The questions sent to the contributors invited opinion on the coming of the new "psyche, "; its influence, material or spiritual; its trial by experts; and its utilization. The papers are grouped in two parts, the first treating of religion, philosophical and theoretical; then practical. The second part deals with science. Dr. Grenfell, in his brief note on "the moral sanction,' well says that the subject should be handled "with open mind, with great caution, and rock bottom common sense.

3. Types of Mental Deficiency; by MARTIN W. BARR, M.D., and E. F. MALONEY, A.B. Pp. 179. Philadelphia, 1921 (P. Blakiston's Son and Company). The leading author of this book some years ago wrote a standard treatise on Mental Defectives. He has had such extensive experience in the subject as chief physician of the Pennsylvania Training School for Feebleminded Children at Elwyn, Penna., that any work of his merits careful consideration.

The present volume is in the nature of a clinical album, containing as it does 188 half-tone illustrations of all types of defectives ranging from the lowest grade idiots to dementia praecox patients. These half tones are moderately clear. The accompanying descriptions are very informal, often containing facts which have no particular clinical significance. The very informality and unpretentiousness of the treatment, however, impart to the book a readable quality. We know of no more convenient way in which the general reader could 'visit' an institution and see all of the most interest and significant cases with running comments by the superintendent. Dr. Barr follows his old educational classification of mental defectives. He refuses to adopt the term Moron but employs instead the term "backward" and nowhere does he mention the name of Alfred Binet. No mental measurements of the cases are reported. The references to their vocational capacity, however, are interesting and suggestive.

ARNOLD GESELL.

4. Practical Bank Operation; prepared by L. H. LANGSTON. In two volumes: vol. I, pp. xxv, 370; vol. II, pp. 373-713. New York, 1921 (The Donald Press Company; price $8).-Practical Bank Operation has been admirably prepared by Mr. Langston under the direction of the Educational Committee of the National City Bank and is unique in this respect, that, while all ordinary functions of banks in general are stated and then in detail, described, there is nothing theoretical about it. Every operation described is taken, so to speak, from real life. It is the way that particular operation is handled today by one particular bank, a bank in many ways representative of the best in banking practice, for magnitude of business done, variety of services rendered, and efficiency in performance. The purpose of the book in fact is to show how a particular institution performs the functions enumerated. This institution being the largest of its kind, of necessity, has a highly organized department for practically every banking function, so that the small provincial bank

with a million or so of resources could by no means be laid out according to this elaborate plan, in fact the house could scarcely store the forms. But for any banker whose institution is large enough to require eight or ten separate departments, the book is full of meat. The arrangement of subjects is orderly and progressive and the treatment clear enough to furnish a good working basis for the remodeling of such a bank's system of business. The book is an admirable text book for students of finance because the facts given are real ones and the operations described are actually in practice today in one of the best organized banks in the world. A farmer may be cynical of the "college professor" preaching with great confidence on the best methods of agriculture; he calls it book learnin', not practical. No such criticism applies to Mr. Langston's production.

The chapters on paying and receiving operations are worth the price of the book to any ambitious teller who thirsts for knowledge and proficiency and therefore advancement. More than that, any head of departments might well spend his time on the chapters touching his field, and then pass on the knowledge to his own lieutenants. Not many banks will derive practical benefit from the whole book because not many banks have occasion to perform such a multitude of functions. One bank's business is in the collection field, another specializes in foreign trade and exchange, another in farm credit, one is in a manufacturing center, another in a farming area, etc.

The banker himself will read with interest and profit perhaps one-half of the subject matter; the other half will be but the recital of organization and administration, containing nothing new for him, but the layman will skip but little.

Trust functions are treated briefly but readably, colored somewhat by New York laws and practice and by the very newness of the change by which National banks are now permitted to enlarge their fields and enter the intricate ramifications and byways of fiduciary business.

All in all Practical Bank Operations is an invaluable addition to banking literature. It is put together in an orderly way. The operations are thoroughly and clearly described, the charts and forms are many and helpful, and the whole is presented in good readable English. The man who reads these chapters and then is unable to give you a pretty good definition of a bank, is a hopeless case.

DEAN B. LYMAN.

5. First Pan Pacific Scientific Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, Aug. 20-1920. Part I, Organization, Proceedings, Resolutions. Pp. 46, Nov. 1920.-This report tells what was done by the one hundred delegates (fifty from Hawaii) to the Conference, regarding the scientific problems connected with the Pacific Ocean. A sketch of the organization is given, followed by the proceedings of the general sessions and the sections, and then by the resolutions adopted. It is the hope of the Pan Pacific Union to repeat these congresses every three years, and the personal contact of so

many delegates will do much to stimulate efforts toward a solution of the problems discussed.

C. S.

6. The Origin of Man and of his Superstitions; by CARVETH READ. Pp. vi, 350. Cambridge University Press, 1920.-It is a large and complex problem that Professor Carveth Read would solve in this volume. There was a time toward the last third of the Oligocene epoch, some 2,000,000 to 3,500,000 years ago, when some Primate with wolfish instincts organized a hunting pack of his own kind. The venture was successful. It afforded a mixed and continuous diet; it also developed leadership and the opportunity to translate individual experience into group experience. The effect became cumulative until a point was reached where the individuals of the Primate pack outclassed all other Primates and became Man.

