ganese, the total value of the product for the census year being $23,173. The total production of coal was 279584 tons, which were sold for $395,836. The capital invested in the coal-mining industry is $1,289,51. The total paid in wages during the year was $252,679. In the State there are 213,620 homes and farms. Of the 66,650 homes, 21,896 are owned by the families living in them, and of these 1,280 are mortgaged. The debt on owned homes is $1,081,425, bearing interest at an average rate of 96 per cent. The number of families renting houses is 44,754. The number of farms is 146,970; total acreage of farms, 14,891,356; number of acres improved, 5,475,043; value of land, fences, and buildings, $118,574,422; of farming implements and machinery, $5,672,400; of live stock, $30,772,880. The number of families renting farms is 67.695; number of farms owned by families operating them is 79,275; of these, 3.314 are mortgaged, the amount of encumbrance being $2,032,345, which is 4438 per cent. of their value; the average interest charged is 9:35 per cent., making the average annual interest charge $57 to each family. Each owned and encumbered farm is worth, on the average, $1,382. Arkansas produced 54,325,673 gallons of milk, 15,724.144 pounds of butter, and 21,328 pounds of cheese, It planted 1,700,758 acres in cotton, which produced 691.494 bales; 2 acres in flax, which yielded 12 bushels of seed and 26 pounds of fiber; 2,470 acres in rye, which yielded 15,181 bushe's; 140,464 acres in wheat, the yield being 955,668 bushels; 1,648,443 in corn, from which was harvested 33,982,318 bushels. The crop of oats consisted of 4,810,877 bushels grown on 285,332 acres; 7,110 pounds of rice were also produced. Church Statistics.-The number of church organizations in Arkansas is 4,874; the number of edifices is 2,791: seating capacity of church buildings, 1,041,040; value of church property, $3.266.663; number of church members, 296,208. A little more than one fourth of the population of Arkansas are members of some religious organization.

Penitentiary. In accordance with the law passed at the last session of the Legislature, the State assumed charge of the Penitentiary May 7, 1893, with an appropriation of $30,000. For twenty years prior to that date it had been leased. In August, 1894, the superintendent reported that the institution, through the hiring out of convict labor, had become more than selfsustaining, and that the death rate of convicts had decreased nearly 50 per cent. The cost for transportation of convicts from the county jails during 1892 was $36.84 per capita. Under the present law, from May 7, 1893, to May 7, 1894, 539 convicts were brought to the Penitentiary at a cost of $7.334 each. This includes the salary of the transportation agent and all other expenses. The Penitentiary leases or works on shares the land that it cultivates. In August it had 2,800 acres planted in cotton in Chicot County, and 600 in Lonoke County, which it was farming on shares. On 400 acres of rented land enough corn was in cultivation to furnish feed for stock and bread for convicts for the next year. The Penitentiary cost the State $12.523.40 for the twenty-two months from Oct. 1, 1892, to Aug. 1, 1894. In addition to this sum, between Oct. 1, 1892, and Oct. 1, 1894, $6.691 was paid for the apprehension of fugitives, and $1,118.70 for inquests on convicts. By a cyclone, Oct. 2, the Penitentiary buildings were damaged to the amount of $20,000; 1 convict was killed, 7 were injured, and 2 guards were severely hurt.

Education.-The total enumeration of school children for 1894 was 425,349; the enrollment fund apportionment was $310,504.77, and a balwas 285,159, or 67 per cent. The common-school ance of $1,657.14 remained in the State treasury. The expenditures for 1893 and 1894 were: For teachers' salaries, $1,171,454.16 in 1893, and $1,051,608.91 in 1894; for houses, sites, building, repairs, apparatus, and commissions, $166,528.61 in 1893, and $193,209.56 in 1894; for Arkansas Industrial University, $20,350 in 1893, and $22,550 in 1894: for district normal schools, $4,920 in 1893, and $3,000 in 1894; for branch normal schools, $6,375 in 1893; for School for the Blind, $30,079.55 in 1893; for Deaf Mute Institute, $32,528.15 in 1893; and, for the last three, the same amounts in 1894. The appropriations by the Legislature to the various educational institutions of the State for 1893 and 1894 were $199,905.39, making a total revenue for school purposes of $1,280,041.91 in 1893, and $1,283,715.11 in 1894. Except the Legislative appropriation, this was derived as follows: From State tax, about three twelfths, $301,743.10 in 1893, and $331,070.02 in 1894; poll tax, about two twelfths, $168,139.09 in 1893, and $155,361.45 in 1894; local tax, about seven twelfths, $699,065.12 in 1893, and $676,459.76 in 1894; other sources, $16,789.90 in 1893, and $26,231.19 in 1894; total, $1,185,729.21 in 1893, and $1,189,122.42 in 1894. The property valuation on which the tax was estimated was $177,011,247 in 1893, and $175,708,834 in 1894.

