ime and the ndard of the Garrison's rank intros is followed f Choulant rst time in int worker. d with the e reproducimportant and bring publication n and add ds of stuure is the he figures, the book lates. In followed ion. of the study of hay seem and this translane must was the = he had al illusMichaelment of to the contri ly has rank's ble to regret he joy e may work blica DIE SPECIAL ARTICLES AMBOID MOVEMENT, TISSUE FORMATION AND CONSISTENCY OF PROTOPLASM1 1. IN 1901 we found through testing by direct means the consistency of the protoplasm that in the blood cells of Limulus amoeboid movement depends primarily upon alternating changes in the consistency of the protoplasm, a phase of liquefaction being followed by a phase of hardening. There may be added to these changes in consistency changes in surface tension.1 Subsequently we showed in experiments in which we likewise tested the consistency of the cells directly that the consistency varies under different conditions, that these variations correspond not only to the pseudopodial activity, but also to the agglutinability of the blood cells and to the formation of tissue like structures from 4 previously isolated cells,2, 3 that these changes due to stimulation explained the stereotropism of tissue cells,2, that they played a part in the processes of inflammation,1, 2 phagocytosis, and thrombosis. 5, 6, 7, 8 More recent observations in 1919 showed that it is possible to vary greatly the character of the amoeboid movements and that the changes in the amœboid movements correspond to the changes in the consistency of the protoplasm; these observations suggested that the taking up of fluid from the surrounding fluid on the part of the cells is an important factor in these 1 From the Department of Comparative Pathology, Washington University, and from the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Holl. 35. 1 Leo Loeb, Jour. Med. Research, 1902, VII., 145. 3 Leo Loeb, Biological Bulletin, 1903, IV., 301. 2 Leo Loeb, Virchow's Archiv., 1903, CLXXIII., 4 Leo Loeb, Anatomical Record, 1912, VI. 5 Leo Loeb, Virchow's Archiv, 1905, CLXXXV., 160. 6 Leo Loeb, Hofmeister's Beitraege z. Chem. Physiol. u. Pathol., 1904, V., 191. 7 Leo Loeb, Pflueger's Archiv, 1910, CXXXI., 465. processes. We furthermore showed tha tain phenomena of wound healing ca imitated in this experimental amoeb tissue and that the formation of giant which takes place in sensitive cells in co with a foreign body represents an applic of the same principle." Here we have sume that the process of liquefaction proceed so far that two cells may flo gether. We also pointed out that varia in the hydrogen ion content of the under the influence of stimulation migh plain these changes. 2. A continuation of these experimen Woods Hole last summer showed that i blood cells of Limulus it is possible to pr graded variations in the character of pseudopods and amoeboid movements th graded changes in the osmotic pressu the surrounding medium. Again we find respondence between the consistency o protoplasm and the character of the ps pods and amoeboid movement. A partic great fluidity of the protoplasm could b duced through the use of a slightly hyp solution of KCl. In this case the chan consistency became so marked that it af not only the ectoplasmic layer of the but extended to the whole of the gre plasm. There is reason to assume that changes are associated with the taking fluid from the surrounding medium. 1 those conditions a very peculiar phenor which we described previously, a circus ment of the whole cell exoplasm as well the granuloplasm, can be produced regu These movements, however, take place o the temperature of the surrounding fl sufficiently high. It does not occur in kept at a temperature of 10°. 3. Exposure of the blood cells to a ten ture of approximately 40°-42° for a period of time produces in the periphe 9 Leo Loeb, "The movements of the Amoeb and the experimental production of amo (cellfibrin) tissue," Washington University 8 Leo Loeb, Biochem. Zeitschrift, 1910, XXIV, ies, Scientific Series, 1920, Volume VII 478. (Here a general discussion of the subject is g the blood cells the appearance of multiple drops into which the granuloplasm moves subsequently as it does into typical pseudopods. Transition can be observed between these drops and the typical pseudopods. It is also possible to produce experimentally in the amœbocytes structures which very closely resemble ova in which maturation membranes have formed. Jacques Loeb has formerly shown that this formation depends upon a proces of cytolysis. In the blood cells these structures appear under conditions in which the cell has taken up fluid from the surrounding medium and the consistency of the protoplasm resembles that of a liquid. All kinds of transition between these structures, drop pseudopods and the typical tonguelike pseudopods can be found. These and other observations very strongly suggest that the formation of pseudopodia, the appearance of drops at the surface of the cells and the formation of fertilization membranes related phenomena and that the latter two conditions represent extremes in a process which, when acting in medium intensity, leads to the formation of the typical pseudopodia. 