office or place of business therein: Provided, That if the liability assumed by the obligor does not exceed 2 per centum of the interest, then the deduction and withholding shall be at the following rates: (A) 10 per centum in the case of a nonresident alien individual (except that such rate shall be reduced, in the case of a resident of a contiguous country, to such rate, not less than 5 per centum, as may be provided by treaty with such country), or of any partnership not engaged in trade or business within the United States and not having any office or place of business therein and composed in whole or in part of nonresident aliens, (B) in the case of such a foreign corporation, 15 per centum, and (C) 2 per centum in the case of other individuals and partnerships: Provided further, That if the owners of such obligations are not known to the withholding agent the Commissioner may authorize such deduction and withholding to be at the rate of 2 per centum, or, if the liability assumed by the obligor does not exceed 2 per centum of the interest, then at the rate of 10 per centum.

(2) BENEFIT OF CREDITS AGAINST NET INCOME.-Such deduction and withholding shall not be required in the case of a citizen or resident entitled to receive such interest, if he files with the withholding agent on or before February 1 a signed notice in writing claiming the benefit of the credits provided in section 25 (b); nor in the case of a nonresident alien individual if so provided for in regulations prescribed by the Commissioner under section 215.

(3) INCOME OF OBLIGOR AND OBLIGEE. The obligor shall not be allowed a deduction for the payment of the tax imposed by this chapter, or any other tax paid pursuant to the tax-free covenant clause, nor shall such tax be included in the gross income of the obligee.

(b) NONRESIDENT ALIENS.-All persons, in whatever capacity acting, including lessees or mortgagors of real or personal property, fiduciaries, employers, and all officers and employees of the United States, having the control, receipt, custody, disposal, or payment of interest (except interest on deposits with persons carrying on the banking business paid to persons not engaged in business in the United States and not having an office or place of business therein), dividends, rent, salaries, wages, premiums, annuities, compensations, remunerations, emoluments, or other fixed or determinable annual or periodical gains, profits, and income (but only to the extent that any of the above items constitutes gross income from sources within the United States), of any nonresident alien individual, or of any partnership not engaged in trade or business within the United States and not having any office or place of business therein and composed in whole or in part of nonresident aliens, shall (except in the cases provided for in subsection (a) of this section and except as otherwise provided in regulations prescribed by the Commissioner under section 215) deduct and withhold from such annual or periodical gains, profits, and income a tax equal to 10 per centum thereof, except that such rate shall be reduced, in the case of a nonresident alien individual a resident of a contiguous country, to such rate (not less than 5 per centum) as may be provided by treaty with such country: Provided, That no such deduction or withholding shall be required in the case of dividends paid by a foreign corporation unless (1) such corporation is engaged in trade or business within the United States or has an office or place of business therein, and (2) more than 85 per centum of the gross income of such corporation for the threeyear period ending with the close of its taxable year preceding the declaration of such dividends (or for such part of such period as the corporation has been in existence) was derived from sources within the United States as determined under the provisions of section 119: Provided further, That the Commissioner may authorize such tax to be deducted and withheld from the interest upon any securities

the owners of which are not known to the withholding agent. Under regulations prescribed by the Commissioner, with the approval of the Secretary, there may be exempted from such deduction and withholding the compensation for personal services of nonresident alien individuals who enter and leave the United States at frequent intervals.

(c) RETURN AND PAYMENT.-Every person required to deduct and withhold any tax under this section shall make return thereof on or before March 15 of each year and shall on or before June 15, in lieu of the time prescribed in section 56, pay the tax to the official of the United States Government authorized to receive it. Every such person is hereby made liable for such tax and is hereby indemnified against the claims and demands of any person for the amount of any payments made in accordance with the provisions of this section.

(d) INCOME OF RECIPIENT.-Income upon which any tax is required to be withheld at the source under this section shall be included in the return of the recipient of such income, but any amount of tax so withheld shall be credited against the amount of income tax as computed in such return.

(e) TAX PAID BY RECIPIENT.-If any tax required under this section to be deducted and withheld is paid by the recipient of the income, it shall not be re-collected from the withholding agent; nor in cases in which the tax is so paid shall any penalty be imposed upon or collected from the recipient of the income or the withholding agent for failure to return or pay the same, unless such failure was fraudulent and for the purpose of evading payment.

(f) REFUNDS AND CREDITS.-Where there has been an overpayment of tax under this section any refund or credit made under the provisions of section 322 shall be made to the withholding agent unless the amount of such tax was actually withheld by the withholding agent.

(g) CROSS REFERENCE.

For definition of "withholding agent", see section 3797 (a) (16). SEC. 144. PAYMENT OF CORPORATION INCOME TAX AT SOURCE. In the case of foreign corporations subject to taxation under this chapter not engaged in trade or business within the United States and not having any office or place of business therein, there shall be deducted and withheld at the source in the same manner and upon the same items of income as is provided in section 143 a tax equal to 15 per centum thereof, except that in the case of dividends the rate shall be 10 per centum, and except that in the case of corporations organized under the laws of a contiguous country such rate of 10 per centum with respect to dividends shall be reduced to such rate (not less than 5 per centum) as may be provided by treaty with such country; and such tax shall be returned and paid in the same manner and subject to the same conditions as provided in that section: Provided, That in the case of interest described in subsection (a) of that section (relating to tax-free covenant bonds) the deduction and withholding shall be at the rate specified in such subsection.

