county tax assessed last year amounted to $19,935,994.04. against $18.851,798.73 the previous year. The money at interest, including mortgages, judgments, bonds, notes, stocks, etc., is shown by the returns to have been $616,043,452 in 1894, an increase over the previous year of $8,379,044.

The assessment returns the past two years show that the acreage of the timber land of the State is steadily growing less, while at the same time there is a corresponding increase in the acreage of the cleared land. In 1894 there were 15,081.061 acres of cleared land, an increase of 204.197 over 1893.

The value of the real estate exempt from taxation increased from $239,243,753 in 1893 to $245.368.752 in 1894, and the value of real estate taxable from $2,351,190,037 in 1893 to $2,389,252,748 in 1894.

The State-tax conference has been at work for three years to formulate a plan for the more equitable distribution of State taxation.

An opinion was given in March, by Judge Simonton, in a case involving the right of the State to tax the capital stock of corporations owning shares in other companies. The Lehigh Valley Coal and Navigation Company contended that its capital stock was not taxable, because the tax on the capital stock of other corporations had been paid, and that to impose upon them the burden would be double taxation. The court held that there is nothing illegal or urgent in taxing the same person twice with respect to different taxable subjects, and that this is constantly done. Thus corporations have been taxed on their capital stock, gross receipts, and net income at the same time. Numerous decisions are cited to show that there is a marked difference between "capital stock" and "shares of stock," and the statement is made by the judge that for more than fifty years shares of stock and capital stock have been recognized and dealt with by the Legislature and the courts as different subjects of taxation, apart from the question whether the levy of both might or might not in some sense be construed as double taxation.

State Institutions.-The State Board of Charities, after inspection of the various charitable and penal institutions, decided to recommend to the Legislature an appropriation of $500,000 for the erection of a chronic insane hospital, $300,000 for a hospital for the treatment of epileptics, and $200,000 for an institution for the criminal insane. The 5 State insane hospitals are overcrowded, and the new institution at Wernersville is inadequate for the chronic insane. The number of patients in the State Insane Hospital increased about 500 during the year. This is nearly twice as large as the increase last year. The number that should be taken out of the State lunatic hospitals and placed into other institutions is estimated at 800. There are about 400 epileptics in the State lunatic hospitals, and 250 in the various county almshouses. The board has decided to recommend an appropriation of $30,000 for the erection of a hospital at Hyde Park, Lackawanna County, and $200,000 for improvements at the Harrisburg Insane Hospital.

The number in the last-named institution at

the opening of the year was 788, of whom 405 were women; 80 had been removed the previous year to county almshouses.

66

A bitter struggle followed the selection of Scotland as the site for the new soldiers' orphans' school (see Annual Cyclopædia" for 1893, page 610), but the outcome of the contest was the confirmation of that selection.

Both the Eastern and Western Penitentiaries seem to be overcrowded, having nearly twice as many inmates as they were originally intended to hold, and their capacity will have to be increased unless the Legislature resorts to the remedy suggested in the bill presented by the board of charities providing for the incarceration of an increased number of prisoners in the county jails, and providing means for their employment. The Eastern Penitentiary has about 1,300 inmates.

The State reformatories at Morganza and Huntingdon are also overcrowded.

Military. The report of the Adjutant General for 1894 shows that the number of enrolled men in the State subject to military duty is 800,324. The aggregate strength of the Guard on Sept. 30 was 8,934.

The twenty-eighth annual encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic was held at Pittsburg, Sept. 12 and 13. Resolutions were adopted -one requesting departments and posts to assist poor soldiers' orphans desirous of securing a highschool education, and another calling the attention of State departments and posts to the character of certain schoolbooks used in some of the public schools of the country, and citing a report of the department of Pennsylvania setting forth that many text-books used in schools are works of Southern sympathizers and contain erroneous misstatements relating to the civil war. A third resolution directed the incoming commander in chief to endeavor to secure the reinstatement of such comrades as may have been unjustly discharged from Government service, and also to protect such veterans as still remain in office.

