autonomous tributary principality under the Sultan's suzerainty, with a Christian government and a national militia. The frontier from Servia follows the Danube to a point, east of Silistria, to be determined by a European commission, thence crosses to the Black Sea to the south of Mangalia, which is included in Roumanian territory, thence follows the coast to a brook, up the channel of which it ascends to the Balkan, and follows the high lands to the former eastern frontier of Servia, and thence that frontier to the Danube. The prince of Bulgaria shall be freely chosen by the population and confirmed by the Porte, with the assent of the signatory powers. The organic law shall be drawn up by Bulgarian notables convened at Tirnova before the choice of a prince, who shall belong to no reigning dynasty from among the great European powers. No one shall be excluded from any rights, civil or political, or profession or industry, on account of his religious confession. The provisional administration shall be under a Russian commissioner until the organic law shall be completed, and he shall be aided by a Turkish commissioner and consuls of other powers delegated ad hoc. The provisional regime shall not continue longer than nine months. The tribute to be paid to the suzerain shall be fixed by agreement between the powers signatory of the treaty at the close of the first year of the new organization. The powers will decide also what part of the debt of the Empire ought to fall to Bulgaria's share. The Ottoman army will leave Bulgaria, and within a year all fortresses be razed. Mussulman proprietors, living outside the principality, may farm out their property, or have it administered by third parties.

South of the Balkans, and bounded north and west by Bulgaria, a province is constituted by the treaty, to be called Eastern Roumelia. This is to be under the direct authority of the Sultan, to have a Christian governor general and an administrative autonomy. The governor, nominated by the Sultan, shall hold office for five years. A European commission will determine within three months, in concert with the Porte, the organization of Eastern Roumelia, and will administer the finances of the province in concert with the Sublime Porte until the organization shall be completed. The Russian army of occupation in Bulgaria and Eastern Roumelia shall not exceed fifty thousand men, to be maintained at the expense of the country occupied, nor continue the occupation longer than nine months after the exchange of the ratification of the present treaty.

The organic law of 1868, with equitable modifications, the Sultan undertakes to apply in the Island of Crete, and to introduce similar laws, excepting as regards exemption from taxation, in other parts of Turkey in Europe for which the present treaty has provided no special organization. In so doing he will consult the European Commission for Eastern Roumelia.

Bosnia and Herzegovina shall be occupied by Austria-Hungary, except the Sandjak of Novi-Bozar, between Servia and Montenegro, where the Ottoman administration will continue, according to the wish of Austria.

Montenegro is recognized by the Sublime Porte and all the contracting powers as an independent state. The free exercise of all forms of worship, and the entire equality of all confessions, as it respects civil and political rights and the exercise of professions and industries, shall be assured to all Montenegrins as well as foreigners residing in the country. These rights are assured also in Servia and Roumania by the treaty. Mussulmans or others possessing property in Montenegro and wishing to reside else where may farm it out or administer it by means of third parties. The same right is granted by the treaty within Servian territory. Montenegro receives by the treaty an accession of territory, among the rest the small Albanian port of Antivari, and shall have complete freedom on the Boyana. It is to have neither ships nor a flag of war; Antivari is to remain closed to all public vessels, and shall adopt the maritime code in force in Dalmatia. Montenegro is to bear for the new territory a share of the public Turkish debt, such as the representatives of the powers at Constantinople shall determine. The same rule applies to Servia also.

Servia is recognized as independent, under conditions, several of which have just been named. Its territory is considerably enlarged. It takes the place of Turkey, as far as its territories are concerned in engagements made towards Austria-Hungary and the company for the working of the railways of European Turkey in completing and operating them.

