York State Assembly is now law; I believe it has been passed. One of the clauses was this: This act shall take effect when the State of New Jersey shall make available a similar appropriation for the study and survey authorized by this act. They recognized in this legislation that they can't do it without New Jersey cooperating. Just across the river from New York is Jersey City with other large cities and factories. Therefore, it becomes definitely a matter that the Federal Government ought to cooperate on, in my opinion. Mr. DUANE. I think that is definitely correct, sir. Without naming them all, sir, I would like to file some photographs, which show the burning in city dumps. You can see the smoke going over the city of Philadelphia. The city of Philadelphia is spending $5 million to construct incinerators over the next 2 years, with the expectation that when that is done there will be no more burning in open dumps of refuse. These other photographs, without detailing them-I would like to file them-show very heavy smoke over the city. The CHAIRMAN. You may file them, and they will remain on file here, for the use of the committee, when we start writing up the legislation. Mr. DUANE. Thank you. Now, with respect to damaged property, I had a client come into my office to see me the other day, who said he had spent $1,300 to have his house painted, and in 5 months the paint job was completely ruined. We are making a tremendous effort in Philadelphia to rebuild the city, and we think that the great challenge, domestically, of the second half of the 20th century, is to revive and restore our cities as the best possible places to live. That cannot possibly be done, in our judgment, without some control of these fumes and smoke and other things which pollute the air. The CHAIRMAN. We have spent hours and hours and weeks and weeks here on slum clearance and blighted areas. We have in this proposed legislation, as we have had in past legislation, much on the subject, and we have appropriated literally billions of dollars. I am thoroughly convinced that you cannot eliminate a slum, a blighted area, in a city until you first eliminate the smoke and dust. Otherwise, you will just go in and build a new building, and within 6 months or a year it will be again a blighted or a slum area. Mr. DUANE. That is right. The CHAIRMAN. So why we do not-meaning the Federal Government and the cities and the counties-take the necessary steps to eliminate the very thing that causes slums and blighted areas is something I shall never understand. Mr. DUANE. I don't either, sir. Your point is definitely proved in Philadelphia, because the 2 parts of the city where the worst industrial smoke is have shown a steady decline in population over the last 15 years. That shows that as long as you have these smoke conditions, people will move out of those areas, move out of the city, the city will deteriorate, and for all the money which the Federal Government has put in, in helping slum clearance, and so forth, you won't get full value. The CHAIRMAN. That is right. It will be a blighted area again. Isn't it a fact that the new steel mill north of Philadelphia, just south of Trenton, has no smoke? Is that correct? Mr. DUANE. They have spent several million dollars in installing smoke-control equipment, and they claim that, as far as is scientifically possible with the present state of the art, they have eliminated it. The CHAIRMAN. You have been up there? Mr. DUANE. Yes, I have been through there. Mr. DUANE. Yes, sir; they have some smoke that comes out of their rolling mill, and they have some little smoke out of their blast furnaces. The CHAIRMAN. What is it in comparison to what it would have been had they not spent the money, when they built it, designed it, around the fact that they were going to eliminate 90 percent or more of the smoke? Mr. DUANE. It is a very, very small fraction of what it would have been if they hadn't put that in. The CHAIRMAN. Isn't it a fact that now people are living in close proximity of the mill, with clean clothes and painted houses, that are not deteriorating? Mr. DUANE. I can't honestly say that, because I haven't seen the houses, but people are living very close to the mill and the mill itself is quite close to Trenton. They have Levittown, which has become one of the first 10 cities in Pennsylvania within the last 2 years, and that is right next to the mill. It is the same thing that United States Steel and other steel companies did in Pittsburgh, which cleared up that situation. The CHAIRMAN. Let me ask you this: There will be no question about the city of Philadelphia cooperating with the Federal Government on any legislation or help that the Federal Government might care to offer? Mr. DUANE. None whatsoever. Absolutely. The CHAIRMAN. You understand that if the Federal Government does enter this field through legislation, it will be on the basis of course that the cities must cooperate and take the necessary first steps, and do certain things. Otherwise, the Federal Government will not participate with them. In fact, the Federal Government could not participate with them unless they were willing to cooperate. You have no fear but what the cities would cooperate with the Federal Government. Mr. DUANE. No, sir. I think if the Federal Government were to attempt to take over what the cities felt were their part of the job, there would be some hesitation. The CHAIRMAN. That is the farthest from our minds. But, as far as this bill goes, what we want the Federal Government to do is to do that which the cities can't possibly do for themselves, because it is interstate and because they just don't have the money to do certain things. Here is the situation, you see, where it must all be done practically at the same time. You can't have this one fellow eliminate his smoke today, and have the other fellow wait. It all has to be done over a comparatively short period of time, which requires considerable planning and considerable investment. Mr. DUANE. I understand, sir. The CHAIRMAN. But I think it would be an investment at the moment which would create jobs. It looks to me as though we will need jobs; in fact, we need many of them today. 