Railroads. The annual returns of the steam railways operating in Pennsylvania show a very material decrease in their revenues from freight traffic during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1894. The reports of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis, the New York, Lake Erie and Western, and the Lake Shore and Michigan, the 4 largest railway corporations operating in the State, indicate a decrease of 14,198 in the number of employees over the previous year, and a falling off of $10.788.375.87 in wages paid. It is also shown by the reports of these 4 companies that they car ried 18,676.600 tons less of freight during the past fiscal year than in the previous year.

The annual statement of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company for the fiscal year ending Nov. 30, 1894, shows: Gross receipts from traffic, $20.344,775; gross expenses, $11,278,989: leaving earnings from traffic. $9.065,786. To this is added $505,632 profit from other sources. thus showing gross earnings $9,571,418. From this the following deductions are made: Rentals, $2.888.365; interest account, $5,078.778: profit and loss, $182.299; taxes, $304,196; terminal trackage, $467,945; equipment payments, $1,241,

027; improvements, $316,210; making a total of $10,478,820, and leaving a deficit for the year of $907,402. The deficit for 1893 was $606,693.

The statement of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company for the fiscal year ending Nov. 30, 1894, shows: Gross receipts, $22,236,863; gross expenses, $21,968,310, leaving a profit of $268,553. From this is deducted $1,294,154 interest, leaving a deficit for the year of $1,025,601. The deficit for the year 1893 was $195,649.

The decrease in returns from passenger traffic is attributed to depression of business, and the competition of trolley lines about Philadelphia.

The steady decrease in the freight rate on anthracite and bituminous coal, and the falling off in the total tonnage carried, is given as the reason for the decrease of $1,543,552 in the receipts from the coal traffic.

The report of the Lehigh Valley Company for 1894 shows that the gross transportation earnings were $17,497,140, and the operating expenses $13,320,829. Net earnings, $4,176,311. This amount was increased to $4,400,810 by income from other sources, from which $4,273,740 is deducted for fixed charges and rentals, giving a surplus of $127,070. Additional items of income which are classed as not being pertinent to the year swell this surplus to $312.029. The total earnings of the Lehigh Valley system, including its water lines and the Lehigh Coal Company, aggregated about $3,500,000 during the year. From the tonnage statistics of the company it appears that the anthracite coal carried during the year declined in amount from 11,477,630 tons in 1893 to 11.103,157 tons; the bituminous coal and coke, 18,823 tons; and the miscellaneous freight, 260,897 tons. The number of passengers fell off from 6,306,039 in 1893 to 4,612,652 in 1894.

The State was defeated, May 14, in an attempt to collect from the New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad Company the amount of a tax assessed against a certain portion of the bonds and other evidences of indebtedness issued by the company.

Banks. The report of the Superintendent of Banking shows that the capital of banks under his supervision increased during the nine months ending Aug. 31 from $8,461,559 to $8,893,800. The capital of the trust companies increased $213,961.36, showing an aggregate increase of $646,202.36 of capital, although the number of institutions was diminished by one.

The capital of the savings institutions remains the same. The surplus of the banks was increased from $4.384,301.34 to $4.536.589.13, and of the savings institutions from $6,437,745.85 to $6,659.516.31. The surplus of the trust companies was reduced from $10,988.719.49 to $10,024,012.51. The aggregate surplus held by the several institutions on Aug. 31 last was $21,270,067.95.

The deposits of banks increased from $38.841,537.83 to $39,869,622.76; in savings institutions, from $66,025.821.14 to $68,300,496.42; and in trust companies, from $80,060,354.59 to $88,386,207.88.

The loans of banks decreased from $28,471,947.50 to $28,333,461.78; and of trust companies, from $67,860,934.23 to $65,534,192.54.

The Middletown National Bank, one of the

oldest institutions of the kind in Dauphin County, closed its doors in September. The following week the cashier and his brother were arrested, charged with misapplying $50,000.

