the Methodist denomination, and several times taining the closed shop. The contest spread charges of heresy were preferred against him. and finally developed into a nation-wide contest. These charges were, however, not sustained. His Mr. Loewe was supported by the American reputation as a scholar was high. Among his Anti-Boycott Association while the Hatters' published writings are: Philosophy of Herbert Union and its friends instituted a secondary Spencer (1874); Studies in Theism (1879); boycott with the aid of the American Federation Metaphysics (1882); Introduction to Psycho- of Labor. In 1908 the Supreme Court of the logical Theory (1887); Philosophy of Theism United States declared a boycott illegal under (1888); The Principles of Ethics (1892); the anti-trust law, and authorized the comTheory of Thought and Knowledge; The plainant to bring suit for damages. This suit Christian Revelation (1898); The Christian was brought before a jury in the United States Life (1899); The Atonement (1900): The Circuit Court in Connecticut in October, 1909; Immanence of God (1905); Personalism (1907). in February the jury found that Mr. Loewe had He also contributed many philosophical and suffered loss to the amount of $74,000 as a theological articles to reviews and newspapers. result of the boycott. Under the anti-trust BOWSER, EDWARD ALBERT. An American law the actual recoverable damages, therefore, mathematician and engineer, died February 22, became three times this amount or $222,000, 1910. He was born in Sackville, N. B., in 1845 which some 200 trade unionists were ordered to and graduated from Rutgers College in 1868. pay. This fine was not levied upon the Union In 1870 he was appointed professor of mathe- as such, but upon the individual members. matics at that institution and was made di- Their property was attached and then released rector of the United States Geodetic Survey of under bond waiting appeal to a higher court New Jersey in 1875. He continued to hold this on exceptions. On the basis of this decision, position until the time of his death. His pub- suit was brought by one of the New York shirtlished works include Analytic Geometry (1880); waist manufacturers for $150,000 damages Differential Integral Calculus (1880); Analytic against the International Ladies' Garment Mechanics (1884); College Algebra (1888); Makers of America, the local union, their offi. Treatise on Trigonometry (1892); and Loga- cers, and certain women who had assisted the rithmic Tables (1895). striking shirt-waist makers in the winter of 1909-1910. A similar suit was begun by the International Paper Company against its union employes who engaged in a strike during the summer. BOXING. The principal event of the year in pugilistic circles was the Jack JohnsonJames Jeffries battle which was fought at Reno, Nevada, on July 4. Johnson won in the 15th round after a strictly one-sided contest. The mill established new records in purse and gate receipts. The purse, $101,000, was the largest ever contested for. The fight was witnessed by 18,000 persons. (See CALIFORNIA.) Another bout which attracted considerable interest was that between Battling Nelson and Ad Wolgast for the lightweight title. Nelson lost after a stubborn struggle lasting 40 rounds. The defeat of Jeffries and Nelson marked the passing of all except one of the old guard of fighters of the decade. Abe Attell, the featherweight, alone retained his laurels. Stanley Ketchel the middleweight champion was shot and killed in the West, leaving the title open to several claimants, of whom Papke has made the best showing. According to the experts the professional champions in the various classes are: Heavyweight, Johnson; middleweight, open; lightweight, Ad Wolgast; welterweight, "Dixie Kid"; featherweight, Abe Attell and bantamweight, Jimmy Walsh. The Amateur Athletic Union held its annual boxing championships at Boston on April 12. The results of the final bouts were: 105 pound class, James Rothwell of Boston, defeated Charles O'Leary of New York; 115pound class, John Gallant of Boston defeated H. McEwen of Toronto; 125-pound class, Frank Smith of New York defeated O. Christie of Toronto; 135-pound class, William Volk of Quincy, Mass., defeated William Hopkins of New York; 145-pound class, Hillard Lang of Toronto defeated Thomas Conklin of New York; 158pound class, William Beekman of New York, defeated William Kenny of New York; heavyweight class, W. W. Barbour of New York, defeated Joseph Burke of Boston. BOYCOTT. The famous case of Loewe v. Lawlor, known as the Danbury Hatters case, was advanced another stage in February. This case had begun in 1902 when a strike in Loewe's factory had been called for the purpose of main The case growing out of the boycott of Buck's Stove and Range Co. by the American Federation of Labor and allied organizations, which was pending in the Supreme Court of the United States at the close of the year, was expected to lead