Lunatic Asylum.-The expenses of the State Lunatic Asylum for 1894 were $159,791.12. The cyclone of Oct. 2 destroyed the male side of the main building and the annex of the asylum. Dr. Jacob T. Ingate, second assistant physician, was crushed to death in the ruins. Drs. Robertson and Wells lost all their personal effects. There were 260 patients in the asylum when the crash came. The damage to the asylum buildings was estimated at $100,000.

Mineral Discoveries.-In southern and southeastern Arkansas apparently inexhaustible beds of clay and ocher have been found. The ocher shows an unusually heavy body, and has been made up in over 40 different tints. In Bradley County 52 varieties of clays have been secured; it possesses the best material for common and pressed brick, vitrified brick, tile, terra cotta, pottery, and vitrified piping. Silicates of alumina also have been found, and in Columbia County extensive deposits of kaolin of the best quality.

Cyclone. On the evening of Oct. 2 a cyclone, lasting about three minutes, swept over Little Rock, killing 4 persons, injuring 37, and damaging property to the amount of $1,000,000.

Political.—At the November election the Democrats carried the State by a majority of about 30,000 in a total vote of 120,000, and elected the six members of Congress.

ASSOCIATIONS FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. American.-The forty-third meeting of the American Association was held in Brooklyn, N. Y., during Aug. 15-24, 1894. The officers of the meeting were: President, Daniel G. Brinton, of Media, Pa. Vicepresidents of sections: A, George C. Comstock, Madison, Wis.; B, William A. Rogers, Water

ville, Me.; C, Thomas H. Norton, Cincinnati, Ohio; D, Mansfield Merriman, South Bethlehem, Pa.; E, Samuel Calvin, Iowa City, Iowa; F, Joseph A. Lintner, Albany, N. Y.; G, Lucien M. Underwood, Greencastle, Ind.; H, Franz Boas, Worcester, Mass.; I, Henry Farquhar, Washington, D. C. Permanent Secretary, Frederick W. Putnam, Cambridge (office Salem), Mass. General Secretary, Herman L. Fairchild, Rochester, N. Y. Secretary of the Council, James Lewis Howe, Louisville, Ky. Secretaries of the sections: A, Jefferson E. Kershner, Lancaster, Penn.; B, Benjamin W. Snow, Madison, Wis.; C, William McMurtrie, New York; D, John H. Kinealy, St. Louis, Mo.: E, Jedediah Hotchkiss, Staunton, Va.; F, John B. Smith, New Brunswick, N. J.; G, Charles R. Barnes, Madison, Wis.; H, Alexander F. Chamberlain, Worcester, Mass.; I, Manly Miles, Lansing, Mich. Opening Proceedings.-The usual regular preliminary meeting of the council with which the association begins its sessions was held in the St. George Hotel, which was the headquarters of the association, on Aug. 15, at noon. At this

DANIEL G. BRINTON.

session the final details pertaining to the arrangements were settled and the reports of the local committees acted on. Also the names of 158 applicants for membership were favorably considered. The first general session with which the public meetings began was held in the large hall of the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute at 10 A. M. on Aug. 16. As is the custom, President Harkness called the meeting to order, and with a few words introduced his successor, Prof. Daniel G. Brinton, who then took the chair and presented the Rev. W. H. Ingersoll, who made a prayer. The Hon. Charles A. Schieren, Mayor of Brooklyn, was to have welcomed the association, but he was absent, and a letter from him was read by Prof. George W. Plympton, secretary of the local committee of arrangements. Truman J. Backus,

principal of Packer Institute and a vice-president of the local committee, then delivered an eloquent address of welcome, closing with"Our city, stirred by the spirit of inquiry, reverent toward learning, and ready to receive the gifts you bring, hails your coming and bids you welcome. May you give illustrations of the power and dignity and glory of high learning, such as shall uplift our people and impel our men of wealth to begin the building of a fitting superstructure upon the broad and strong foundation already laid!"