Insurance. The following summary shows the result of the fire, marine, and inland business done in this State by all companies in 1893: Premiums received by stock companies, $10,683,706.56; premiums and assessments of mutual companies, $1,772,919.06; total, $12,456,625.62. Losses paid by stock companies, $6,651,826.13; losses paid by mutual companies, $1,225,078.31; total losses paid, $7.876,904.44.

The business of 1892 compared with that of 1893 showed an increase in 1893 of $15,011,996 in fire risks written; a decrease of $203,919,454 in marine and inland risks written; an increase of $2,220,490.98 in fire premiums received; a decrease of $705,213.94 in marine and inland premiums received; an increase of $8.963,039.55 in fire losses paid; an increase of $398,057.20 in marine and inland losses paid; an increase of 5.75 in ratio of fire losses paid to premiums, and an increase of 11.19 in the ratio of marine and inland losses paid to premiums received.

Building and Loan Associations.-There are 1,239 of these in the State. Statistics of 1,079 of them show that they have a membership of 238,985; their assets in 1893 were $81,870,964; dues and profits, $74.710,419. The entire losses reported to the bureau of industrial statistics were $51,015.

Industries.-There was a large decrease in the production of bituminous coal in 1893, compared with that of 1892, while there was an increase in the production of anthracite. The aggregate production of bituminous coal for 1893 was 43,421,898 tons, while the production in 1892 was 46,576,576 tons. The decrease in the production of coke was also very large. In 1892 there were produced 7,891,630 tons or 2,342,330 tons more than in 1893. The aggregate production of anthracite coal for 1893 was 47,179,563 tons, an increase of 1,444,189 tons over the production of 1892.

The number of men employed in the bituminous coal field in 1893 was 81,800, and for the previous year 78,789. The average annual production of bituminous coal per man in 1893 was 531 tons. There were 455 fatal accidents in the anthracite region last year, and 131 in the bituminous.

Returns to the department of internal affairs from 424 manufacturing firms indicate that there were more than 20,000 fewer employees in 1893 than in 1892, while the decrease in the amount paid for wages was over $12,500,000. The returns also indicate that the loss of the manufacturers is equal to that of the laboring men, as the value of the product of these 424 firms was over $55,000,000 less in 1893 than in 1892. The woolen industry has suffered a greater percentage of depression than any other, the value of the produet in 1893 being about 33 per cent. below that of 1892.

Returns from 218 iron and steels firms indicate that in 1892 they employed 108,402 persons, to whom they paid an aggregate compensation of $58,405,350, or a per capita of $538. In 1893 they employed 94,719 persons, to whom they paid an aggregate compensation of $49,768,854, or a

per capita of $525. In 1892 the value of the product was $228,217,050; in 1893, $194,034,177. The year 1894 was not prosperous for the iron and steel industries. Work was very slack until the opening of spring, and even then the trade was not as good as had been expected, but the summer was better than that of 1893, until the strikes and the accompanying coal famine of July and August. There was fairly steady work for the next two months, when the drop in prices began to be felt. The Pennsylvania steel works made more girder rails and street railway crossings and switches this year than ever. Two thirds of the rails made were girders. There was an encouraging activity in bridge and structural building, and a fair demand for slabs and blooms.

The report of the Commissioner on Agriculture shows that, in January, 84 farmers' institutes had been held for the season of 1893-'94, and dates were fixed for 38 more. The average cost of an institute was $63, while that of those of 1892-93 was $83. An important part of the work is that to prevent the spread of contagious diseases among domestic animals.

