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($5.06 from taxes per capita), the small population base of many libraries makes for meagre budgets, especially in a period of inflation. While some Indiana libraries have budgets ranging from half a million to several million dollars, the majority operate on a modest level.

COBICIL data show that, during fiscal 1972, half of Indiana's public libraries spent less than $4,400 for books and other materials, less than $11,489 for salaries, and less than $7,755 for all other expenses. Half of the school libraries spent less than $1,994 for books and materials, less than $9,300 for salaries, and less than $400 for all other expenses.

Data for college and university libraries indicate that half spent less than $38,665 for books and materials, less than $62,000 for salaries, and less than $15,900 for all other expenses. For special libraries, the comparable figures are: $6,172 for books and materials, $18,500 for salaries, and $2,500 for other expenses.

Staff Resources: As shown above, salaries are the largest library budget item. A number of experts contend that service industries, such as libraries, are highly sensitive to rising manpower costs. During the past three years, salaries absorbed 59.3% of the total budget increases received by Indiana's public libraries. However, this increase was barely in line with cost-of-living increases (public libraries spent 8.6% more for salaries from 1970 to 1971 and 9.2% from 1971 to 1972). Therefore, it is perhaps safe to infer that, in many libraries, staffing is in a "holding" pattern and that library manpower in the State will not increase dramatically over the next few years.

Overall, the ratio of professional to non-professional staff (1 to 1.5) is much lower than the 1 professional to every 4 or 5 non-professionals recommended by library management experts.

The

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ratio is influenced by the many libraries with only one staff member (44% or 180 out of 420 libraries responding to the Survey were in this category).

It is estimated that Indiana's total library manpower is about 7,500 actual workers, or about 6,270 full-time-equivalents. The average library staff is:

Staffing problems mentioned by respondents include: 1) shortage of skilled staff members,

2) lack of opportunity for staff to improve
skills, and

3) lack of subject specialists on library

staffs.

Library Collections:

Collectively, 394 respondents

reported 28,100,173 items. Based on this, an estimate of 42,674,000 for the holdings of all Indiana libraries was derived. Holdings by type of library are estimated as follows:

Many respondents noted the inadequacy of local collections. This is borne out by the importance attributed to interlibrary loan and the degree of interlibrary loan cooperation (only 9.5% of the respondents do not allow materials to be sent out on loan to another library).

Indiana's library collections are heavily used. The public libraries alone circulated almost 25 million items in 1972 (about 5 items for each citizen in the State on the average). Total circulation for all types of libraries is estimated to be more than 63 million items a year.

Library Operations: An estimated 760 manyears of labor is expended annually in acquisition of library materials in Indiana; the cost of this manpower is estimated at $4,897,000. This effort results in the annual addition of about 3,613,700 items comprising:

Cataloging of these materials requires an estimated 1,103 manyears annually. However, this manpower is not sufficient to process all materials purchased and many libraries are unable to catalog such things as maps, periodicals, technical reports, government documents, films and sound recordings. The manpower cost for cataloging is an estimated $7,070,200.

Many respondents do not take advantage of available cataloging services. Almost 41% rely pri