President Brinton replied:

"We begin to-day the forty-third annual meeting of our organization. For nigh half a century it has sought to bring together once a year the active workers in all the leading branches of scientific investigation, that they might learn to know each other as individuals, that differences of opinion might be the more readily harmonized, that the good work might be pushed forward by united effort, and that from all quarters of our vast country students could look to our central organization as one in which all are at home with equal rights and privileges."

In the course of his remarks he spoke of the influence of the association as being in the highest and best sense of the word educational; that the goal toward which the members were striving was the attainment of scientific truth: and that the aims of science are distinctly beneficent. "Its spirit is that of charity and human kindness. From its peaceful victories it returns laden with richer spoils than ever did warrior of old. Through its discoveries the hungry are fed and the naked are clothed by an improved agriculture and an increased food supply; the dark hours are deprived of their gloom through methods of ampler illumination; man is brought into friendly contact with man through means of rapid transportation; sickness is diminished and pain relieved by the conquests of chemistry and biology; the winter wind is shorn of its sharpness by the geologist's discovery of a mineral fuel; and so on, in a thousand ways, the comfort of our daily lives and the pleasurable employment of our faculties are increased by the administrations of science."

The annual report of the association was then read by its secretary, including the necrology of the year. Announcements by the officers and election of 158 new members followed.

Address of the Retiring President.-The association met in the Academy of Music on the evening of Aug. 16 to hear the retiring address of President William Harkness. After a welcoming address from the President of the Board of Aldermen, Jackson Wallace, who was acting Mayor, President Brinton introduced the retiring president. He said, in opening:

Nature may be studied in two widely different ways. On the one hand, we may employ a powerful microscope which will render visible the minutest forms and limit our field of view to an infinitesimal fraction of an inch situated within a foot of our own noses; or, on the other hand, we may occupy some commanding position, and from thence, aided perhaps by a telescope, we may obtain a comprehensive view of an extensive region. The first method is that of the

specialist, the second is that of the philosopher, but both are necessary for an adequate understanding of Nature. The one has brought us knowledge wherewith to defend ourselves against bacteria and microbes, which are among the most deadly enemies of mankind, and the other has made us acquainted with the great laws of matter and force, upon which rests the whole fabric of science. All Nature is one, but for convenience of classification we have divided our knowledge into a number of sciences, which we usually regard as quite distinct from each other.

To the popular mind there are no two sciences farther apart than astronomy and geology. The one treats of the structure and mineral constitution of our earth, the causes of its physical features, and its history, while the other treats of the celestial bodies, their magnitudes, motions, distances, periods of revolution, eclipses, order, and of the causes of their various phenomena. And yet many-perhaps I may even say most-of the apparent motions of the heavenly bodies are merely reflections of the motions of the earth, and in studying them we are really studying it. Furthermore, precession, mutation, and the phenomena of the tides depend largely upon the internal structure of the earth, and there astronomy and geology merge into each other.

This evening I shall invite your attention to the present condition of our knowledge respecting the magnitude of the solar system, but in so doing it will be necessary to introduce considerations derived from laboratory experiments upon luminiferous ether, others upon ponderable matter, still others relating both to the surface's phenomena and the internal structure of the earth, and thus we shall deal largely with the border land where astronomy, physics, and geology merge into each other.”

Then discussing the instruments used in astronomical observations from the time of Pythagoras, more than five hundred years before Christ, and referring to the work of Galileo, Copernicus, and others, he brought his subject down to modern times. He directed special attention to the fact that

The gravitational results which enter directly or indirectly into the solar parallax are six in number, to wit: First, the relation of the moon's mass to the tides; second, the relation of the moon's mass and parallax to the force of gravity at the earth's surface; third, the relation of the solar parallax to the masses of the earth and moon: fourth, the relation of the solar and lunar parallaxes to the moon's mass and parallactic inequality; fifth, the relation of the solar and lunar parallaxes to the moon's mass and the earth's lunar inequality; sixth, the relation of the constants of nutation and precession to the moon's parallax."