Floods.-Heavy rains in May swelled the rivers so that great floods swept down the Schuylkill, Susquehanna, Juniata, and Lehigh rivers. Travel was interrupted by washouts, collieries were closed, houses flooded, dams broken, and property swept away. Cloudbursts in several places caused the sudden floods in the streams. Boons" broke at Lock Haven, Williamsport, and other places, and millions of feet of logs were carried away. On May 21, at Williamsport, the Susquehanna was 33 feet above its normal height; every foot of ground in the town was under 4 feet of water, and some was 15 feet beneath the surface. The great boom, which held 175,000,000 feet of logs, broke, and, rushing down the stream, carried away bridges in its course. The logs were worth, on an average, $10 per 1,000 feet. The greatest damage seems to have been done in Williamsport and Lycoming County. The amount of property lost in the city was estimated at $3,000,000, and the entire loss in the county at $10.000,000. Damage was caused also at Johnstown, Altoona, Huntingdon, Bellefonte. Ebensburg, Etna, Allentown, Reading, Phoenixville, Sunbury, Steelton, and other places. The water was not quite as high as in the great flood of 1889.

June 18 a cloudburst broke over Turtle Creek valley, 6 miles from Braddock, destroying crops and buildings. Three lives were lost.

Mine Disasters.-An accident by which 8 miners lost their lives took place at Stockton, near Hazelton, July 17. On account of its isolation from the main breaker, it had been customary to send the explosives in boxes to Stockton colliery No. 8, and distribute them to the workmen at the bottom of the second shaft as they appeared in the morning on their way to work. An explosion occurred during this distribution. A terrific roar filled the place, the earth trembled, and the drivers in the stables were thrown about the place, some being knocked insensible from contact with the floor and walls. The bodies of the unfortunate miners were blown into fragments in an instant.

The little mining town of Scotch Valley, near

Lofty, was swallowed up, Sept. 5, by the caving in of a deserted colliery. About 50 men were working in a new mine, the entrance to which was through the deserted mine. They were rescued through a tunnel that had been used as an air shaft. The few houses of the hamlet were ingulfed.

The caving in of a mine at Plymouth, Feb. 13, buried 13 men. Four men were killed at Scranton, March 6, while sinking a shaft. Two were killed at West Pittston, July 26, by the breaking of the cage guides in a shaft as the cage was being drawn up from the mine carrying officials of the Lehigh Valley Coal Company, who were on a visit of inspection. The division superintendent and the foreman lost their lives.

An explosion of gas in a colliery at Gilberton, Aug. 24, killed one man, fatally injured another, and hurt 10 others.

A mine at Shamokin was swept by fire Oct. 8, and 5 men lost their lives. The fire was due to the carelessness of a carpenter who carried an unguarded lamp.

Labor Interests.-The report of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics, published in July, gave the following items for 1893:

There were 52 strikes in Pennsylvania during the year, or twice as many as occurred in 1892. Thirty-four of these were by the coal miners in the bituminous coal regions, 9 among iron and steel workers, 4 among carpet weavers, 2 among cotton weavers, 1 among chinaware manufac turers' employees, 1 among cloakmakers, and 1 among the journeymen plasterers. Not one of these strikes succeeded. The number engaged in them was 950, the number of persons involved was 17,308, and the estimated loss in wages was $1,395,423. (See STRIKES.)

Political. The date of the city and town- ́ ship elections, Feb. 20, was set for the election of a Congressman at Large to serve the remainder of the term of Gen. William Lilly, who died in December, 1893.

In convention at Harrisburg, Jan. 3. the Republicans nominated Galusha A. Grow, and adopted a platform calling on the State's representatives in Congress to oppose the Wilson bill, and denouncing the policy of the Government in reference to Hawaii.

The Democratic party was divided into two factions. The convention of September, 1893, reassembled in Harrisburg Jan. 10, and nominated James Denton Hancock for Representative at Large on a platform attributing the depression of business to Republican legislation and calling for prompt passage of the Wilson bill. The opposing section of the party organized itself as the "Pennsylvania Democracy" in convention at Philadelphia. Jan. 11. The nomination of Arthur D. Markley for Congressmen at Large by nomination papers was recommended, and the following reasons were given for such recommendation:

Impossibility of securing redress under the present party rules.

