of St. Louis, on No- Sellers in the New Orleans Picayune. These vember 30, 1835. His father was a man of stories soon attracted attention and in 1865 some education and social importance, according Clemens went to San Francisco and joined the to the standards of the frontier in the early staff of the Call. Here he remained for only part of the 19th century. Five years before six months and then went to a mining camp in the birth of his son he had removed to Florida, Calaveras county. Here he found the material believing that the site could be made of great for stories which gave him his first fame east commercial importance. He failed, however, to of the Rocky Mountains, including perhaps the induce Congress or individuals to improve the most famous of all his short stories, The Jumpriver, a measure which was necessary to make ing Frog of Calaveras County. In 1866 he went it navigable up to that point, and in 1838 re- to the Sandwich Islands and wrote from there moved to Hannibal, Mo., a town on the Mis- some sketches for the Sacramento Union. These issippi about 125 miles above St. Louis. There sketches were used as the basis for his first lecyoung Clemens learned to know and love the tures, delivered in San Francisco, after his reriver which so frequently and prominently ap- turn from Honolulu. In 1867 other stories, inpeared in his stories. He went to the village cluding The Jumping Frog, were published and school in Hannibal and in vacation explored Mark Twain became known in the eastern the glens, cliffs and marshy shores of the Miss- States as a writer of exaggerated humor. This issippi. These scenes he afterwards made mem- reputation prompted certain newspaper editors orable in Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. to select him to go with a party of tourists upon He had no schooling beyond the most rudimen- a journey abroad and write letters for those tary branches, and at 12 years of age he went papers. This trip resulted in 1869 in the pubinto the composing room of the Hannibal lication of Innocents Abroad, which was an exWeekly to learn the printer's trade. He soon tended revision of the letters. This book brought became an expert compositor. In the absence of the writer instant fame in the United States the editor he was accustomed to insert surrep- and most of the countries of Europe. Shortly titiously some of his own writings, among them after his return he became editor of the Buffalo verses. These on examination are found to have Express, but remained in Buffalo only two been of no particular merit. His desire for years. During his stay in that city he married change led him to leave Hannibal and before he Miss Olivia Langdon, whose acquaintance he had was 16 years of age he had worked in the com- made on the ocean voyage. He then removed posing rooms of newspapers in St. Louis, Cin- to Hartford, Conn., and at once began to work cinnati, Philadelphia and New York. The river, with the material which he had accumulated in however, fascinated him, and in 1851 he re- the West. In 1872 he published Roughing It, turned to Hannibal, determined to become a which established his reputation as a story pilot. For this it was necessary to take a writer and humorist, and his work was urgently course of instruction under a master pilot, and demanded by editors and publishers on both this required $500 as the price of his tuition. sides of the Atlantic. He contributed freThe young man did not have this amount quently to the magazines and wrote, in the fol LL. D. from the University of Missouri in 1902, and Litt. D. from Oxford University in 1907. He was, without question, the most popular writer in America at the time of his death and it may be doubted if any writer in the world had more popularity or was more widely read than he. CLEPHANE, JAMES OGILVIE. See NEC ROLOGY. CLEVELAND, OHIO. See ОнIO. STATES, Administration. See STRIKES. CLIMATE. See METEOROLOGY. lowing year, in collaboration with Charles Dudley Warner, The Gilded Age, which was soon successfully dramatized. The next book which came from his pen was the one which many American and nearly all English critics consider his best work of fiction, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876). In 1880 he made a second trip to Europe, which furnished material for A Tramp Abroad. This was followed by The Stolen White Elephant (1882); The Prince and the Pauper, a historical romance (1882); and Life on the Mississippi (1883). In 1884 Mr. Clemens invested largely in the publishing enterprise of the Charles L. Webster Company, which had contracted to pay Mrs. U. S. Grant $500,000 for the copyright of General Grant's autobiography This firm, ten years later, failed, with large liabilities. Although Mr. Clemens had no personal responsibility for these COAL. The statistics of coal production as debts, he determined to defray them, and al- collected jointly by the United States Geothough his health was far from good, he started logical Survey and the Bureau of the Census on a lecture tour of the world. This was a show that in 1909 the output amounted to great success both financially and otherwise. 