Each of these relations he discussed in detail, and then took up the photo-tachymetrical methods, notably those by which the velocity of light has been measured. Having discussed the astronomical, geodetic, geological, and physical quantities considered in finding the solar parallax, he advocated the application of the method of least squares to these various relations. In this connection he said:

"It appears that the method required for adVOL. XXXIV.-3 A

justing the solar parallax and its related constants is in all respects the same as that which has so long been used for adjusting systems of triangulation, and as the latter method was invented by astronomers, it is natural to inquire why they have not applied it to the fundamental problem of their own science? The reasons are various, but they may all be classed under two heads: First, an inveterate habit of overestimating the accuracy of our own work as compared with that of others; and, second, the unfortunate effect of too much specialization."

After briefly referring to the recent advances in astronomy and the insufficiency of instruments, he closed with the statement:

"With almost any system of weights the solar parallax will come out very nearly 8.809 seconds plus or minus 0.0057 seconds, whence we have for the mean distance between the earth and sun 92,797,000 miles, with a probable error of only 59,700 miles, and for the diameter of the solar system, measured to its outermost member, the planet Neptune, 5,578,400,000 miles."

Proceedings of the Sections.-The association is divided into nine sections, each of which is presided over by an officer having the rank of vice-president of the association. Subsequent to the opening proceedings, each section meets by itself and effects its organization by electing a fellow to represent it in the council, a sectional committee of 3 fellows, a fellow or member to the nominating committee, and a committee of 3 members or fellows to nominate officers of the section for the next meeting. As soon as this organization is effected the secretary of the section reports to the general secretary, who then provides him with a list of papers that, having been considered suitable by the council, may be read and discussed before the section. On the first day the proceedings are usually confined to organization and the delivery of the inaugural or vice-presidential addresses.

Sections.-A. Mathematics and Astronomy. This section was presided over by George C. Comstock, of Washburn University, Madison, Wis., who was present at the beginning of the meeting, and then was succeeded by Edgar Frisby, of the United States Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C. The subject of Prof. Comstock's address was "Binary Stars," and it included a brief sketch of the development of double-star astronomy, followed by a consideration of the peculiar errors affecting the observations of these bodies. These errors he showed to be of physiological origin, and to constitute the most serious difficulty to the advancement of knowledge in this direction. He said that observations of binary stars had been made during a period of about a century, and for the more rapidly moving binaries-e. g., those which complete a revolution in less than two centuries-fairly reliable orbits were derived upon the supposition that the Newtonian law of gravitation is applicable to such cases. The orbits of 44 of these pairs of stars had been obtained. These orbits were comparable in size with those of the more remote members of the solar system. Invisible stars have been shown to exist by their effect in disturbing the orbital motion of adjacent visible stars, and the study of their motions and influences constitutes a

were discussed; also the extinguishing powders were mentioned. Under the methods of protection against fire, he described processes of rendering structural materials fireproof; then the textiles and papers were taken up, including theater curtains, scenery, ropes, ball dresses; also various forms of fireproof paper and ink were described. He concluded that for textile fabrics sodium tungstate and magnesium borate yield the best results when materials are to be ironed, while ammonium phosphate or sulphate are preferably used in other cases. In the way of opportunities for future investigation, the further study of illuminants was advised. Whatever tends to replace the use of petroleum for domestic lighting tends by so much to diminish the national fire bill, as this one substance is the most prolific cause of conflagration. The use of vegetable oils or the introduction of a fuel gas so safe and economical that it may be promptly accepted for domestic lighting was advised. The substitution of aluminum for wood as a structural material was referred to as probable, and as affording a solution of the problem in that direction. As to the production of new protectives, there is but little doubt that other combinations less expensive or more effective than those now in vogue await the experimenter. By impregnation it was doubtful if anything better than ammonium phosphate conld be obtained, but its economical production could be profitably studied.