Roumania also is recognized as fully independent. As it respects territory the part of Bessarabia detached from Russia by the peace of 1856 is restored; and on the other hand the islands of the Delta of the Danube, the Isle of Serpents, the Sandjak of Toultcha, are added to Roumania, together with a tract to the south of the Dobroutscha, starting from the east of Silistria, and terminating south of Mangalia on the Black Sea. The commission for the Bulgarian boundary is to determine the frontier. Provisions are then made touching rights enjoyed under Turkish supremacy. The sixty-second article is of great importance. The Sultan engages that in no part of the Ottoman Empire shall difference of religion be a ground for excluding any person from the discharge of civil and political rights, admission to public employments, functions and honors, or the exercise of the various professions and industries. All persons shall be admitted, without distinction of religion, to give evidence before the tribunals. The freedom and exercise of all forms of worship are assured to all, and no hindrance shall be offered either to the hierarchical organization of the various communions, or to their relations with their spiritual chiefs. Ecclesiastics, pilgrims, and monks of all nationalities, traveling in Turkey in Europe or Turkey in Asia, shall enjoy equal rights, advantages, and privileges. The right of official protection by the diplomatic and consular agents of the powers in Turkey is recognized, both as regards the abovementioned persons, and their religious, charitable, and other establishments in the holy places and elsewhere. The rights possessed by France are ex

pressly reserved; and it is well understood that no alterations can be made in the status quo of the holy places. The monks of Mount Athos, of whatever country they may be natives, shall be maintained in their former possessions and advantages, and shall enjoy, without any exemption, complete equality of rights and prerogatives.

A convention between England and Turkey, signed June 4, 1878 (and thus before the Peace of Berlin), provides that if Batoum, Ardahan, Kars, or any of them shall be retained by Russia, and if any attempt shall be made at any future time by Russia to get possession of any other portion of the territories of His Imperial Majesty the Sultan, as fixed by the definitive treaty of peace, England engages to join His Imperial Majesty the Sultan in defending them by force of arms.

In return, His Imperial Majesty the Sultan promises to England to introduce the necessary reforms (to be agreed upon at a later time, between the two powers), aiming at good administration, and the protection of the Christian and other subjects of the Sublime Porte in these territories; and in order to enable England to secure the necessary means for the execution of her engagement, His Imperial Majesty further consents to assign the Island of Cyprus to be occupied and administered by England.

In an Annex it is provided (1.) That a Mussulman tribunal, with sole cognizance of religious matters touching the Mussulman population of the island, shall continue to exist. (2.) That religious property shall be administered by a Mussulman residing in the island, conjointly with a delegate appointed by the British authorities. (3.) That England engages to pay the present excess of revenue over expenditure in the island, calculated on the last five years' averages, and not counting produce of state or crown lands, let or sold during that period. (4.) That other crown or state lands, not yielding the rents referred to under (3), may be sold or leased by the Porte. (5.) That the English government may purchase, compulsorily, uncultivated land, or such as is needed for public improvements; and (6) If Russia restores to Turkey Kars and other conquests made in Armenia during the late war, Cyprus will be evacuated by England, and this convention of 1878 will be at an end.

INDEX.

The references to the text are generally made to the Sections; those to Appen-
dix i., to the pages; those to Appendix ii., to the year placed at the beginning
of a paragraph.

ABERDEEN, Earl of, on the right of search, § 219.

Adams, J. Q., on the Monroe doctrine, § 48; negotiations on suppressing the
slave-trade, § 217.

Admiralty, English court of, its doctrine on notice of blockade, § 203.

Agents of intercourse, § 86, et seq. See Ambassadors, Consuls.

Aix-la-Chapelle. See Congress.

Alabama, case of the, § 170.

Albericus Gentilis, § 96; App. i.,

p. 417.

Alexander VI., Pope, his grants to Spain and Portugal, § 55.

Aliens to be protected, § 65; their right to asylum, ibid.; right of innocent pas-
sage, ibid.; relation to the laws, § 66; increase of humane feelings towards them
illustrated, § 67; may pass out of the status of aliens, § 70 (see Naturaliza-
tion); condition in a hostile country, § 124; their property there, ibid.
Alliance, Triple, App. ii., 1668; Grand, ibid., 1701, under Peace of Utrecht,
1713; Triple, ibid., 1717; Quadruple, ibid., 1718; Holy, § 47. See also Treaty.
Alternat, § 98, n.

Amalfi, sea laws of, App. i., p. 414.

Amazon, the, navigation of, § 62.