to a definite statement of the legal position of both the primary and the secondary boycott. The briefs in this case were filed early in October. The case against the legal recognition of the boycott was taken up by the American Anti-Boycott Association. It was stated that the case would be pushed to conclusion in spite of the agreement between the Buck's Company and the Federation providing for the union shop. The labor organizations were behind a bill before Congress the purpose of which was to prevent the prosecution of trade unions for maintaining boycotts. It provided that money appropriated for the enforcement of the anti-trust laws should not be spent in prosecuting laborers or labor organizations combining for trade union purposes. An attempt by them to secure the favor of President Taft for the bill called out a statement by him that it was class legislation and that neither he nor they should favor it. See INJUNCTION; and LABOR, AMERICAN FEDERATION OF. In November, 1909, suit was begun by the Electric Planing Mill of Chickasha, Oklahoma, against the local Trades Council and various trade unions to secure an injunction in restraint of a boycott. A temporary injunction against acts of violence or intimidation was issued; the question thereafter arose whether the fining of a union teamster or a carpenter for failure strictly to observe the boycott should be construed as coercion or intimidation. The court held that it should not be so construed; for while every individual has the right to dispose of his labor powers as he sees fit, yet, if two or more persons contract to submit them BOYCOTT selves to fines if they individually fail to carry out the agreement to dispose of their labor only under special conditions, such fining is not then coercion. The court held that there is no more coercion in such a case than when a fine is imposed on a club member for violating a by-law. The court, therefore, discontinued the temporary injunction on the ground that, under the existing law of Oklahoma, no violence, coercion or intimidation having been committed, the boycott was legal. 109 BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA. An organization which has for its purpose character building for boys between the ages of 12 and 18. It is an ffort to get boys to appreciate the things about them, and to train them in selfreliance, manhood and good citizenship. The movement was started in England by General Sir Robert Baden-Powell, who was impressed with the fact that 45 per cent. of the boys of England were growing up without any knowledge of useful occupations. The idea became immensely popular and in two years and a half 400,000 boy scouts had been enrolled and 20,000 of these were in parade at one time at London. The scout idea sprang up spontaneously all over America. Two similar organizations, founded by Dan Beard and Ernest Thompson Seton were combined under the general title, 'Boy Scouts of America." The aim of the boy scouts is to supplement the various existing educational agencies and to promote the ability of boys to do things for themselves and for others. The method is summed up in the term "scout-craft" and is a combination of observation, deduction and handiness. It includes first aid, life saving, tracking, signaling, cycling, nature study, seamanship and other instruction. Each body of scouts, which is known as a patrol, selects a leader from among its own numbers. Several patrols are combined in a troop and from these is appointed a scout master who is the leader of the troop. Before he becomes a scout a boy must take the scout's oath, which is as follows: "On my honor I promise that I will do my best, first, to do my duty to God and my country; second, to help other people at all times; third, to obey the scout law." The scouts are divided into three classes, tenderfoot, second-class scout and first-class scout. Before passing from the tenderfoot class to the second or first class, the boy must pass certain tests. The test for first-class scout includes the ability to swim fifty yards; 50 cents at least in the savings bank; signaling; the ability to go on foot or to row a boat alone to a point seven miles away and return; the ability to describe or show the proper means of saving life in case of accidents of various kinds; the ability to cook satisfactorily a prescribed variety of dishes; the ability to read a map correctly and draw an intelligent rough sketch map; the ability to use an axe for felling or trimming light timber; the ability to judge distance, size, numbers and height without 25 per cent. error. The rules of conduct of the scouts are prescribed by the scout law. This prescribes honor, loyalty, unselfishness, friendliness, a hatred of snobbishness, courtesy, kindness to animals, obedience to parents, cheerfulness and thrift. The Boy Scouts is not a militant body, although its organization is along military lines. A prescribed uniform is worn and medals