4. Through changes in the consistency of the protoplasm in the blood cells of Limulus it is possible to imitate the structures corresponding to different tissues. Especially did we obtain in certain cases through an increase in the consistency of the cells tissues which resembled those composed of ganglia and glia cells. It may thus be possible to obtain indications as to some of the conditions which induce the cells of different tissues to assume different forms. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY LEO LOEB THE RELATIVE NUMBERS OF TWINS AND TRIPLETS1 are Ir may be of interest to call attention to a simple relation between the number of human twin and triplet births. The relation was noticed a number of years ago and I supposed 1 Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of the University of Illinois, No. 172. it had been recorded, bu to reveal any published If 1/n is the proporti all births in a large po period, then the proporti during the same period i The agreement of the dat Thus in 13,360,557 births the years 1826-1849 as re number of twin births is number of triplet births. 1,339,975 births in the Un tion area in 1917 the nu is one in 93.1 and the num one in (93.0)2. From the statistical rela pear that triplets are pro cidence of two independer ring with equal frequenci processes by itself gives ri relation would apply to any multiple births or to diffe of them provided that each The principle might be chief explanations of m follows: 1. Multiple Ovulation.— ovum is discharged from t is some coordinating mech vents the ripening of othe time. Suppose that as a 1 intrinsic factor, once in 1 appears which fails to resp anism. The chance that t will appear at the same t squared. Obviously this pr failure to respond is du processes in the two ova. more concretely, suppose th maturation of an ovum is a internal secretion which ac and keeps them from comp at the same time. The ove 2 Veit, G., 1855, Monatsschrij und Frauenkrankheiten, 6: 127 3 Birth statistics for the bir of the United States, 1917, U Census, Washington, 1919. ch has failed at. vin births to during any #riplet births near to 1/n. zen startling. ussia during by Veit the 89.1 and the (88.9). In tes registratwin births riplet births t would apy the coin esses occur. ne of these wins. This of origin of >mbinations ed the rule. to the two births as y a single es. There which prethe same a purely an ovum his mechextra ova nce in n that the lependent the case proach to ed by an ther ova ! process majorrtskunde tion area a of the ity of the ova would be properly inhibited but occasionally an ovum would fail to respond because of some peculiarity in its organization. Suppose that such peculiarities are due to local factors appearing with a frequency of 1/n. Then the chance that two such independent local factors will act at the same time and thereby cause the simultaneous discharge of two supernumerary ova is 1/n2. 2. Monozygotic Twins and Triplets.-Normally a single embryonic area appears in the blastodermic vesicle and through some coordinating mechanism inhibits the formation of additional embryonic areas. Suppose that once in n cases a cell or group of cells acquires physiological independence as the result of an intrinsic factor and forms a second embryonic area. The chance that two such cells or groups of cells will arise at the same time is once in n squared if it is supposed as in the previous case that the two events are independent of each other. In order that the stated numerical relations may ensue, the important consideration in either mode of origin of multiple births is the independence of the two events which give rise to triplets. If, in the fluctuations of the general physiological state of the mother, the condition is sometimes such as to result in twins and sometimes in triplets, it is hard to see why the square" relation should exist. For instance if it is postulated that additional ova are stimulated to complete the maturation process as a result of an unusual amount of an internal secretion and that the number of extra ova depends on the quantity of the secretion there is no reason for expecting the observed relation between one extra and two extra embryos. This difficulty seems to apply to all general agents that may be postulated as acting upon the ovaries as a whole in the cases of multiple ovulation or upon the developing embryo as a whole in the case of monozygotic twins and triplets. If, however, each supernumerary ovum is due to an independent local action and such local actions have a certain average frequency the coincidence of two such actions would give the observed numerical relation of triplets to twins. If the explanation as stated applies relation between triplet and twin birth to be expected that it will apply to quad: as well. In that case the