Because of the unquestioned incompetency of the present boss and ring management of the Democratic party.

Because of our belief that the time has come to

challenge the confidence of the Democratic masses as to whether or not they desire a continuance in power of a body of men whose rule has wrecked the

party, lost all county officers, caused it to be beaten in the State at the last election by 135,000, and which refuses to fight for principles, instanced in their abandonment of the Second Congressional District.

A resolution was adopted commending the policy of the national Administration, and pledging support to the cause of tariff reform. Efforts were made to reconcile the two factions, and the leaders of the Pennsylvania Democracy announced the withdrawal of Mr. Markley, their candidate. But the leaders on the other side repudiated the compromise, and both candidates remained in the field.

The Prohibitionists named Henry F. Morrow as their candidate, and the People's party, Victor A. Lozier.

Returns of the election gave Grow 485,804; Hancock, 297,966; Morrow, 11,180; Markley, 2,823; and Lozier, 5,327.

State officers and Representatives at Large in Congress were chosen at the November election. The Republican convention, held May 23, at Harrisburg, nominated the following: For Governor, Daniel H. Hastings; Lieutenant-Governor. Walter Lyon: Auditor General, Amos H. Mylin; Secretary of Internal Affairs. James W. Latta; Congressmen at Large, Galusha A. Grow and George F. Huff. The resolutions made the usual declaration in favor of a protective tariff, denounced the selection of a Southern Democrat for Secretary of the Interior, and the national Administration in general, and favored the expansion of the currency till it should reach an amount equal to $40 per capita; also favored bimetallism, with such restrictions and under such provisions, to be determined by legislation, as will secure and maintain the parity of values of the two metals, so that the purchasing and debt-paying power of a dollar, whether of silver. gold, or paper, shall be at all times equal"; and further the issue of national bank notes to the par value of the bonds deposited to secure cir

culation..

The Democrats, in convention at Harrisburg, June 27, nominated: For Governor, William M. Singerly; Lieutenant-Governor, John S. Rilling; Auditor General, David F. Magee; Secretary of Internal Affairs, Walter W. Greenland; Congressmen at Large, Hannibal K. Sloan and Joseph C. Bucher. The platform declared allegiance to the principles of the party, opposed inflation of the currency, commended the administration of Gov. Pattison, and denounced the course of the Republican majority in the State Legislature.

Judge Bucher declined the nomination, and Mr. Sloan died Aug. 11. Another convention was called for Sept. 11, and Henry Meyer and Thomas Collins were placed upon the ticket for Representatives at Large.

The Prohibitionists met at Williamsport, June 6, and nominated the following: For Governor, Charles L. Hawley; Lieutenant-Governor, Homer L. Castle: Auditor General, Charles Palmer; Secretary of Internal Affairs, L. R. Gleason; Congressmen at Large, E. K. Kane and Rev. L. G. Jordan. The platform, besides declaring for prohibition, favored a qualification of intelligence in voters and increased facilities in the public schools for higher education; decried sectarianism in the schools; denounced indis

criminate immigration as a menace to the stability of our Government, and asked that the naturalization laws be amended; opposed trusts and combinations that interfere with industrial and business interests; favored the election of the President, Vice-President, and Senators by direct vote of the people; declared for the principle of proportionate representation of all in legislative bodies, and in favor of State supervision of public roads; and that the tariff should be adjusted through a nonpartisan commission, and partisan demagogy on the tariff and other public questions ended.

The People's party, in convention May 1, nominated for Governor J. T. Ailman: Lieutenant-Governor Jerome B. Akin; Secretary of Internal Affairs, Abrain Louder; Anditor General, W. M. Desher; Congressmen at Large, Victor A. Lozier and B. F. Greenman. The platform demanded a system of submitting important national and State legislation to a vote of the people, and that the President, Vice-President, United States Senators, and postmasters be elected by a direct vote; favored a graduated income and inheritance tax; urged that the State schoolbook law be amended so that the State shall publish a uniform system of text-books free to the schoolchildren of the Commonwealth; demanded that all property of the State now taxable be assessed at its cash value for State, county, and municipal purposes, and to pay an equal millage; favored State ownership and operation of coal mines, and indorsed the resolutions of the miners' convention at Columbus.

