Barriers to Increased Coal Utilization: Staff Report, 4. sējumsU.S. Government Printing Office, 1985 - 78 lappuses |
Citi izdevumi - Skatīt visu
Bieži izmantoti vārdi un frāzes
80 percent acid deposition acid rain additional atmosphere burned capacity Capital costs carbon dioxide chemical Clean Air Act coal consumption coal production coal technologies coal utilization coal-fired units combined-cycle commercially available constraints converted demand for electricity economic efficiency electric utility environmental estimates export federal coal leasing Figure flue gas fluidized bed combustion fly ash forecasts fossil fuels fuel cell future gasification greenhouse effect hydrogen IGCC impact increase leasing policy LIMB limestone liquefaction liquid fuels low-sulfur coal major methanol million tons natural gas nitrogen oxides NOx emissions NSPS operating particulates potential power plant primarily processes produce projected reduce reduction in SO2 relatively result retrofit scrubbers sector severance taxes SO2 and NOx SO2 emissions Source Performance Standards steam sulfur oxides synfuels syngas Synthetic Fuels temperature tons per day transportation turbine U.S. coal utility boiler utility industry wet scrubbers
Populāri fragmenti
69. lappuse - ... except in case of friction. Consequently the erg is not a convenient unit. Heat effects and the energy required to produce them are almost invariably compared with one definite heat effect, viz. rise in temperature of water; and the practical unit employed for measuring thermal energy may be defined as the quantity of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 15" to 16° C. on the thermometric scale of the constant-pressure hydrogen thermometer. (Other definitions of...
23. lappuse - It is in the nature of the acid deposition problem, that actions have to be taken despite incomplete knowledge. We have earlier given estimates of how long it may take to understand the "wet" chemistry, or the biological response. Reasonably accurate models incorporating relevant meteorology, chemistry, minerology and biology take even longer. If we take the conservative point of view that we must wait until...
41. lappuse - Under our federal system, the determination is to be made by state legislatures in the first instance and, if necessary, by Congress, when particular state taxes are thought to be contrary to federal interests.18 Cf.
29. lappuse - In our judgment, the knowl-edge we can gain in coming years should be more beneficial than a lack of action will be damaging. . . . Our stance is con-servative: we believe there is reason for caution, not panic." The watchwords for now should be "research, monitoring, vigilance, and an open mind.
16. lappuse - While it is impossible to state precisely what pollution levels would be if the act had not been passed, it is clear that for a number of pollutants the level of emissions would now be several times as great in many areas.
8. lappuse - ... One coal slurry pipeline is in operation and others are planned; these may present an economic alternative to conventional transport modes. Coal export ports experienced overcrowding in 1980 and 1981 but have enlarged their capacity and are currently operating without delays. While US coal productive capacity could be overtaxed for short periods and in limited geographic areas, there appear to be no overriding constraints to satisfying any expected increase in coal demand.
5. lappuse - After the war, the percentage of energy consumption supplied by coal underwent a rather steady decline from about 50 percent at the end of World War II to about 18 percent at the onset of the OPEC embargo in 1973.
23. lappuse - While cost/benefit analysis can often aid in identifying a range of economically efficient pollution control policies, current scientific uncertainty about the value of the benefits expected from...
17. lappuse - additional" emissions — those above the standards for newer units — accounted for 34 percent of the sulfur dioxide and 60 percent of the nitrogen oxides produced by older unite.
29. lappuse - Although the prospect for historically unprecedented climate changes is troubling, the problems that may be associated with it are of quite uncertain magnitude, and both climate changes and increased C0?.