expected num quadruplets is one in n3. Unfortunate numbers are too small for a reliable sion. In the largest available collect data, the one mentioned above, there quadruplets in 13,360,557 births or c (71.9)3 which is somewhat greater the expected number, one in (89.1)3. As in other statistical relations the 1 ical significance in the present instanc not be proved directly from the mass of When one considers the vicissitudes of i zation, the chances of death of individu bryos, the demonstrated influence of the matozoon in certain cases of twinning numerous other biological factors, to say ing of faulty registration statistics, it is to believe that the simple numerical re of triplets to twins can be more than the of the combination of numerous and a unanalyzed forces. A knowledge of the may, however, aid in the analysis. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS CHARLES ZEL THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOC SECTION OF SUGAR CHEMISTRY C. A. Browne, chairman The sugar industry of Peru: CHAS. A. G Electric oven for rapid moisture tests: SPENCER. This oven (patented August 3, 19 a convenient arrangement for passing a rap rent of heated air through a sample. The drawn over a heating element, composed spiraled nichrome wire coiled around a s core, and thence through the sample contai a capsule, fitted with a gauze or metal filte bottom. The temperature of the air is con by a rheostat. Any substance through w current of hot air may be passed, without m may be dried in this oven. Raw sugar n approximately dried in 3 minutes and to co weight in 10 minutes; 100 gram samples o bagasse are dried in less than 60 minutes; saturated with water is dried in 10 minutes 264 Refining raw sugars without boneblack: C. E. COATES. Raw sugars from the tropics have been refined off and on in Louisiana for a number of years. This was profitable on occasions when the margin between raws and granulated was high. During the past two years this margin has been so high as to offer exceptional profits to the refiner. A number of Louisiana sugar houses purchased raw sugars during the last six months and refined them by several different methods: Phosphoric acid and lime; sulphur-dioxide and lime; filtercel alone; activated wood charcoals. At the beginning of the campaign, the yields were several per cent. below those obtained in the standard bone black refinery process, but as the season went on this difference was diminished until at the present time the yield is about one per cent. short of good refinery practise. The yields by the various methods are nearly the same. There is no reason why melting tropical raw sugars can not become a part of the routine practise in both cane and beet sugar houses. The quality of the sugars obtained is excellent and in the case of the activated charcoals the sugars were beyond any criticism of any sort. Recent advances in defecation: W. D. HORNE. The Dorr Clarifier has been devised to remove the insoluble impurities from cane juice. Hot limed juice continuously enters the central well of the superimposed settling compartment equipped with slowly revolving scraper mechanisms. Clear juice flows from the periphery, and a thick mud is constantly withdrawn from the bottom. The Williamson Clarifier aerates a warm defecated raw sugar solution and then passes it through a long shallow heating tank provided with suitable baffles, causwhich ing all insoluble matters to rise in a scum, is mechanically skimmed off, while clear liquor is continuously syphoned out below. Comparative analysis of refined sugars: FREDERICK BATES and associates at the Bureau of Standards. A résumé was given of the results of an elaborate and exhaustive study of about 250 samples of refined sugars produced in the United States. One of the principal objects of this work was to determine the feasibility of preparing accurate specifications and definitions of the refined sugars. The work included the determination of the direct polarization, invert sugar, moisture and ash. The acidity and alkalinity were determined by developing a new method, using the hydrogen ion concentration with gratifying results. average acidity and alkalinity was found to be The small and indications are tha in A graphic method for estim in presence of sucrose: C. A. reducing action of sucrose u solution introduces a conside mining reducing sugars amounts of sucrose. The auth graphic method which consist ing the reduction curves for from 0 to 250 mgs. in presen to 5gs. The correct amount sponding to the amount four finding the curve which passe section of the coordinates for ent (as determined by Clerge found. The starting point o base line indicates the correct Commercial production of NEWKIRK and C. F. SNYDER. the Army, the manufacture o of d-Mannite from manna w crude manna was dissolved in heated by steam coils. The 1 It was heated to boiling an methods of defecation were en .005 per cent. phosphoric acid and let stand for thirty minu lime, allowed to settle and canted and filtered. The filter in