The last eight of the ten chapters are devoted to the origin of Man's superstitions, which appear to follow from the author's conception of Man's origin.

OBITUARY.

GEORGE GRANT MAC CURDY.

DR. SHERBURNE WESLEY BURNHAM, the astronomer, died on March 11 in his eighty-third year. He was early connected with the Dearborn Observatory, Chicago; later at the Washburn Observatory at Madison, Wisconsin; the Lick Observatory in California; and finally at the Yerkes Observatory of the Chicago University. He was an active observer and is credited with having discovered nearly 1,300 double stars, the subject in which he was particularly interested.

DR. CHARLES HENRY FERNALD, professor of zoology and entomology at the Massachusetts Agricultural College from 1886 to 1910, died on February 22 in his eighty-third year.

PROFESSOR IRVING ANGELL FIELD, head of the department of biology in Clark University since 1918, died on February 14.

DR. FREDERICK JAMES VOLNEY SKIFF, for many years the able director of the Field Museum of Natural History, died on February 24 at the age of sixty-nine years.

DR. ALFRED GABRIEL NATHORST, the distinquished Swedish geologist and paleobotanist, died at Stockholm on January 20 in his seventy-first year.

PROFESSOR T. MIYAKE, the eminent zoologist of the Imperial University of Tokyo, died on February 2. His contributions to Science were largely in the department of entomology.

DR. JOHN CANNELL CAIN, the English chemist died on January 31 at the age of forty-nine. He was particuarly interested in dye stuffs and allied subjects to which he made numerous contributions.

DR. CARL TOLDT, professor of anatomy at the university in Vienna, died recently at the age of eighty years.

THE

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

[FIFTH SERIES.]

ART. XXV.-Post-Glacial Warping of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia; by REGINALD A. DALY, Harvard University.

CONTENTS.

Introduction.

Methods of determining amount of emergence.

Observed amounts of emergence.

Conditions at St. John's, Newfoundland.

Glacial striae in Newfoundland and southeastern Labrador.
Weakness of glaciation in eastern Newfoundland.

Recent drowning of southern Newfoundland and of southern Nova Scotia.
Causes of the drowning.

Introduction.-The sensitiveness of the earth's crust to widely distributed loads seems to be proved by the systematic behavior of the crust after the partial or complete melting of large ice-caps. In every case the unloading has been followed by the uplift of the central part of the deglaciated surface. Examples are seen in Scandinavia, the British Isles, northeastern North America, British Columbia, Greenland, Spitzbergen, and Antarctica. For dynamical geology the physical meaning of the law is even more important than the discovery of the fact. Glacial loading of the crust and its unloading by deglaciation are analogous to actual experiments in testing the kind of response made by the material of the earth's interior to slowly applied stresses. The study of post-Glacial warping in the formerly glaciated regions has, therefore, significance for geodynamics in general. Explanation of the warping involves questions as to compressibility, elasticity of form, and the kinds of viscosity characterizing the inner shells of the earth. In particular, the relative importance of viscous flow and of elastic after-working should, if possible, be determined in the AM. JOUR. SCI.-FIFTH SERIES, VOL. I, No. 5.-MAY, 1921.

case of the post-Glacial warping here considered. The writer spent the season of 1920 in the effort to add to the field data necessary for profitable attack on the difficult problem. Among the regions where special investigation has long been needed is Newfoundland. The observations there made have been quite insufficient for the mapping of the isobases or lines of equal uplift in postGlacial time. Accordingly, strategic points along the Newfoundland coast were selected for study, in the hope that the essential data for this area could be secured and compared with the measurements already in hand for northeastern Labrador and for the Nova Scotia-New England coast. Some time was also given to shore studies in Nova Scotia, where the zero isobase has yet to be definitely located and where the phenomena outside the upwarped area are particularly of importance for the geophysical interpretation of the post-Glacial deformation.

In 1900 the writer found what appeared to be good proof of post-Glacial uplift at St. John's, Newfoundland." The amount of elevation then measured-more than 500 feet-was too large to be readily understood if the upwarping were either isostatic or purely elastic, but the record seemed advisable. For twenty years the writer has been suspicious of this result and a principal object of the 1920 field-work was to become better acquainted with the local facts at St. John's. The doubt was well justified, the post-Glacial uplift at that point now proving, practically beyond question, to be zero. One purpose of the present note is to advertise the mistake.

It is a pleasure to record the courtesy of the Newfoundland Department of Mines and Agriculture, who supplied maps and reports used during the investigation.

Methods of Determining Amount of Emergence.-As a rule the same method was employed as that which in 1900 proved successful along 600 miles of the Labrador coast. At each locality appropriate headlands were examined for evidences of wave-washing. On the wellexposed shores of both Labrador and Newfoundland, the lower limit of unwashed glacial drift could usually be located with considerable accuracy. Allowing for surf

1 For a bibliography of the subject, see H. L. Fairchild, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 29, p. 229, 1918.

R. A. Daly, Bull. Museum Comp. Zool., vol. 38, p. 257, 1902.