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AUTHORITATIVE INFORMATION ON ALL SIDES OF THE VITAL

PROBLEMS OF CAPITAL AND LABOR.

What is the average result of strikes? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Labor Union? How have the conditions of wage-earners improved? What are the latest results of cooperation? All these and other live questions on the present important questions involving employer and employee are fully treated in

The Encyclopedia of Social Reforms

AN

Edited by W. D. P. BLISS.

With the Cooperation of the Highest Authorities in England and the United States.

EPITOME OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FACT AND OPINION Col. Albert Shaw, Editor of Review of Reviews: "It will stand in years to come as an epitome of social and economic conditions and the state of human progress in the last decade of the nineteenth century."

Benjamin Kidd: "I have read through many of the important articles, and am struck with their excellence and completeness. The plan adopted of setting forth the case from both sides has been admirably carried out.”

A FEW OF THE TIMELY SUBJECTS AND THEIR SATISFYING TREATMENT.

Facts about Strikes.

Full information is afforded on the important subject of strikes, the information including statistics showing the number of disputes, persons affected, percentage of successful and unsuccessful strikes, etc. Some of the most important strikes in history are described.

All About Trade Unions.

all described, with descriptions of trade unions the United States and Great Britain, its present in foreign countries.

Theory and Practise of Cooperation. The present development of this theory can be clearly understood from the Encyclopedia Under this topic we find cooperation described in detail, its history given, specific experiments cited, methods described, and difficulties shown. The information on this subject, as on all others, is furnished by experts.

distribution and its probable future distribution.

Valuable Information About Wages. Under wages is full information regarding the wage-fund theory, wage production, statistics of wages in all lands, conditions of wage-earners, etc.

Labor and the Laborer.

Under this subject labor bureaus are described, facts are given relative to labor colonies in all countries, and labor exchanges, and legislation fully described.

This increasingly important subject in capital and labor is thoroughly treated. Arguments are presented in favor of the trade unions and against them. Their effect on wages, their present deThe Distribution and Increase of Wealth. velopment, expenditures, and achievements are The fullest statistics are recorded of wealth in Other subjects fully treated include: Immigration, Apprenticeship, Profit Sharing, Tenement-House Reform, Single Tax, Factory Systems, Civil Service Reform, Poor Laws, etc., etc.

Franklin H. Giddings, Columbia University School of Political Science: "The work is one of very great value, filling a place
Sitherto unoccupied. A great many topics have been treated, and on the whole successfully and ably."

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Standard

Religious Cyclopedias

PUBLISHED BY FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY

Bertram's Homiletic Encyclopedia | Foster's Cyclopedia of Prose

It contains 5,000 useful illustrations and extracts relating to over a thousand religious and theological topics. The quotations are taken from the best authorities in the United States, England, and Europe. The work also embraces the features of a homiletic commentary, throwing light on more than 4,000 texts of Scripture. Large 8vo; Cloth, 896 pp., $3.50; Sheep, $5.00.

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"Its analysis of subjects makes it much superior to a mere mass of quotations alphabetically arranged."-Josiah Strong, D. D.

The Encyclopedia of Missions.

The Encyclopedia contains facts in every feature of missions and mission interests in all lands. The contents embrace historical, descriptive,, statistical, geographical, ethnological, and biographical information, with maps, bibliography, statistical tables, and general index. Among its compilers are specialists from almost every country. Compiled by EDWIN MUNSELL BLISS. Two 8vo vols., Cloth, 1,347 pp., with Maps. $12.00. "Of great help to the better understanding of the momentous movement in the missionary life of the Christian Church."-Bishop John F. Hurst.

"It is a great advance every way upon anything of the kind that has yet appeared."-The Missionary Herald, Boston.

"The entire Christian world will appreciate so grand a work. . . . It covers all the important facts touching the numerous missions of all denominations in all lands, and of all peoples, their language and surroundings, among whom missions are found."-Ex-Judge Enoch L. Fancher, President American Bible Society.

"The Encyclopedia meets a growing and now imperative want in a thoroughly scholarly manner."-J. W. Bashford, D. D.

"This is far and away the most important work on missions yet published. Its size is stupendous. One is staggered to think of the labor that must have been involved in its production. It is worthy of America. In England we have nothing at all like it. It is extremely valuable."-Church Missionary Intelligencer, London.

"It is an indispensable book of reference."-The Examiner, New York.

FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, Publishers,

and Poetical Illustrations

Containing the best religious illustrations, either prose or poetic, which literature affords. The illustrations on various subjects are made readily accessible by a most complete and exhaustive system of indexes. There are six regular indexes: Analytical Index; Author's Index; General Index (combined with analytical index); Textual Index, connecting 1,500 illustrations with pertinent texts; Topical Index; Index to First Lines. Compiled by ELON FOSTER, D.D. Four vols.; two for Prose Illustrations; two for Poetical Illustrations. 8vo; Cloth, $5.00 per vol.; Sheep, $6.00 per vol.

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Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia

"

of Religious Knowledge

The object of the Encyclopedia is to give in alphabetical order a summary of the most important information on all branches and topics of theological learning-exegetical, historical, biographical, doctrinal, etc.-for the use of ministers, students, and laymen. This edition includes the Encyclopedia of Living Divines and Christian Workers." Edited by PHILIP SCHAFF, D.D., LL.D., assisted by Rev. SAMUEL M. JACKSON, M. A., and Rev. D. S. SCHAFF. Four vols., 8vo, 2,980 pp. (Separate vols., sold in cloth only, $5.00 each); Cloth, $20.00; Sheep, $26.00; Half Morocco, $32.00; Full Morocco, $44.00.

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Month and Expenses; no experience needed; position permanent; self-seller. PEASE MFG. Co., Station 102 Cincinnati, O.

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The Process of Paper-Making and Paper-Making Machine Fully Described

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FAVORITE IN THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING-OFFICE. C. M. Robinson, Foreman Proof Division: "We have in constant use in our room all the modern dictionaries, but the most thoroughly thumb-worn of all is THE STANDARD. It is not only the most accurate, consistent, and compete, but to typographic excellence makes the favorite among men engaged in book-making. It is up-to-date.' Hundreds of useful words and neips are found in THE STANDARD which can be found in no other publication of the kind."

HOW PRINTING AND BOOK-MAKING ARE EXPLAINED AND ILLUSTRATED IN

THE STANDARD DICTIONARY

RECULAR SUBSCRIPTION EDITION

The following are some of the Standard Dictionary's definitions under printing. They are so full and compre-
hensive that only part can be reprinted entire. Attention is called to the fulness and accuracy of the Standard's
treatment of printing and book-making. All the illustrations are reproductions of those in the Dictionary.

printing, print'ing, n. 1. The art or trade of making and
issuing matter for reading, by means of type and the print-
ing press, including all that is done from the reception of
manuscripts to the issuing of matter printed; the process
of making books, newspapers, magazines, etc.
Printing has secured the intellectual achievements of the past, and
furnished a sure guarantee of future progress.
LECKY Hist. Eur. Morals vol. i. ch. 1, p. 131. [A. '73.]

2. The process of producing printed matter by the inking
of type, plates, etc., and impressing them upon paper or
the like, as in a printing-machine; presswork; as, the
plates are cast, but the printing is yet to be done. 3. The
act or process of reproducing a design upon a surface, as
by making an impression from it on a suitable substance by
any process; as, lithographic printing; photographic
printing by the action of sunlight on sensitized paper; the
printing of pottery by means of transfer paper or oil-
colors, which are fixed by heat, etc.; printing for the blind
by letters in relief. 4. That which is printed.

Printing is commonly referred to as "the art preserva-
tive of all other arts," since it furnishes the means of re-
cording knowledge for the use of future generations.
Printing from blocks was known in China at an early period,
and came into use in Europe in the 12th century for orna-
inenting fabrics. In the 14th century playing-cards were

A PARTIAL LIST OF PRINTING TERMS.

Tiere follows in the dictionary a list of 167 terms used in the printing and bookmaking trades, admirably illustrating f
the Standard's valuable and exclusive word-grouping system.

Compounds, etc.:-electromagnetic printing,
printing at a distance, by using an electromagnetic tele-
graphic apparatus, as in the stock printing telegraph, or
ticker.-embossed p., printing without ink, the type or
design being impressed in relief, as in printing for the
blind.-print'ing body, n. Ceram. Pottery when in
condition to be printed; biscuit.-p. frame, n. Phot. A
frame in which negatives and sensitized paper are fixed
in order that photographs may be formed by exposure
in the light. -p. house, n. An establishment where
typographical printing is done. -p.-office, n. A place
where book, newspaper, or job-printing is carried on.-
p.-paper, n. See PAPER.-p. telegraph, any self-
recording telegraph; a ticker.-p.-wheel, n. A wheel
in a numbering machine, having on its periphery figures
for printing.

print'ing press", print'ing-pres', n. 1. Same as PRINT-
ING MACHINE. 2. A mechanism for printing, operating
by pressure; as the Adams printing-press.
Here follow comprehensive and clear defini-
tions of amateur press, bed-and-platen p.,
book-p., card-p., chromatic-p., copperplate-p.,
cylinder p., drum-cylinder p, double-cylinder
p., stop-cylinder p., 4, 6, 8, or 10-cylinder p.,
double-feeding p., duplex p., eighth-, quarter,
half-medium p., hand p., job.p, liberty F.,
lithographic p., multicolor p., newspaper p.,
perfecting p., platen-p., revolving type-cylin-
der p., rolling p, turtle:p., two or three:
revolution p., web p., web perfecting p., Adams
p., Campbell p., Gordon p., Hoe p.