44750-54-pt. 2- -3 Mr. DUANE. From our point of view in Philadelphia, sir, we cannot put too strongly the fact that the only way you can cure air pollution is to spend a lot of money. Industry has reached the point now where they hesitate to do it, and some help has got to be given them if we are going to get the job done. The CHAIRMAN. If I owned a factory that was making a lot of smoke, that I knew was bad, and my neighbor over here owned one which created equally as much smoke, I would hesitate to spend money to eliminate mine unless I knew he was going to spend money to eliminate his. Therefore, it must be handled as a unit. It must be handled by a city ordinance, and everyone must be enthusiastic about it. The Federal Government, in my mind, ought to move in and do things that the States and cities are unable to do for themselves. Congressman Hiestand, do you have a question? Representative HIESTAND. I just want to ask this, if you please: Is there any other way than that provided in the bill where you think the Federal Government could assist? Mr. DUANE. No, sir. I have been unable to think of any way, and I have talked to the American Municipal Association, and they say they know of no other way. Representative HIESTAND. Thank you very much. The CHAIRMAN. I just want the record to show again that Congressman Hiestand is very, very much interested in this whole problem, and is attending our full hearing this morning. Mr. DUANE. I have made up a list of the estimated expenditures by a group of representative companies in Philadelphia in the last few years on pollution-control equipment, which I would like to file. The CHAIRMAN. Without objection, it will be made a part of the record. (The list referred to follows:) Expenditures on pollution-control equipment—Estimated amount by industry 1 G. J. Littlewood & Son damage to property by ash on rugs, furniture, and food. 2 Barrett damaged autos by organic chemicals; Ajax Metal damage to property by metallic fumes. Mr. DUANE. For the record, these expenditures vary from $5,000, in the case of a small plant, to $650,000, in the case of one of our big utilities. There are a number of expenditures on this list of $150,000 and $200,000 already made by industry, actually spent. But times are changing and it is not as easy to get them to do it. The CHAIRMAN. That will be made a part of the record. We are delighted to get that information. I am hopeful that other cities will give us similar statistics. Mr. DUANE. I have here, which I would also like to file, a series of newspaper articles and editorials on this subject in Philadelphia. The CHAIRMAN. Without objection, each of the editorials and newspaper articles will be made a part of the record at the end of your statement. Mr. DUANE. These will show-and this is a point I haven't made yet and which I think is very important-the danger to the public safety of this smog condition in a great port. There are newspaper articles here of a ship and a barge collision in the smog on the Delaware River. We have had on the Delaware River, not all due to smog but many of them due to the narrowness of the channel, somewhere in the neighborhood of 30 rather serious collisions in the last few years, and some of them have undoubtedly been caused by the hazy conditions of the smog. This particular article attributes this particular accident entirely to smog. We have entirely the same situation at our airport, which involves the public safety. We have just completed a tremendous terminal building there, which the President of United Air Lines said he felt was the number one terminal building of any airport he ever visited, and yet, when this smog condition comes up, that airport has to be sometimes shut down. The CHAIRMAN. On account of the smog? Mr. DUANE. On account of the smog and haze. times when we are open and LaGuardia is shut down. There are other If you study the records at Idlewild, LaGuardia, Newark Airport, and Philadelphia Airport, and find the number of times that flying is made hazardous by reason of this smog condition, you will find that anything the Federal Government can do to help will be a tremendous interstate commerce aid. To show that we are doing our job of enforcement, some of these articles show the various companies which have been fined under our ordinances for violating the law. The CHAIRMAN. You have an ordinance at the moment, and you do fine some people? Mr. DUANE. Yes, sir. Here is a company that was fined $1,300 for violating the ordinance. The CHAIRMAN. Why do they not eliminate their smoke? Is it that they don't have the money to put into the facilities? Mr. DUANE. That is what they claim. Some companies are more cooperative than others. Some companies will spend more than they really should or can afford to for the public goodwill. Other companies don't care about the public goodwill and say they don't have the money. The reason that is always given to us, as is undoubtedly true in some cases, is that the companies do not have sufficient funds. The CHAIRMAN. In that instance, where you fined that company $1,300, do you think they would have been able, if they borrowed the money from the bank on an FHA-guaranteed mortgage, to have taken care of that? Mr. DUANE. I cannot honestly answer that, but I think there is no doubt in the broad, general situation, that many of these companies would take advantage of that ability to get money at cheaper interest rates. The CHAIRMAN. In any event, if you had such help offered, your ordinances then could be tightened. You could enforce them with larger fines, and force the end result that you want. Without that sort of help, I presume it is a little tough. Mr. DUANE. Yes, sir; it is very tough in some cases. The CHAIRMAN. Í mean you don't like to fine them $3,000 when you know the only way they can eliminate that smoke is by an expenditure of $40,000, and they cannot borrow the money. So, I presume you are hesitant to do it in that case. Mr. DUANE. That is right. The CHAIRMAN. But if you knew they could borrow the money, they could put in the facilities, they could borrow it over a long period of time, they could amortize it over a period of 5 years for tax purposes, then you feel that you could get the job done? Is that your feeling? Mr. DUANE. Yes, sir. It would be a tremendous help. On the damage to property, some of these things show that on one occasion in Philadelphia, soot and dirt came down and damaged paint, rugs, curtains, covered the sidewalk with black soot-this is all shown in the material I have filed-and people literally woke up in the morning in their beds with their faces blackened, like black-faced comedians. The photographers got up there and took their pictures. The CHAIRMAN. Was that in a blighted area of Philadelphia? Mr. DUANE. That was from one of the plants of Philadelphia Electric Co., on one occasion. On another occasion, it was from another plant. We have had it happen several times from different plants and, generally speaking, most of our troubles are along the river, in those river wards, and in south Philadelphia. But this spread over a large part of the city. I don't want to prolong this any longer than you want, sir. We are very strongly in favor of this. We think that the research part would be tremendously helpful. I understand that the Federal Government has, within the last few days, opened a research environmental health center at Cincinnati, and there is no doubt that air pollution is an environmental health problem. If this could be arranged so that to that research center were added air pollution research, and its causes and its cures, to supplement what industry is now doing, there is no doubt that with the ingenuity that our people have, that this problem can be licked. But it is going to take money for research and it is going to take money to put in equipment. The CHAIRMAN. I think it must be licked. I can think of nothing that we could do that would be more helpful to our people and to health and cleanliness and eliminating slums and blighted areas and |