The Independent Republicans and the Socialistic Labor Party made nominations for State offices, and there were tickets in some of the districts by the Citizens' party and Independent Democrats.

A colored voters' convention was held at New Castle, Aug. 8 and 9. The lynching of colored people in the South was denounced, and the Government was condemned for sending soldiers to Chicago in the case of the railroad riots, when it refused to do the same to suppress mobs of lynchers in the South. A resolution was carried adopting the Republican ticket.

The Republican nominees on the State ticket were all elected. For Governor, Hastings, Republican, had 574.801 votes: Singerly, Democrat, 333,404; Hawley, Prohibitionist, 23,443 : Ailman, Populist, 19.484. All Representatives in Congress are Republicans except those of the Eighth and Ninth Districts, who are Democrats. The State Legislature has on joint ballot 167 Republicans and 87 Democrats.

PERSIA, an empire in central Asia. The reigning Emperor, called the Shah-in-Shah, or King of Kings, is Nasreddin, born July 18, 1831, who succeeded his father, Mohammed, in 1848. The Valiahd or heir apparent is Muzaffereddin, born March 25, 1853.

The area is estimated at 628,000 square miles. The population is about 9,000,000, including 2.500.000 nomads. Teheran, the capital, has a population of 210,000: Tauris or Tabriz has 180,000. The revenue for 1894 was estimated at 68,420,000 krans (10 krans = $1). The army is stated by the Minister of War to consist of 105,500 men. Of these not more than 60,000 are effective. There are in the arsenals 50,000

Werndl rifles, 74 Uchatius cannon of 7, 8, and 9 centimetres caliber, and from 500 to 600 old smooth-bore cannon.

The commercial products of Persia are grain, rice, gums. silk, opium, tobacco, skins, wool, carpets, cotton, and dates. The principal imports are cotton goods, glass, paper, iron, copper, sugar, and tea. The importation of cotton cloth and other manufactures from Russia is increasing. The imports of merchandise at the ports of the Persian Gulf for 1892 were valued at £2,740,936, and the exports at £1,710,592. The values of the principal exports by sea were: Opium, £661,000; pearls and pearl shells, £332,000; cotton, £122,000; tobacco, £105,000; fruits, £103,000.

The decline in the value of silver has depressed the trade of Tabriz and of the province of Khorassan, the commercial connections of which are now with Russia. The hereditary chief of Maku, in Azerbaijan, and the merchants of Meshed manifested dissatisfaction in the spring of 1894. The silver coins of Persia are of low standard, and to prevent their further depreciation the Government in March decided to close the mint to the public, and to prohibit private importation of silver.

PERU, a republic in South America. The Senate has 40 and the House of Representatives 80 members, elected for six years by the indirect vote of the departments, one third of them being renewed every two years. Remigio Morales Bermudez was elected President for the term of four years ending Aug. 10, 1894.

Area and Population.-Peru has an area of 463,747 square miles. The population is estimated at 2,980,000, including 18,000 Europeans and 50,000 Chinese. There are 350,000 wild Indians. Of the civilized natives 57 per cent. consist of Indians, 23 per cent. of Cholos and Zambos, and 20 per cent. of descendants of Spaniards. Lima, the capital, had 103,956 inhabitants in 1891. Finances. The customs receipts, according to the budget, were 5,009,450 silver soles in 1894; tax receipts, 1,440,355 soles; postal and telegraph receipts, 235.752 soles; and various receipts, 317,833 soles; making the total ordinary revenue 7,003,390 soles. The extraordinary revenue was 515.757 soles, making the total revenue 7,519.147 soles. The total ordinary expenditure was calculated at 6,780,653 soles, of which the heads were: Finance and commerce, 2,754,189 soles; army and navy, 1,951,602 soles; administration, 830,682 soles; justice, 672,964 soles: legislation, 355,093 soles: foreign relations, 206,123 soles. The extraordinary expenses were 566,194 soles, making the total 7,346,846 soles.

