which the original tumor had been taken, and were able to study the development of new sarcoma cells from hour to hour. In October, 1910, fragments of a human sarcoma, just removed from a patient, were inoculated into blood plasma. In this transparent medium, the growth could be watched, and individual cancer cells could be observed to migrate into the surrounding medium and undergo a process of multiplication. These observations were looked upon as constituting a long step forward in the investigation of malignant tumors. Cancer of the stomach at the present time is looked upon as a hopeless malady, because of the difficulty of diagnosing it in time for effective surgical removal. The early recognition of its presence is therefore of vital importance. Neubauer and Fischer attempted to supply a test, by which it would be possible to detect its presence, in cases of suspected cancer of the stomach, by an examination of the gastric juice. For their experiments, these observers prepared a polypeptid, called glycyltryptophan, which yields tryptophan on hydrolysis. It was found that normal gastric juice did not hydrolyze glycyltryptophan, while that of individuals suffering from cancer apparently contained a ferment which split up the test substance. They believe that the test will prove of value in determining the presence of cancer in the very earliest stages. See also PHOTOTHERAPY. concentration of human cancer cases, is almost identical with the territory in which various members of the trout family are affected by this tumor of the thyroid. The possibility that cancer may be distributed through water is therefore suggested. The report states that the increase of cancer in the United States has been from 9 per 100,000 population in 1850, to 43 per 100,000 in 1900, an average of 65 in 1901, and of 70 in 1906. In the year 1909 there were 7034 cases of cancer reported in New York State. In New York City, the ascitic fluid from a recovered case of cancer which had attacked breast, chest wall, and liver, was used successfully with several patients as an injection, and suggested a possible field for new experiment. It is felt that research among animal malignant tumors has been but slightly helpful toward solving the problem, and that human beings suffering from cancer, who gladly offer themselves for any study, should be utilized to the abandonment of rats and fish. CANDIDUS, WILLIAM. An American singer, died in April, 1910. He was born in Philadelphia in 1840. He served in the Civil War, attaining the rank of major of artillery in the Federal Army. After the war he studied for opera in Berlin and Milan and became in 1880 a member of the Opera Company of Frankforton-the-Main. He was also at one time connected with the American Opera Company. CANDLER, ALLEN DANIEL. An American public official, died October 26, 1910. He was born in Lumpkin county, Ga., in 1834 and graduated from Mercer University in 1859. He served throughout the Civil War in the Confederate Army, rising to the rank of colonel. He was principal of several educational institutions from the close of the war to 1871, when he was elected to the State House of Representatives. From 1879 to 1880 he served in the State Senate and from 1883 to 1891 was a member of Congress. He was Secretary of State of Georgia from 1894 to 1898 and was elected governor in 1898, serving until 1902. From 1903 to the time of his death he served as State historian. CANDY, CHARLES. See NECROLOGY. CANE, SUGAR. CANNON, JOSEPH G. See UNITED STATES, section Congress. See SUGAR. CAPE COD CANAL. See CANALS. Several investigators attempted to cure cancer by the injection of various organic substances designed to raise the natural resistance of the individual. Fickera of the Surgical Institute at Rome, taking for his premise the fact that age is such an important factor in the development of cancer, injected autolysates of fetal and embryonal tissues into 36 cases of inoperable carcinoma, with encouraging results. In five cases, the tumors retrogressed or were transformed into ordinary connective tissue. Five other cases were benefited, and eight not influenced at all. The injection material was prepared by mixing one part of human fetal tissue in about twenty parts of physiological salt solution, to which was added a small amount of thymol of phenol as a preservative, with a layer of oil or toluol on top. This mixture was kept at a constant temperature of 99° Fahrenheit for two months, when it formed a homogeneous fluid and was ready for use. Levin used the autolyzed liver tissue of "nullers," which are rats naturally resistant to tumor implantation, and succeeded in producing a high degree of immunity in rats, not only before inoculation with tumors, but afterwards as well. AREA, POPULATION, ETC. Total area, estimated Dr. Gaylord, in the latest report of the cancer at 276,995 sq. miles; total population (1904), laboratories of the New York State Department 2,409,804 (white, 579,747). The Dutch preof Health at Buffalo, held out a hope of greatly ponderate in the western districts; the English