SEC. 145. PENALTIES.

(a) FAILURE TO FILE RETURNS, SUBMIT INFORMATION, OR PAY TAX.-Any person required under this chapter to pay any tax, or required by law or regulations made under authority thereof to make a return, keep any records, or supply any information, for the purposes of the computation, assessment, or collection of any tax imposed by this chapter, who willfully fails to pay such tax, make such return, keep such records, or supply such information, at the time or times required by law or regulations, shall, in addition to other penalties provided by law, be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, be fined not more than $10,000, or imprisoned

for not more than one year, or both, together with the costs of prosecution.

(b) FAILURE TO COLLECT AND PAY OVER TAX, OR ATTEMPT TO DEFEAT OR EVADE TAX.-Any person required under this chapter to collect, account for, and pay over any tax imposed by this chapter, who willfully fails to collect or truthfully account for and pay over such tax, and any person who willfully attempts in any manner to evade or defeat any tax imposed by this chapter or the payment thereof, shall, in addition to other penalties provided by law, be guilty of a felony and, upon conviction thereof, be fined not more than $10,000, or imprisoned for not more than five years, or both, together with the costs of prosecution.

(c) PERSON DEFINED.-The term "person" as used in this section includes an officer or employee of a corporation or a member or employee of a partnership, who as such officer, employee, or member is under a duty to perform the act in respect of which the violation

occurs.

(d) CROSS REFERENCE.—

For penalties for failure to file information returns with respect to foreign personal holding companies and foreign corporations, see section 340.

SEC. 146. CLOSING BY COMMISSIONER OF TAXABLE YEAR. (a) TAX IN JEOPARDY.

(1) DEPARTURE OF TAXPAYER OR REMOVAL OF PROPERTY FROM UNITED STATES.-If the Commissioner finds that a taxpayer designs quickly to depart from the United States or to remove his property therefrom, or to conceal himself or his property therein, or to do any other act tending to prejudice or to render wholly or partly ineffectual proceedings to collect the tax for the taxable year then last past or the taxable year then current unless such proceedings be brought without delay, the Commissioner shall declare the taxable period for such taxpayer immediately terminated and shall cause notice of such finding and declaration to be given the taxpayer, together with a demand for immediate payment of the tax for the taxable period so declared terminated and of the tax for the preceding taxable year or so much of such tax as is unpaid, whether or not the time otherwise allowed by law for filing return and paying the tax has expired; and such taxes shall thereupon become immediately due and payable. In any proceeding in court brought to enforce payment of taxes made due and payable by virtue of the provisions of this section the finding of the Commissioner, made as herein provided, whether made after notice to the taxpayer or not, shall be for all purposes presumptive evidence of the taxpayer's design.

(2) CORPORATION IN LIQUIDATION.-If the Commissioner finds that the collection of the tax of a corporation for the current or last preceding taxable year will be jeopardized by the distribution of all or a portion of the assets of such corporation in the liquidation of the whole or any part of its capital stock, the Commissioner shall declare the taxable period for such taxpayer immediately terminated and shall cause notice of such finding and declaration to be given the taxpayer, together with a demand for immediate payment of the tax for the taxable period so declared terminated and of the tax for the last preceding taxable year or so much of such tax as is unpaid, whether or not the time otherwise allowed by law for filing return and paying the tax has expired; and such taxes shall thereupon become immediately due and payable.

(b) SECURITY FOR PAYMENT.-A taxpayer who is not in default in making any return or paying income, war-profits, or excess-profits tax under any Act of Congress may furnish to the United States, under regulations to be prescribed by the Commissioner, with the approval of the Secretary, security approved by the Commissioner

that he will duly make the return next thereafter required to be filed and pay the tax next thereafter required to be paid. The Commissioner may approve and accept in like manner security for return and payment of taxes made due and payable by virtue of the provisions of this section, provided the taxpayer has paid in full all other income, war-profits, or excess-profits taxes due from him under any Act of Congress.

(c) SAME-EXEMPTION FROM SECTION.-If security is approved and accepted pursuant to the provisions of this section and such further or other security with respect to the tax or taxes covered thereby is given as the Commissioner shall from time to time find necessary and require, payment of such taxes shall not be enforced by any proceedings under the provisions of this section prior to the expiration of the time otherwise allowed for paying such respective

taxes.

(d) CITIZENS.-In the case of a citizen of the United States or of a possession of the United States about to depart from the United States the Commissioner may, at his discretion, waive any or all of the requirements placed on the taxpayer by this section.