The following-named papers were then read and discussed before the section:

"Observations regarding Certain European Water Supplies," by William P. Mason; "Fallacies of Postmortem Tests for Morphine," by David L. Davoll: “Camphoric Acid,” by William A. Noyes: "Double Halides of Antimony and Potassium," by Charles H. Herty; "Some Peculiar Forms of Iron," "On the Existence of Ortho-silicic Acid," and "Volatility of Certain Salts," by Thomas H. Norton: "A New Formula for Specific and Molecular Refraction," by W. F. Edwards; "Action of Nitric Acid upon the Chlorides of Zine, Bismuth, and Cadmium," by Otis C. Johnson; "A Convenient Milk-sampling Tube," by M. A. Scovell; "The Polymetric Modifications of Propionic Aldehyde, Parapropionic Aldehyde, and Metapropionic Aldehyde." by William R. Orndorff; "A New Gas and Oil Field," by E. H. S. Bailey; On the Behavior of Allyl-malonic, Allyl-acetic, and Ethylidene-propionic Acids when boiled with Caustie Soda Solution" and "On the Grade of Ethernarcosis in Relation to the Amount of Inhaled Ether Vapor," by John G. Spenzer; and "The Test of Fluorin for the Determination of the Antiquity of Fossil Bones," by Thomas Wilson.

D. Mechanical Science and Engineering.— The presiding officer of this section was Mansfield Merriman, who fills the chair of Engineering at Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa. His address was on "Paradoxes in the Resistance of Materials." It discussed the importance of taking into account the effects of falling bodies, phenomena liable to occur in machinery, on bridges, and even in buildings, and a full account was given of the history of the development of our knowledge on the subject. Beginning in 1807 with Young, who first recognized that impact was a case of energy or work, which he called resilience, the labors of Navier, Poucelet, Hodgkinson and many others were described at length. The subject was divided into two parts, "elastic

resilience" and "ultimate resilience." the former being the case where the elastic limit of the material is not exceeded, and the latter where rupture occurs. The conclusions of elastic resistance under impact are derived mainly by theory, and teach that a sudden force produces twice as much elongation and twice as much stress as a force slowly applied. The conclusions of ultimate resistance under impact are derived by tests made with a falling ram, and these in general give different laws from those of the case of pure elasticity. The development of the modern methods of static testing in the United States begun by Wade, Rodman, and Plympton, the later testing machines of Fairbanks, Olsen, Riehle, and Thurston, the culmination in the precise apparatus of Emery, and the powerful machine at Phoenixville were described. The results obtained from these tests, it was thought, did not give as full information regarding resilience as is desirable. The cold-bend test was characterized as of great value, and one that no engineer would desire to see abandoned. A number of paradoxes or misunderstandings regarding the pressure caused by impact and the relation between stress and work were reviewed, and most of these were shown to have had their origin in a lack of clear conception and correct application of the principles of mechanics. In view of the lack of precision which is frequently apparent, it was urged that greater attention should be given in technical schools to experiments and numerical computations of physical phenomena. The discussions of Herbert Spencer regarding laws of persistence of force and of continuity of motion were characterized as inexact, and it was claimed that the law of conservation of energy should be made the basis of all dynamical investigation. The following-named papers were read and discussed before the section:

"The Crank Curve," by John H. Kinealy: "Preliminary Experiments on a New Air Pyrometer for measuring Temperatures as High as the Melting Point of Steel, "On the Precautions necessary in the Use of Mercurial Thermometers in determining the Amount of Super-heat in Steam," and "Improvements in Methods of testing Automatic Fire-sprinkler Heads," by David S. Jacobus; On the Ratio of the Expansion of Steam in Multiple Expansion Marine Engines for Maximum Economy in Fast River Steamers," by James E. Denton: " Experiments on the Transverse Strength of Long-leaf Yellow Pine," by Samuel Marsden: "The Air Lift Pump," by Elmo G. Harris; and "Some Reminiscences of the History of Iron Bridge Building in the United States," by George W. Plympton.

E. Geology and Geography.-This section was presided over by Samuel Calvin, who fills the chair of Geology in the State University of Iowa. His address was on Some Points in Geological History illustrated in Northwestern Iowa." He said: "The Niobrara stage of the Upper Cretaceous is well represented along the Missouri, from the mouth of the Niobrara river to the mouth of the Big Sioux. East of the Sioux beds of the same stage are found at various points in Iowa as far eastward as Auburn, in Sac County, while fossils distributed through the drift indicate the former existence of Cretaceous strata at points many miles farther east than any locality where they are not known to occur in place. The general distribution of the Nio