relieving, and perhaps curing, many cancer in the eastern. Area of the province proper, patients, by means of the cancer virus prepared 206,860 sq. miles; population, 553,452 whites, at this laboratory. This hope was based on in- 936,239 colored. The native territories are East oculation experiments with the virus on rats. Griqualand (7594 sq. miles, 222,685 inhabiThe theory is that where the animal's resistance tants); Tembuland (4117 and 231,472), Tranis not sufficiently weakened by one inoculation skei (2552 and 177,730), Walfish Bay (430 and of the tumor, this resistance can be increased by 997), Pondoland (3918 and 202,757), and repeated doses, and in many cases immunity Bechuanaland (51,524 and 84,472). Number of raised to a point that will bring about a cure. marriages in 1908, 9446; births, 60,524; deaths, Other investigations were conducted by the 33,967. Cape Town had (1904) 77,668 inhabilaboratory in regard to the prevalence of so- tants (with suburbs, 169,641); Kimberley, 34,called "fish cancer," which is deemed a goitre 331; Port Elizabeth, 32,959; East London, 25,and not a cancer, by many. It was pointed out 220. as a remarkable coincidence that the area of 3987 the United States, which includes the greatest 5450 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, THE. A province (since May 31, 1910), of the Union of South Africa (q. v.); formerly the Cape of Good Hope Colony. Provincial capital, Cape Town. Immigration (1908), 23,511 adults and children; emigration, 27,479 adults and children. Education is free, but not com and in 1876 was one of the alternate Tilden electors at large from Kentucky. From 1871 to 1875 he was lieutenant-governor of Kentucky. He was elected to Congress in 1877 and was re-elected for successive terms until 1891. From 1883 to 1889 he was Speaker of the House. On the death of Senator Beck he was elected United States Senator and resigned from the House of Representatives in order to accept this seat. He took an active part in the political campaign of 1892, and on the election of Mr. Cleveland accepted the portfolio of the Treasury. In 1896 a movement was started to boom Mr. Carlisle for the Democratic presidential campaign at the next national convention. He declined, however, to be a candidate, although he took part in the campaign which preceded the election. He was opposed to the political doctrines of Wm. J. Bryan, and once when speaking at a meeting in Covington he was mobbed by a hostile assembly of the admirers of Bryan. At the expiration of his term of office as Secretary of the Treasury, he resumed the practice of law in North Carolina. He later removed to New York City and remained there practicing law until the time of his death. He was a strong opponent of Imperialism and was Vice-President of the Anti-Imperialist League. CARLYLE, A. J. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, History. CARLYLE, R. W. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, History. CARNEGIE, ANDREW. See ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL; GIFTS AND BEQUESTS. CARNEGIE FOUNDATION. See UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. CARNEGIE GEOPHYSICAL LABORA TORY. See CARNEGIE INSTITUTION. CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON. An institution founded in 1902 by Mr. Andrew Carnegie, who gave to a board of Trustees $10,000,000 for its foundation. To this endowment fund was added in 1907 by Mr. Carnegie, $2,000,000. The object of the institution is the promotion of investigation in the "broadest and most liberal manner." Many projects in widely different fields of inquiry have been considered or are being considered by the executive committee of the institution. These projects are chiefly of three classes, namely: First, large projects or departments of work whose execution requires continuous research by a corps of investigators during a series of years. Ten such departments have been established by the institution. With the names of their respective directors they are as follows: Department of Botanical Research, Dr. D. T. MacDougall, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Economics and Sociology, Professor H. W. Farnham, Yale University; Department of Experimental Evolution, Dr. C. B. Davenport, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I.; Geophysical Laboratory, Dr. A. L. Day, Washington, D. C.; Department of Historical Research, Professor J. F. Jameson, Washington, D. C.; Department of Marine Biology, Dr. A. J. Mayer, Dry Tortugas, Florida; Department of Meridian Astronomy, Dr. Lewis Boss, Dudley Observatory, Albany, N. Y.; Solar Observatory, Professor George E. Hale, Pasadena, Cal.: Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Dr. L. A. Bauer, Washington, D. C.; Nutrition Laboratory, Dr. F. G. Benedict, Boston, Mass. The second class of projects are those which may be carried out by individual experts in a limited period of time. Many grants have been made by the institution in aid of such projects. The third class includes research associates and assistants. Under this head aid has been