open pan to 30° Brix (hot) crystallized. The crystals w large centrifugal. Method II.: treated with 0.10 per cent. Ki and the filtrate concentrated III.: The raw liquor was treate commercial vegetable carbon & filtrate concentrated as above. most satisfactory. The mothe first crystallization were conce and allowed to crystallize; the the second crystallization we 60° Brix and a third crop of The mother liquor from the was concentrated at 80° Brix a crystals obtained. The final concentrated to 80° Brix an crystals obtained. A tabulati departure from letermining the ion, the sugars size of grain. the importance o-called candy educing sugars ice of large 17° Brix. d in a nor was filtered n the Brix from dat ined. p of vere of the Preservation of bagasse in sugar cane mill control: GUILFORD L. SPENCER. Formaldehyde has been generally used in preserving sub-samples of cane bagasse in preparing a composite sample, representative of several hours grinding. This has been ascertained to be only moderately efficient under modern milling conditions. The late M. Henri Pellet, in Egypt, suggested and used ammonia in protecting the samples. The author found this usually efficient but occasionally there is loss of sugar. This suggested the addition of chloroform and preservation of the bagasse in an atmosphere of ammonia and chloroform. This mixture is apparently very efficient. Refinery press-cake holds its polarization during several weeks in the presence of this preservative. The solution for polarization must be acidulated with acetic acid before clarification with lead subacetate. Glass vacuum pan for laboratory use: M. J. PROFFITT. Changes in the polarizing constants of sugars during refining: A. F. BLAKE. The Clerget suc, rose value for sugars, as pointed out by Browne at the Cleveland meeting, normally exceeds the polarization by about one third the percentage of invert. This is true of raw sugars as shown by numerous analyses, but in the products of a refinery, soft sugars and syrup, the value of the ratio (S-P)/I is very low. Analyses of sugars at all intermediary stages of refining are given, in order to determine where the change takes place. It is concluded that some change takes place during defecation and filtration of low test material and in the handling of the muds and scums due to action of lime on the invert sugar, but that by all means the principal cause of the reduction of the value of this ratio is bone-black filtration. The factor is strongly negative for the first material coming off the boneblack, but increases in following portions until in the last portion it is about The equal or slightly exceeds material going on. average value of the factor for all material going on is much higher than the average coming off. Since boneblack absorbs invert from first material and gives it up to later material it is supposed that by selective action it might absorb more levulose than dextrose. This is proved by t invert sugar. Another cause is the molecu arrangement of dextrose and levulose into g etc. A high value of the ratio in refined pr indicates inversion during refining. Los sucrose figured upon Clerget values exceed figured on polarization, while losses of material are much less. A report on the sugar industry of Franc the war: T. H. MURPHY. The French su dustry, born of the Napoleonic wars, almo ished in the World War, being 66 per ce stroyed. Formerly, the 213 sugar factorie plied all French consumption and 78,739 to year for export. Now the 60 small factor maining can supply only a small portion nation's requirements, and about 400,000 to year are imported. One hundred and for factories were 85 per cent. destroyed, a copper coils, bronze tubing, copper and screens, in fact everything made of copper, or brass, and all electrical equipment, was st out of the war-wrecked factories and ta Germany. The plants where sugar machine equipment was made, suffered the same fate damage to sugar factories was over $89,0 Reconstruction in France has made en strides, but on account of the highly spe machinery and equipment required, the su dustry, has, as yet, been able to accompli little. Photographs of destroyed sugar f shown. The composition and preparation of syrup of maximum solubility: R. F. JACKS C. L. GILLIS. One of the large branches sugar industry is the manufacture of syr direct consumption. If the syrup consists sucrose, the saturated solution may conta 38.7 per cent. of the sugar. Such a soluti thin for a desirable product and is susce fermentation. If concentrated to a den sistency, it becomes supersaturated and sugar crystals. If, however, the sucrose tially inverted, the density may be con increased, but if the inversion is carried the relatively low solubility of dextrose 1 density to which the syrup may be conc A study was made of the mutual solubiliti three constituent sugars, namely, sucrose, and levulose in the presence of each oth solubility of sucrose in varying proportic vert sugar was determined to very high c tions of the latter. Similarly the solubil |