Ambassador, general term, § 86; also denotes one class of agents, ibid., and § 98;
derivation of the word, ibid.; origin of privileges of, § 87; temporary and resi
dent, § 88; importance of the latter, ibid.; is there any obligation to receive
them? § 89; what ambassadors may be rejected. ibid.; right of sending, § 90;
credentials, ibid.; privileges of, § 91; inviolability and exterritoriality of, ibid.
(comp. those words); houses sometimes provided for, § 92; immunity of hotel
and goods, ibid. ; his hotel no asylum for criminals, ibid. ; freedom from imposts,
how far granted, § 93 ; abuses of this privilege, former, ibid.; his liberty of wor-
ship, § 94; privileges of his family and train, § 95; his power over his suite,
ibid.; has voluntary but not contentious jurisdiction, ibid. ; limits of his privi-
leges, § 96; ambassador committing crimes, ibid.; case of Sa, ibid.; of Gyllen-
borg, ibid.; relations of, to a third power, § 97; illustrations, p. 155; rank of,
§ 98; classes constituted at Congress of Vienna, ibid.; at that of Aix-la-Cha-
pelle, ibid. ; legates a and de latere, ibid., note; ceremonial of courts, ibid. ; recall
of, ibid.

Amistad, case of the, § 146.

Amnesty implied in peace, § 161.

Arguelles, case of, § 78 (p. 117).

Armed neutrality, § 163; first in 1780, § 189; second in 1800, § 209. See Ap-

pendix ii, sub annis.

Armistice. See Truce.
Ashburton, Lord, § 174.
Athens. See Greece.
Aubaine, droit de, § 67.

Austria acquires Spanish Netherlands by treaty of Rastadt, App. ii., 1714; also,
Naples, Milan, Sardinia, ibid. ; exchanges Sardinia for Sicily with Savoy, ibid.,
1718; Pragmatic Sanction, ibid., 1735; acquisitions by peace of Passarowitz,
ibid., 1718; acquisitions in Poland, ibid., 1772, 1793; cedes Netherlands to France,
ibid., 1797; humiliation of, 1805, 1809, ibid.; losses by treaties of Leoben and
Campo Formio, 1797, ibid.; of Lunéville, 1801, ibid.; of Presburg, 1805, ibid.;
of Schönbrunn, ibid.; recovers territory at Congress of Vienna, 1815, 4, ibid. ;
losses by peace of Villafranca and Zurich, 1859, ibid.; part in affairs of Schles-
wig-Holstein, see under 1864, ibid.; Peace of Vienna, 1864, ibid., and of Gas-
tein, 1865, ibid.; Convention of Nikolsburg, and Peace of Prague, 1866, ibid. ;
separated from Germany, ibid.; naturalization in, § 70; Koszta's case, § 80;
Mr. Hülsemann's case, § 82.

Ayala Balthazar, App. i., p. 417.

Azuni, D. A., App. i., p. 425.

BALANCE of power; meaning of the phrase, § 44; interference to preserve it justi-
fied, ibid.; is a measure of self-defense against apprehended aggressions, ibid.;
limits to its exercise, ibid.; known to the Greeks, § 45; to mediæval Europe,
ibid.; against Austria, ibid; Louis XIV., ibid; Russia in behalf of Turkey,
ibid.

Bannus, Bannum, § 193.

Barbary powers form states, § 36, and are not pirates, § 144.

Belgium, its union with Holland, App. ii., 1815, 9; disruption in 1830, § 50; in-
terference of the great powers in the dispute, ibid.; is neutralized, ibid., and
$ 163.

Belleisle, Marshall, case of, § 97.

Belligerency, recognition of, § 180, our practice in regard to, ibid.; meaning of,
ibid.; Confederate States so regarded by European states, ibid.; not a hostile

measure.

Bemis, on American neutrality, § 177; on the case of the Alabama, § 170.
Bentham, J., §§ 9, 226.

Berlin decree, § 206.

Bernard, Mountague, Esq., on the rules of war, §§ 133, 134, 135; on the jural
character of crews of rebels' vessels, § 145; on a neutral's supplying a belliger-
ent with coal, § 167; on the Alabama, § 170; on the British Foreign Enlistment
Act, etc., § 177; on continuous voyages, § 207; on captured vessels escaping into
neutral waters, § 208.

Black Sea, the, free to commerce only, § 61; sketch of negotiations concerning
ibid., and App. ii., 1856.