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Made in eleven different sizes as adopted by the International Association Write for Prices and Descriptive Circular Designed, Patented and Distributed by SCIENTIFIC MATERIALS COMPANY viii A COMPLETE OUTFIT FOR THE PRECISE ELECTROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF H-ION CONCENTRATION IN SOLUTIONS THE TEST IN OUR STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT No. 42562 Complete H-ion Outfit Determination of H-ion concentration in solutions by means of the Potentiometer ha attained a significance which seems now to indicate for the Potentiometer a position o importance in chemical and biological work at least equal to that occupied by the Pola imeter, Refractometer and Spectrometer. We offer below a selection of equipment recommended on the authority of those ex perienced in both the manufacture and use of such apparatus, and which may be taken a typical of many outfits now in actual use. With a reasonable understanding of the fundamental principles involved, the operatio of this outfit-reading in an average solution the difference in potential between th calomel electrode and the hydrogen electrode in fractions of a millivolt to the equivale of 0.001 of a pH unit-is less of an undertaking than weighing on an analytical baland 42562. POTENTIOMETER OUTFIT for the precise electrometric determination of H-i concentration in solutions, complete as shown in above illustration and With Combined Support and Shaker with motor for 1 described below. volts, a. c., 60 cycles.. 42562a. The above outfit consists of the following: $482. ditto, with motor for 110 volts, d. c.. $482. 42563. Potentiometer, Leeds & Northrup, Type K.. 275.00 Enclosed Lamp and Scale Galvanometer, Leeds & Northrup. 55.00 5.00 42620. Combined Support and Shaker, Leeds & Northrup, for calomel elec- 75.00 25.00 42649. Two Platinum Electrodes, for above. 42646. Supplement No. 63. Apparatus for the Measurement of the Differences of Potential a Electrolytic Conductivities," illustrating and describing in detail the above and simil equipment, now ready for distribution. Prices subject to change without notice ARTHUR H. THOMAS COMPANY WHOLESALE, RETAIL AND EXPORT MERCHANTS LABORATORY APPARATUS AND REAGENTS WEST WASHINGTON SQUARE PHILADELPHIA, U. S SCIENCE FRIDAY, JANUARY 21, 1920 53 67 68 68 70 73 73 75 76 MSS. intended for publication and books, etc., intended for review should be sent to The Editor of Science, Garrison-onHudson, N. Y. THE ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH1 BEFORE delivering my paper I wish to confess that I find myself in a somewhat unpleasant predicament, for when I began it and even after sending its title to Professor Allee I was of the opinion that research might, perhaps, be amenable to organization, but after thinking the matter over I was compelled to reverse my opinion, with the result that what I shall say may strike some of you as painfully reactionary. Still I encouraged myself with the reflection that many others have written papers with misleading titles and that I might perhaps put much of the blame for the results on my confrères of Section F for conferring so signal an honor as its chairmanship on one of its tired old bisons from the taxonomic menagerie instead of on one of its fresh, young bulls from the Mendelian byre. I might say also, in further justification of myself, that I at least selected the most fashionable and exalted topic I could find, for you must all have observed that at the present time no word occurs with greater frequency and resonance in serious discourse than "organization." Everybody is so busy organizing something or inciting some one to organize something that the word's subtly concealed connotations of control and regulation appear to be overlooked. The purpose of organization is instrumental, as is shown by the derivation of the word, from "organon," a tool, or implement, which is 1 Address of the retiring vice-president and chairman of Section F-Zoological SciencesAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science, Chicago, 1920. 34 SCIENCE in turn ferived from “ergo." to work. s me of those superh, rotund voris wich jazie and hypnotize the piter and wentally come to express the periar stor endency of a wide rend These moris ma ir f of the Emmen age so solemnly ut was appliei a peenliar kind of chi and he "rasado" of the Japanes inner similar though independer of these conceptionston, chivalry, aidos, b start among the intellectua rener and all imply a certain "no for there is no fun in conti wing others to progress unles keep up with the procession, rganizing others unless you yearn cecanized yourself, just as there is getting up a duelling or bushid unless you are willing to fight du commit harakiri whenever it is re To by the rules of the game. • light brow out day fossil, or relict." hat the duel and only contribuhad made since looking the fact it the Japanese had cow words and instituVicky has shown that the who the Achæan chiefs hauptsächlich, welche den cand dor neuen Zeit von dem công bachtheil des ersteren unterdonsulton ainen ernsten, finAwakeluk gogoben haben, Kollapuum hoitor und unbefangen, Kaduna, dastobt. Sie sind: das Akapelusap und die venerische Krank von Milic Trobrum! Hohopenhauer, "Pa BioscẾ Hun Crook Uple," 2d Ed. Ox- Of course, the vogue of "organiz was abnormally stimulated by the zation of armies and resources f World War. We acquired the orga habit with a vengeance and have no There are at least three differen zation. If the Greeks had coined a word for organization-the nearest word, orgánosis, seems not to appear till the twelfth century-they would probably have applied it to a second type of cases, in which an agent organizes a complex as an engine for accomplishing certain results. In this sense Mr. Ford would be an organizer of motor cars and in such a sense theologians might speak of the Deity as organizing the universe. This is organization imposed on inorganic or at any rate alien materials. At the present day the word is not used in this sense, since the notion of life in the materials to be organized seems to be so essential. There is, however, a third type, which is intermediate between the two preceding, one in which certain elements of a living complex are permitted or delegated or arrogate to themselves the right to organize the remaining elements, as is seen in innumerable human organizations from a state, church or army to a band of robbers. This type of organization, can often be swiftly accomplished, especially if reinforced by the first type, but is necessarily more or less of an artefact and prone to easy and unexpected disintegration. We have this type in mind when we speak of the organization of scientific research, or investigation. It is evident, moreover, that the organization of research up to the present time has developed according to the first type, through a natural division of labor and inclination among investigators and by means of such cooperative liaison agencies as learned societies and publications. Even the most pessimistic among us must be lost in admiration at the results thus accomplished during the past few centuries. But the organizers feel that we have been moving too slowly and have been wasting too much time and effort and they also feel, apparently, that natural, or organic organization of research, like that of the past, affords too little scope for the expression of those instincts of self-assertion and domination, which are so evidently associated with the accumulation of hormones in the older males of all mammals. These hormones commonly produce such an obfuscation of the intellect that even our mature biologists seldom realize that they are headed for the fate of the old rogue elephants and bulls, which, when they try to do too much organizing, are promptly and unceremoniously butted out of the herd by the youngsters. The phrase "organization of research" is nonsense if we take "research" in its abstract sense, for an abstraction, of course, is one of the things that can not be organized. All we can mean by the term is the organization of the actual processes of research, or investigation, and since these processes are essentially nothing but the living, functioning investigators themselves, organization of research can mean only the organization of the investigators. It would seem desirable, therefore, before attempting such organization to make a behavioristic study of these creatureseither to catch and closely observe a number of them or to steal on them unawares while they are in the full ardor of research -in other words to investigate the investigators. Unfortunately no one has made such a study, which should, of course, precede the making of a card catalogue of the various species, subspecies, varieties, mutations and aberrations of investigators and the enumeration of their genes and chromosomes. And as the investigators themselves seem to be so busy that they have no time to scrutinize their own behavior, or if they do, are either too proud or too bashful to tell us what they find, I am compelled, for the sake of my argument, to attempt such a study and hence to make a brief excursion into psychology. As this |