given to a considerable number of investigators possessing exceptional abilities and opportunities for research work. From its organization in 1902 up to and including 1910, nearly 1200 individuals have contributed in one way or another to the promotion of the researches and publications undertaken by the institution. In addition to the larger departments of its work, numerous special researches, in aid of which upwards of 700 grants have been made, have been carried on by research associates and other individual investigators. For the departments of research, two astronomical observatories, five laboratories and a non-magnetic ship have been built and equipped, while the divisions of administration and publication have been provided with adequate quarters in the Administration Building in Washington, completed in 1909. SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS. During 1910 work in the ten specially organized departments of research in the institution went forward with increasing vigor and productivity. The director of the Department of Botanical Research, which is located in a desert area, continued his investigations during the year on the water-balance of succulent plants, on the conditions of vegetable parasitism, on the variability of plant species induced by chemical treatment of their seeds, and on the influences of climate on plant organism. A general climatological study of the region about Tucson was carried on during the year and investigations of root systems and habits of desert plants were continued. EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION. In the Department of Experimental Evolution, from the scientific point of view, the most interesting feature of the work during 1910 is found in the introduction of statistical and other quantitative methods, whereby biology is now passing from the first to the next higher stage in the development of science. From the more popular point of view this work is of special interest by reason of its bearing on the economics of plant and animal breeding and by reason of the light it is certain to shed on the laws of human heredity. For the needs of this department the institution purchased in January, 1910, a tract of 21 acres of very desirable land near the laboratory. ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY. Professor Farnam succeeded to the directorship of the Department of Economics and Sociology on the death of Dr. Carroll D. Wright. The work of this department during the year was a continuation of the plans begun by Dr. Wright. Several volumes of publications arising directly or indirectly from the investigations of the department were issued during the year. Two volumes of the Index of Economic Material in the Documents of the United States, those for Delaware and Kentucky, were also issued in 1910. HISTORICAL RESEARCH. The Department of Historical Research published several volumes in 1910. One of the most interesting and valuable of these was published under the title List of Documents in Spanish Archives Relating to the History of the United States, Which have been Printed or of Which Transcripts are Preserved in American Libraries. Two other works of similar import were in press in the latter part of the year, namely, Guide to the Materials for CARNEGIE INSTITUTION 139 CAROLINE ISLANDS American History in Roman and Other Italian Union. Numerous investigations are under way Archives and Inventory of the Unpublished at the observatory and at the Physical LaboraMaterial for American Religious History in tory at Pasadena. Protestant Church Archives and Other Repositories. Manuscripts are also prepared for the Guide to Materials for American History in German Archives and the Guide to the Materials for the History of the United States in Mexican Archives. The material in the archives of Paris is also being examined with a view to publication, and a guide to British materials is in process of rearrangement. GEOPHYSICAL LABORATORY. The work of the Geophysical Laboratory has been in the main preliminary, but comprises chiefly the steps required to pass from a merely descriptive knowledge of rock formation to a knowledge based on definite measurements. Twenty-five publications came from the hands of members of its staff during the year. Many of these papers were published in German as well as in English. MARINE BIOLOGY. The Laboratory of the Department of Marine Biology was damaged by the hurricane of October 14-18, 1910. This department published during the year a comprehensive monograph in three volumes by Dr. Mayer on The Madusa of the World, and two other volumes were passing through the press at the end of the year. TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM. The work carried on by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism is of the greatest practical as well as theoretical importance. Its purposes include a magnetic survey of the earth, together with a deeper knowledge of the earth's magnetism and its cosmic connections. The most striking event of the year in this department was the trip of