COMMENDED BY AUTHORITIES ON PRINTING

The Inland Printer, Chicago: "It would be highly advantageous to have the Century, the International, and the Standard all at hand for reference and comparison; but if only one is to be had, certainly the Standard is the best for the proof-reader. There is not one department of knowledge or science not represented in the Standard by more words than it has in either of the others, and the record of word forms is more valuable to proof readers than any other feature of the dictionary as a practical aid in proof-reading."

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VOL. XXIII, No. 1

Published Weekly by

FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY,

30 Lafayette Place, New York.

NEW YORK, JULY 6, 1901.

44 Fleet Street, London. Entered at New York Post-Office as Second-Class Matter.

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.

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RECEIPT and credit of payment is shown in about two weeks by the date on the address label attached to each paper. POST-OFFICE ADDRESS.-Instructions concerning renewal, discontinuance, or change of address should be sent two weeks prior to the date they are to go into effect. The exact post-office address to which we are directing paper at time of writing must always be given. DISCONTINUANCES.-We find that a large majority of our subscribers prefer not to have their subscriptions interrupted and their files broken in case they fail to remit before expiration. It is therefore assumed, unless notification to discontinue is received, that the subscriber wishes no interruption in his series. Notification to discontinue at expiration can be sent in at any time during the year. PRESENTATION COPIES.-Many persons subscribe for friends, intending that the paper shall stop at the end of the year. If instructions are given to this effect, they will receive attention at the proper time.

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GEN. DANIEL E. SICKLES.

Journal (Rep.), and many other Republican papers the country over express the belief that Mr. Evans has administered the pension office in a honest and creditable manner, and should be retained. "Nobody doubts," says the New York Times (Ind.), "that he is an honest, efficient, and fair-minded commissioner of pensions, and that the attacks upon him are made precisely for that reason." (Rep.), too, calls and exceptionally

The New York Commercial Advertiser him "thoroughly efficient, entirely just, upright," and declares that "to remove him in obedience to clamors like those made by General Sickles and Tanner would be an act so unjustifiable that we do not believe for a moment

WHOLE NUMBER, 585

the President will consent to it." The Baltimore News says: "Notice should be served on pension grabbers that they are degrading the pension system at their peril, and that unless they join in a honest effort to purify it the whole system may be radically changed. If the attack upon Mr. Evans by General Sickles helps to open the eyes of the public to the scandalous pension conditions, it will have served a useful purpose, but hardly the purpose its author intended it should promote." The Chicago Tribune (Rep.), remarks that "it is to be the hoped that President will be as little moved by these latest attacks on the commissioner as he has been by previous ones, and will keep him where he is"; and the semi-official Philadelphia Press (Rep.) observes: "The general, no doubt meaning well, has got himself into a

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COMMISSIONER H. CLAY EVANS.

hole, without any apparent reason, from which it will be difficult for him to emerge. His complaint against Mr. Evans, that of closely investigating claims, is childish. Mr. Evans would be derelict in the performance of his sworn duty if he did not do that very thing, and every honest applicant should welcome such inquiry." "In sober truth," concludes the Brooklyn Standard-Union (Rep.), "Pensions Commissioner Evans is the honest veteran's best friend, and he should be sustained by both President and people."

General Sickles, whom the Springfield Republican (Ind.) refers to as "doubtless the most distinguishet Civil War soldier now alive, except possibly Generals Schofield and Howard," is a member of the pension committee of the national Grand Army organization, and he complains that Mr. Evans administers the pension office in an unsympathetic spirit. He says:

"Commissioner Evans has, unfortunately, so administered the duties of his office as to create a general impression among those who have occasion to transact business with it that he is not fair; that he is too technical in the construction of the statutes; that he is unreasonable and over-fastidious in his demands for testimony; that he treats every applicant for a pension with suspicion; that he affords no facilities to soldiers or to soldiers' widows to overcome technical requirements; that he maintains a large corps of spies, who go about the country to see if they can't find excuses to reduce allowances to pensioners or to stop them altogether, and that the espionage exercised over the widows of veterans is most offensive and unwarranted.

"For these and other reasons the people whose names are inscribed on the pension rolls-and there are nearly a million of

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