(e) DEPARTURE OF ALIEN.-No alien shall depart from the United States unless he first procures from the collector or agent in charge a certificate that he has complied with all the obligations imposed upon him by the income, war-profits, and excess-profits tax laws.

(f) ADDITION TO TAX.-If a taxpayer violates or attempts to violate this section there shall, in addition to all other penalties, be added as part of the tax 25 per centum of the total amount of the tax or deficiency in the tax, together with interest at the rate of 6 per centum per annum from the time the tax became due. SEC. 147. INFORMATION AT SOURCE.

(a) PAYMENTS OF $1,000 OR MORE.-All persons, in whatever capacity acting, including lessees or mortgagors of real or personal property, fiduciaries, and employers, making payment to another person, of interest, rent, salaries, wages, premiums, annuities, compensations, remunerations, emoluments, or other fixed or determinable gains, profits, and income (other than payments described in section 148 (a) or 149), of $1,000 or more in any taxable year, or, in the case of such payments made by the United States, the officers or employees of the United States having information as to such payments and required to make returns in regard thereto by the regulations hereinafter provided for, shall render a true and accurate return to the Commissioner, under such regulations and in such form and manner and to such extent as may be prescribed by him with the approval of the Secretary, setting forth the amount of such gains, profits, and income, and the name and address of the recipient of such payment.

(b) RETURNS REGARDLESS OF AMOUNT OF PAYMENT.-Such returns may be required, regardless of amounts, (1) in the case of payments of interest upon bonds, mortgages, deeds of trust, or other similar obligations of corporations, and (2) in the case of collections of items (not payable in the United States) of interest upon the bonds of foreign countries and interest upon the bonds of and dividends from foreign corporations by persons undertaking as a matter of business or for profit the collection of foreign payments of such interest or dividends by means of coupons, checks, or bills of exchange.

(c) RECIPIENT TO FURNISH NAME AND ADDRESS.-When necessary to make effective the provisions of this section the name and address of the recipient of income shall be furnished upon demand of the person paying the income.

(d) OBLIGATIONS OF UNITED STATES.-The provisions of this section shall not apply to the payment of interest on obligations of the United States.

SEC. 148. INFORMATION BY CORPORATIONS.

(a) DIVIDEND PAYMENTS.-Every corporation shall, when required by the Commissioner, render a correct return, duly verified under oath, of its payments of dividends, stating the name and address of each shareholder, the number of shares owned by him, and the amount of dividends paid to him.

(b) PROFITS DECLARED AS DIVIDENDS.-Every corporation shall, when required by the Commissioner, furnish him a statement of such facts as will enable him to determine the portion of the earnings or profits of the corporation (including gains, profits, and income not taxed) accumulated during such periods as the Commissioner may specify, which have been distributed or ordered to be distributed, respectively, to its shareholders during such taxable years as the Commissioner may specify.

(c) ACCUMULATED EARNINGS AND PROFITS.-When requested by the Commissioner, or any collector, every corporation shall forward to him a correct statement of accumulated earnings and profits and the names and addresses of the individuals or shareholders who would be entitled to the same if divided or distributed, and of the amounts that would be payable to each.

(d) CONTEMPLATED DISSOLUTION OR LIQUIDATION.-Every corporation shall, within thirty days after the adoption by the corporation of a resolution or plan for the dissolution of the corporation or for the liquidation of the whole or any part of its capital stock, render a correct return to the Commissioner, verified under oath, setting forth the terms of such resolution or plan and such other information as the Commissioner shall, with the approval of the Secretary, by regulations prescribe.

(e) DISTRIBUTIONS IN LIQUIDATION.-Every corporation shall, when required by the Commissioner, render a correct return, duly verified under oath, of its distributions in liquidation, stating the name and address of each shareholder, the number and class of shares owned by him, and the amount paid to him or, if the distribution is in property other than money, the fair market value (as of the date the distribution is made) of the property distributed to him.

(f) COMPENSATION OF OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES.-Under regulations prescribed by the Commissioner with the approval of the Secretary, every corporation subject to taxation under this chapter shall, in its return, submit a list of the names of all officers and employees of such corporation and the respective amounts paid to them during the taxable year of the corporation by the corporation as salary, commission, bonus, or other compensation for personal services rendered, if the aggregate amount so paid to the individual is in excess of $75,000.

The Secretary shall compile from the returns made a list containing the names of, and the amounts paid to, each such officer and employee and the name of the paying corporation, and shall make such list available to the public.

SEC. 149. RETURNS OF BROKERS.

Every person doing business as a broker shall, when required by the Commissioner, render a correct return duly verified under oath, under such rules and regulations as the Commissioner, with the approval of the Secretary, may prescribe, showing the names of customers for whom such person has transacted any business, with such details as to the profits, losses, or other information which the Commissioner may require, as to each of such customers, as will enable the Commissioner to determine whether all income tax due on profits or gains of such customers has been paid.

SEC. 150. COLLECTION OF FOREIGN ITEMS.

All persons undertaking as a matter of business or for profit the collection of foreign payments of interest or dividends by means of