the non-magnetic ship Carnegie, which sailed on her first cruise in 1909. In her first voyage, which was from Falmouth, England, to Funchal, Madeira, thence to Hamilton, Bermuda, and thence to Brooklyn, N. Y., this vessel proved more effective even than was anticipated. She was able to discover errors of unexpected magnitude in the best sailing chart of the North Atlantic. (See TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM.) This department also completed early in the year an expedition in Africa from the Cape to Cairo. In this expedition a total of 384 stations were occupied. Work in Turkey, Palestine, Syria and Arabia and in the islands of Rhodes and Cyprus was also carried on and work was begun in South America. In the special research departments of the institution about 50 associates carried on investigations during the year, either by aid of grants made directly to the individuals concerned or to organizations. These investigations included nearly every branch of learning and science. PUBLICATIONS. The institution issued 29 publications, including pamphlets and monographs, during the year. The President of the institution is Robert S. Woodward; Chairman of the Executive Committee, William H. Welch, and Chairman of the Finance Committee, Seth Low. CARNEGIE PEACE FUND. See ARBITRA TION, INTERNATIONAL, CARNEGIE, THE. See TERRESTRIAL MAG MERIDIAN ASTRONOMY. The Observatory of the Department of Meridian Astronomy which is being constructed in Argentina went forward rapidly in 1910 and this will be completed in 1911. Supplementary observations of the posi tions of the stars were carried forward in 1910 and arrangements for the final computations of these positions were proceeding at the Dudley Observatory. The department issued during 1910 a catalogue of 6188 stars for the epoch 1900. This is preliminary to the great catalogue of Stellar positions projected by the department. of 1059 standard stars for 1910. The director also published a list NUTRITION LABORATORY. The Nutrition Laboratory, a Ithough it has been in operation less than two years and is not yet fully equipped, has Catholic clergyman and economist, died March already produced contributions of fundamental 20, 1910. In 1855 he joined the Christian importance to the knowledge of chemistry, phy- Brotherhood at Montreal. At the outbreak of sies, physiology and the pathology of nutrition, the Civil War he was in Rock Hill College, BalOf the many investigations carried on, one of timore, and from there was transferred to Manthe most important was an investigation in hattan College, New York City. From there which decided progress has already been made, he went to Waterford, Ireland, where he held but which may yet require many years to com: the chair of mathematics for six years at the plete the nature and meaning of metabolism Normal College in that city. On his return to in diabetes. The preliminary results of this re- the United States in 1896 he was appointed search were published during the year. One new professor of economics at Manhattan College, calorimetre was completed and another partly and he retained this position until he was constructed in 1910. the publications issued by the director. MT. WILSON OBSERVATORY. These were described in At the observa NETISM. CARNEY, HUGH J. An American Roman obliged to retire on account of ill health. CAROLINE ISLANDS. A German possession, forming part of the German New Guinea Wilson, several Protectorate, and made up of the Caroline, large pieces of apparatus for the new tower Pelew, and Marianne (or Ladrone) Islands, telescope, 100-inch ing 1910. for the 60-inch telescope and for the grinding machines were completed durThe towers for the new 100-foot tele (Guam excepted), all lying north of New Guinea. Area between 560 and 600 sq. miles. Ponapé is the capital of the Eastern and Yap of the West scope, begun in 1909, were completed, together ern groups including the Pelew and Marianne with the which forms Islands. Total population (estimated), 55,000; whites in 1908, 257. Total imports and exports instrument. Progress was made during 1910 (1908), 615,456 and 329,637 (chiefly copra) in the details of designs for the proposed 100- marks respectively. inch or a Hooker telescope. Total vessels entered The International (1906), 87, of 33,274 tons. Estimated expendi Union for Coöperation and Solar Research held ture, including the Marshall Islands, 577,000 meeting at the observatory from August 29 to marks. The administrator (under the governor September 4, 1910. This meeting is regarded as of German New Guinea) at Ponapé was in 1910 the most important meeting hitherto held by the M. Boeder; at Yap, M. Fritz. CECIL, Lady. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH CELL. See BOTANY and BIOLOGY. CASCADE MOUNTAINS, TUNNEL. See United States Geological Survey in 1910. AcRAILWAYS; TUNNELS. CASWELL, ROBERT C. See NECROLOGY. CATHOLIC CHARITIES. See CHARITY. CATHOLIC CHURCH. See ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. cording to this authority the total production of Portland, natural and puzzolan cements produced in the United States during 1909 was 64,196,386 barrels, valued at $51,232,979. This may be compared with the production in 1908 which was 52,910,925 barrels, valued at $44,477,653. The increase in quantity is the largest ever recorded, but the failure of the increase in value to keep pace with the increase of production is significant of the trade conditions which the cement industry encountered during 1910. Of the cement produced, Portland cement amounted to 62,508,461 barrels valued at $50,510,385; natural cement, to 1,529,279 barrels valued at $623,141. Pennsylvania produced far in excess of any other State and was followed in the order named by Indiana, Kansas, Illinois, New Jersey, Missouri, Michigan, California, Washington, New York and Ohio. Other States produced less than 1,000,000 barrels. The total number of plants in operation in 1909 was 103 as compared with 98 in 1908. The largest quantity of natural cement was produced in New York, with Pennsylvania second and Indiana and Illinois combined, third. There were imported for consumption into the United States in 1909 443,888 barrels of cement, of which at least 95 per cent. was Portland cement. The exports, consisting also almost entirely of Portland cement, amounted in 1909 to 1,056,922 barrels. CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA. An institution of higher learning under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church, founded in Washington, D. C., in 1885. There are faculties of philosophy, letters, sacred science, law and science. The undergraduate department of the university was opened in 1902. There are connected with the university the following non-affiliated undergraduate colleges: Marist, Juniorate and the College of St. John Canty. In 1909-10 the registration of students in the university was about 400, while the faculty numbered 46. During the year Rev. George H. Dougherty, D. D., was elevated by the board of trustees to the vice-rectorship of the university. The following members of the faculty were promoted from associate professors to ordinary professors: Rev. P. J. Healy, professor of Church History; Joseph Dunn, Ph. D., professor of Celtic Language; Rev. Thomas E. Shields, Ph. D., professor of Psychology. A new professor, Fred J. Merriman, was appointed in the department of Civil Engineering to succeed Francis J. Thompson, who resigned. The university made an important departure by adding to its school of sciences a course in architecture. At the head of this department Business conditions in the cement industry in is Frederick V. Murphy. Several additional 1910 were so unfavorable that only the best instructors were appointed in the school of let- equipped plants would make even a moderate ters and an additional professor was appointed profit, and this notwithstanding an advance of in the school of Oriental languages, Rev. Ar- 10 cents per barrel in price made by the thur A. Vaschalde. All departments of the uni- Licensees' Association in July. The cement versity showed growth. A new central heating manufacture has suffered from over-production. plant was under contract at the end of 1910, and At the end of December the dissolution of the the upper floors of this will afford lecture rooms Association of Licensed Cement Manufacturers for the classes in mechanical and electrical was announced. It was followed immediately engineering. A new gymnasium has also been by a cut of price to 85 cents per barrel at the erected. The library contains about 70,000 vol- mills. The price established in July was $1.25 umes. At the beginning of 1911 a new publica- a barrel. tion will be issued, to be known as the Catholic Educational Review. The productive funds in 1909-10 amounted to $998,445 and the income to about $35,000. The rector is the Right Reverend T. J. Shahan, D. D. CATSKILL AQUEDUCT. See AQUEDUCTS. CAYMAN ISLANDS. Three West Indian islands (Grand Cayman, about 93 square miles, 5500 inhabitants, capital Georgetown, with 2000 inhabitants; Little Cayman, 4% square miles, 98 inhabitants; Cayman Brac, 15% square miles, 900 inhabitants) belonging to Great Britain, administratively attached to Jamaica, but governed locally by a commissioner. Cocoanuts, turtle shell, and hides are exported. Imports (1906-7), £28,000; exports, £16,000. Reserve fund, £4000. Commissioner (1910), George S. S. Hirst. CENSUS, RELIGIOUS. See RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. CENTENARIES. CENSUS, THIRTEENTH. See UNITED STATES TIONS. CENTRAL AMERICAN COURT OF JUSTICE. See ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL. CENTRAL BANK. While the discussion of currency and banking reform was not as voluminous as it had been in 1909 there were nevertheless a considerable number of articles and addresses on the subject. A National Conference on the Currency Problem was held under the auspices of the Academy of Political and Social Science at Columbia University, in November. In his address at this Conference Theodore Marburg held that central banks are not oligarchic but democratic institutions; for |