The external loans of 1869, 1870, and 1872 amount to £32.000.000 sterling, not counting £23,000,000 of defaulted interest accumulated since 1876. A convention with the bondholders transfers to them for sixty-six years the railroads, guano deposits, mines, and lands belonging to the State. These loans have been converted into new bonds and placed in charge of the Peruvian Company, limited, of London.

Contest for the Presidency.- President Bermudez died suddenly the day before the elections for the presidency were to be held. A physical struggle with ex-President Andres Avelino Caceres, the candidate of the military party,

had been expected. The authorities had raised troops in all parts of the country to prevent the election of Dr. Valcarcel, Speaker of the lower house, under the recently enacted restricted franchise. Disturbances and bloodshed occurred in Arequipa, Chiclayo, and other places. After the death of Bermudez, Vice-President Pedrs Solar and Dr. Valcarcel, the official candidate for the presidency, went into hiding, while CCL Justiniano Borgoño, the second Vice-President, assumed power at Lima and appointed the folowing Cabinet: Premier and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Baltasar Garcia Urrutia; Minister of War, Col. Francisco Antaya; Minister of Jus tice, Dr. Dulanto; Minister of the Interior, Guilliermo Ferreyros: Minister of Commerce, Augus tino de la Puente. President Bermudez and the two Vice-Presidents had been chosen by Caceres when he retired from the presidency four years before, being precluded by the Constitution from succeeding himself. Señor del Solar, who had been confirmed lately as a justice of the Supreme Court by Congress, was not permitted by Caceres to become the acting President, but was superseded by Col. Borgoño, who was faithful to him still. The banking and commercial houses closed for fear of disturbances, of which, however, there were none until Vice-President del Solar constituted a rival Government toward the end of April, appointing the following ministers: Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Pierola: Minister of War, Dr. Recabarren; Minister of Finance. Dr. Billinghurst; Minister of the Interior, Dr. Valcarcel: Minister of Justice, Dr. Olaechea. Gen. Cesar Canevaro, minister at Washington, returned to Peru to take command of the troops raised to support Borgoño in the north, while Gen. Velarde and Gen. Caceres collected two corps in the interior. Borgoño issued an edict to the effect that the elections should be held on May 10, not according to the new electoral law, but under the law of 1860. Political arrests were made by wholesale. In the north the Gov. ernment of Borgoño was not recognized, and conflicts occurred between the forces and the adherents of ex-President Pierola, an exile in Chili, in whose interest Solar and Valcarcel were acting. Solar joined Pierola in Chili, and ther.ce they directed the guerrilla war against Caceres. Gen. Caceres, who was the only candidate at the elections held on May 10, was inaugurated as President at Lima on Aug. 10. President Caceres appointed the following Cabinet: Premier and Minister of the Interior, Cesar Chacaltama; Foreign Affairs, Dr. Manuel Yrigoyen; Minister of Finance and Commerce, Nicanor Carmona; Minister of Justice and Worship, Dr. J. Salvador Cavero; Minister of War and Marine. Col. Rufino Torrico.

Meanwhile the insurgents captured Pacasmayo. Trujillo, Junin, and other towns on the coast and in the north. Troops that were sent against Gen. Seminario, the northern Pierolist leader, deserted to his standard. In a fight at Orova 500 men were engaged; 50 Government troops were killed or wounded, and of the insurgents 70. The insurgent forces, aside from Seminario's body of 1.000 men, consisted of small, scattered guerrilla bands, which evaded the Government troops, retiring into the mountains at their approach. Teodoro Seminario's force evacuated