are BRAGA given for faithful service. President Taft is the honorary president of the organization in the United States and Theodore Roosevelt is the honorary vice-president. The chief scout is Ernest Thompson Seton, the chairman of the executive committee is Dan Beard and the Secretary is Lee F. Hanmer. BRADDON CLAUSE. See AUSTRALIA. BRADLEY, LUTHER P. An officer of the United States army, died March 13, 1910. He was born in Connecticut in 1822, and entered the volunteer service as lieutenant-colonel of the 51st Illinois Infantry in 1861. He was promoted to be colonel in 1862 and in 1864 was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers. He resigned in 1865 and was appointed lieutenantcolonel of the 27th infantry in the regular army He became, in 1879, colonel of the 3d infantry. He was retired by the operation of law on December 3, 1886, having reached the age of 64 years, and was advanced to the rank of brigadier-general on the retired list in 1904. He was brevetted colonel in 1867 for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Chickamauga, and brigadier-general from the same date for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Resaca, Georgia. BRADY, JOHN. An American Roman Catholic bishop, died January 6, 1910. He was born in County Cavan in 1842 and studied at All Hallows College,__Ireland. He was ordained priest in 1864. He came to the United States and served as assistant pastor in Newburyport, Mass., from 1864 to 1868. In the latter year he became pastor of St. Joseph's church in Amesbury, Mass. He was appointed auxiliary bishop to assist Archbishop Williams of Boston in 1891. He was consecrated titular bishop of Alabama but continued his parochial work in Boston. BRAGA, THEOPHILO. A Portuguese poet, scholar, and public official, president of the provisional republic, which in October, 1910, overthew the monarchy in Portugal (see PORTUGAL). He was born on the island of São Miguel in the Azores in 1843, where his father was a teacher. His early educational training was at the school, where his father was professor. He worked in a printing shop in his early youth and there supplemented his educational training by such reading as was available. At the age of sixteen he published a small collection of sentimental verses called Folhas Verdes ("Green Leaves "). On account of domestic unhappiness he was about to go to America, when he was persuaded by his father to go instead to Coimbra to enter a course in law. This he did in 1861. He found time, in the midst of his legal studies and his labors, to earn a sustenance, to continue the writing of poetry, and in 1864 he published a long epic poem, Vision of the Ages. The success of this poem was immediate, especially among the young, progressive Portuguese. In 1868 he was admitted to the doctorate of the law. For three years following he wrote verse and published a collection of early Portuguese popular songs, endeavoring in the meantime to obtain an educational appointment. In 1872 he won, by competition, the chair of modern languages in the Curso Superior de Lettras in Lisbon. Almost immediately he began the writing of the History of Portuguese Literature, of which 32 volumes have already been published. A few years later he filled temporarily the chair of BRAZIL, UNITED STATES OF. The largest republic of South America. Capital and largest city, Rio de Janeiro. AREA AND POPULATION. The estimated area of the 20 states and Federal District is 3,218,139 square miles. The census of 1900 showed 17,318,556 inhabitants. In addition, the Acre territory, acquired from Bolivia in 1903, has about 73,720 square miles and 65,000 inhabitants. An estimate of 1908 placed the total population at 20,515,000. The results of the census of December, 1910, are not yet available, but doubtless the population exceeded 21,000,000. Estimates (probably not very accurate) of municipal populations in 1910 were: Rio de Janeiro, 1,000,000; São Paulo, 400,000; Bahia, 350,000; Pará, 200,000; Pernambuco, 150,000; Porto Alegre, 100,00; Ceará, 50,000; Manáos, 50,000. universal history at the Curso, and this led the last of the great bosses who controlled state him into a new field of investigation embodied politics. in the Universal History. He began the study of philosophy and soon became the leading representative of positivism in Portugal, explaining his ideas in General Outlines of Positivistic Philosophy and in the System of Sociology. He also carried on investigations in Portuguese ethnology and folk-lore. He wrote also A History of the University of Coimbra, and a volume entitled Positivistic Solutions of Portuguese Politics. In the midst of these scholarly pursuits he entered actively into politics He was editor of the paper called 0 Positivismo and was a Republican leader in the Cortes. He has been tireless in his efforts to spread his teachings, not merely as abstract doctrines, but as a practical solution of the problems which