459,209,073 short tons. Compared with the The author was received everywhere with high record for 1908, when the production amounted social, and, sometimes, with civic honors, and to 415,842,698 short tons, the record for 1909 the profits of the tour enabled him to pay the shows an increase of 44,039,650 short tons, or debts of the publishing firm with a considerable 10 per cent. All of the gain was in the proremainder for himself. For ten years after duction of bituminous coal, which increased 1890 Mr. Clemens lived chiefly in Europe. Dur- from 332,573,994 short tons in 1908 to 378,551,ing this period he published A Connecticut Yan- 024 short tons in 1909-a gain of 45,977,080 kee at King Arthur's Court (1889); An Amer- short tons. The production of anthracite in ican Claimant (1892); Merry Tales (1892); Pennsylvania decreased from 74,347,102 long The £1,000,000 Bank Note (1893); Pudd'nhead tons (equivalent to 83,268,754 short tons) in Wilson (1894); Tom Sawyer Abroad (1894); 1908 to 72,015,222 long tons (equivalent to Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc (1896); 80,658,049 short tons) in 1909. More Tramps Abroad (1897); Following the Equator (1897); and The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg (1900). On his return to the United States he lived for a short time in New York City and then had built for him in 1908 a beautiful villa in Redding, Conn. He was a prominent figure in the social and literary life of New York during the period from 1904 to 1908. During this time he was at work on an autobiography which he announced should not be published in full until 100 years after his death. Some extracts, however, were printed in the North American Review and other periodicals. He suffered great bereavement in the loss of his wife in 1904. His daughter, Susan Clemens, died in 1906, and another daughter, Jean, in 1909 One daughter, who in 1909 married Ossip Gabrilowitsch, the famous pianist, alone of his immediate family, survived him at his death. Although popularly known as a humorist, Mr. Clemens had a thoroughly serious side to his character as was shown in later years by his public discussions and articles or speeches on various questions that had aroused his sympathy or indignation. But his best and perhaps his most prominent work was done as a picaresque novelist in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. It is said, however, that he considered his best work The Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc, which was a historical novel. In addition to the works mentioned above, he wrote A Double-Barreled Detective Story, published in 1902, A Dog's Tale (1903); Eve's Diary (1905); The Horse's Tale (1906); The $30,000 Bequest (1906); Christian Science (1907) and Who Was Shakespeare? (1909). Mr. Clemens received many honors from universities in the United States and abroad. He received the degree of L. H. D. from Yale University in 1901, Pennsylvania made the largest increase in the production of bituminous coal, showing a gain of 20,666,288 short tons, from 117,179,527 short tons in 1908 to 137,845,815 tons in 1909. West Virginia for the second time in its history exceeded Illinois, and became the second State in the production of coal, the former having an output in 1909 of 51,416,010 short tons, and the latter an output of 50,970,364 short tons. West Virginia's production increased 9,548,167 short tons over 1908. The output of Illinois, which stood third in rank, increased only 3,310,674. Ohio retained its positon as fourth in rank with a production in 1909 of 27,919,891 short tons, against 26,270,639 in 1908. Indiana, which in 1908 supplanted Alabama as fifth in rank, strengthened its position in 1909 by an increase of 2,566,809 tons, from 12,314,890 tons in 1908 to 14,881,699 tons in 1909, while Alabama gained 2,099,317 tons, from 11,604,593 tons to 13,703,910 tons. Other significant increases were in Colorado, 1,087,773 tons; Wyoming, 890,995 tons; Kansas, 734,270 tons; Montana, 640,082 tons; Iowa, 594,052 tons, and Washington, 551,463 tons. Georgia, Idaho, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, and Texas showed a smaller production in 1909 than in 1908, the total decreases amounting to about 750,000 tons. The table on next page shows the production in 1908 and 1909, by States, with comparisons. The figures for 1909 are subject to slight modifications but are substantially complete. According to reports received by the United States Geological Survey from coal-mine operators and others familiar with the industry, the production of coal in the United States during 1910 was between 475,000,000 and 485,000,000 short tons, a considerable increase from the output of 459,715,704 short tons in 1909 and approximately within 1 per cent. of the maxi |