confront the Portuguese people. He has been the leading spirit in the Republican movement of Portugal for years. In the forty years during which he taught in Lisbon he wrote more than one hundred books covering almost every phase of Portuguese life and thought. He also maintained relations with the principal thinkers of Europe. See PORTUGAL, paragraphs on History. BRANDEIS, LOUIS D. See UNITED STATES, section ADMINISTRATION; and RAILWAYS. BRANDY. See LIQUORS, FERMENTED AND DISTILLED. BRAYTON, CHARLES RAY. An American lawyer and politician, died September 22, 1910. He was born in Warwick, R. I., in 1840, and from 1859 to 1861 attended Brown University. In the latter year he enlisted for service in the Civil War and served until 1865, when he was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers for faithful and meritorious services. He was appointed captain in the 17th United States Infantry in 1867, but resigned the same year. He was admitted to the bar in 1891. From 1870 to 1874 he was United States pension agent of Rhode Island and from 1874 to 1880 he was postmaster of Providence. In 1876-7 he was chairman of the Republican State Central Committee. In 1886-7 he was chief of the Rhode Island State police. From 1896 to the time of his death he was a member of the Republican National Committee. General Brayton, who was blind, had for thirty years complete political control of the State of Rhode Island and in spite of attempts made at various times to dislodge him held this position until he died. In 1907 James H. Higgins became Democratic governor of the State. His chief campaign argument had been opposition to the political control of General Brayton and as soon as he took the chair of office he undertook to drive Brayton from his headquarters in the office of the sheriff of Providence county in the State House. Although General Brayton had, at that time, no political position in the State, he occupied this office and from it dictated the political policies that he wished put into effect. The sheriff refused to give the order to eject General Brayton from his office. His powers over the political destinies of Rhode Island had their foundation in the fact that the governor of Rhode Island had little power and that by laws of representation the small towns in the State are entitled to the same number of representatives as the large cities. General Brayton's power lay in his ability to control the representatives from the small towns. From 1820 to the end of 1909 immigrants to Brazil numbered 2,742,622, of whom 1,240,708 were Italians, 702,790 Portuguese, 319,762 Spaniards, and 101,419 Germans. In 1907 immigrants numbered 67,786; in 1908, 94,695; in 1909, 85,416; of the last number, 42,765 entered at Rio de Janeiro and 36,014 at Santos, and 30,577 were Portuguese, 16,219 Spaniards, 13,668 Italians, 5663 Russians, 4027 Turks, and 4008 Austro-Hungarians. In general the people have little education. Primary instruction is not compulsory (though nominally so in some parts of the country), but in recent years, it is said, has made considerable progress. According to statistics recently published at Rio de Janeiro, primary schools number 11,147, with 565,922 pupils, and secondary schools 327, with 30,258 pupils. These figures include both public and private schools. There is no real university in the republic, but various establishments offer some opportunity for technical and professional instruction. Roman Catholicism is the prevailing religion, but ecclesiastical equality obtains. INDUSTRIES. The principal industry is agriculture, though only a small part of the country is under cultivation. The chief crop is coffee, which is grown in the states of Espirito Santo, Minas Geraes, and Rio de Janeiro, but mostly in São Paulo. Coffee production for years ending June 30 is reported as follows: 1901, 10,989,166 bags (of 60 kilos each); 1905, 10,014,560 bags; 1907, 19,832,033 bags; 1909, 12,459,744 bags; 1910, 15,051,756 bags. Vigorous efforts are being made, especially by the state of São Paulo, to maintain the price of coffee, by imposing an additional tax on exports over a certain amount and by encouraging consumption. In the production of cacao, as well as coffee, Brazil ranks first, the cacao crop (produced chiefly in the state of Bahia) amounting to over 72,000,000 pounds a year. About half of Brazil's sugar yield is in the state of Pernambuco, which produced in 1909 about 156,000 tons and in 1910 (estimated) over 200,000 tons. Tobacco is raised in increasingly large amounts, especially in Bahia. Other crops are rice, corn, yerba maté, and bananas. Rubber (including caucho) received at Pará in the fiscal year 1909 amounted to 38,008 metric tons; in 1910, 39,230. In 1910 shocking conditions, recalling those in the Congo, were reported in connection with British syndicate and its system of enforced rubber collection in the Amazon valley. He was Cattle-raising is an important industry, the a |