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(Continued from page 59.) consequently should be ratified by treaty. One nation alone cannot draw up this formula, it should be discussed in all its bearings. But before attempting to draw it up or to decide the compilation, should there not be numerous precedents gathered to clear the way? Numerous dissertations to throw light on the most questionable points?

It is coming to the light in all countries, and gives us reason to
hope that the fruit is ripe and ready to be gathered.
Accept, dear sir, my best thanks and cordial greetings.
S. MOYNIER.
GENEVA, 5th March, 1873.

X.

FROM DR. ROLIN JACQUEMYNS,

(Of Ghent, Chief Editor International Review,)

There is an old antagonism between nations, especially between different races. The military spirit prevails in most of the European States; in every ountry foreign interference is I think it to be highly desirable that there should be a meetdreaded; every government claims to be its own master at home. ing of prominent international jurists, in order to organize the In the act union of the States that form the United States of collective action of science for the promotion of international North America, men of the same races holding the same cus-law. toms, the same interests, under the pressure of the same cir This meeting ought to be quite unofficial, number of memcumstances, in uniting themselves into a federation submitted to hers limited say to about thirty persons, who should be known, all the consequences this governmental organization brought either by their writings on international law, or by the distinabout. Such is not, as regards each other, the position of the guished services they have rendered to that science in the neEuropean States. They may yet, unhappily, have to exper-gotiation of remarkable treaties, or as members of the court of ience much ruin and misery before they are convinced of the arbitration of Geneva. excellence of the system of arbitration and compel their governments to conform to it.

Undoubtedly, all difficulties will not be solved by the adoption of a code of public international law: neither will they be by the erection of a supreme tribunal of arbitration. Besides that the institution of a superior force will be necessary-able in case of need to enforce its decrees. How will this force be constituted? In short, numerous questions will arise relative to the rules of public law, where the supreme tribunal will not need to interpose, that will necessitate conferences, and can only be solved by the superior power, after the fulfillment of certain forms But it will not always be questioned how to rule by organizing a federation; the problem will be to settle the relative position of independent States.

But whatever the difficulties may be, the highest duty of men, their most precious interests ought to induce them to occupy themselves, without delay, in the solution of questions that by the establishment of a code of public international law, and the formation of appropriate institutions, should put an end to the flagrant barbarity called war. It is to the elder brothers in civ. ilization, to enlightened men, belongs the duty of taking the initiative, to leave nothing untried toward attaining this object. And for this reason all the friends of peace, all grateful hearts will, sir, owe much to you and to your friends for inviting us to do our part in this scheme to which, in my humble way, I give my heartiest sympathy.

I beg of you to accept, sir, with your friends, the assurance of my cordial sentiments and my sincere and deep respect. AUG. VISSCHERS.

IX.

FROM M. MOYNIER OF GENEVA.

Such a conférence, of a entirely private nature could have a double object.

..

First. To declare a few principles to which all should agree, as to a common creed, affirming in a solemn way: is bound to observe, even in the absence of any positive sanction, The existence of an international law, which every nation and which is, at the same time, the common good of all nations which every one of them is entitled to claim for itself, inasmuch as it fulfills its corresponding duties.

b. The actual manifestation of this law, by usages, conven. tions, and public opinion, confirmed by science.

C. The progressive nature of this law, and consequently the necessity of stimulating this progress by hastening the transformational of international law from a customary into a written law. d. The possibility of such gradual transformation, to be realized in the way which has been entered into by the Paris treaty of 1856, and the Washington treaty of 1871.

e.

concerning, for example, the following points:
The possibility of agreeing immediately on certain rules

f. The positive obligation for each State, in case of conflict with another State, to try the mediation of one or more friendly powers previously to any hostile measures.

g The generalization and the regulation of international arbitration, specially for what concerns the choice of arbitrators; the cases (of public or private international law) where arbitrators, etc. tration could be presented as a rule; the procedure before arbi

h. The extension to all civilized States of the Washington rules on neutrality.

Second. The second object of the meeting could be the constitution of a permanent international and scientific body, which should be called, Institute or Academy for the promotion of international law.

DEAR SIR-I have to thank you for the two last letters you I think the best countries where this first meeting can be held were kind enough to send me, they greatly interested me. Your introduction to the "Reform of International Law," of are Belgium or Switzerland, as being essentially neutral counMr. Seebohn, has given me a foretaste of the book that makes tries; the best time of the year, September. Ghent and me greatly desire to read it, although I do not entirely share Geneva are both historically connected with the peaceful rethe ideas of the author. I shall be greatly obliged by your en-membrance of Anglo-American international meetings, of which tering my name as a subscriber to this volume at M. Bellaire's. one, the congress of 1816, put an end to a long war, and the Secondly, I have made acquaintance, with much pleasure, other, in 1871, prevented a long quarrel from regenerating into with the report of your meeting with Mr. Miles. After what war. M. Martin Paschoud had written to me, I rather expected a visit from Mr. Miles, but it seems I am to be disappointed, seeing he has already returned to Paris. It seems to me that his journey has been somewhat hurried. Can he have had time to fulfil his mission during the short time he has given to the countries visited? I fear not. I know he saw in Ghent my friend Rolin Jacquemyns, who was delighted to welcome him, and who made him acquainted with our mutual projects, that tend toward being realized, and that resemble greatly those of Mr. Miles. I trust that the two enterprises may be able to give mutual help. For the rest, I distinguish in Mr. Miles' project two parts, the first of which appears to me excellent; the second, on the contrary, of little utility (the great meeting for discussing peace and war). It is a gratifying phenomenon, and of good omen, to witness the idea of a codification, more or less official, of international law approved of on all sides.

As I told Mr Miles, when I for the first time had the pleasure of receiving his visit, and I wrote in the confidential memorandum, of which I gave him a copy, not only am I fully prepared to support all that shall be done in execution of the scheme as suggested above, but I am actually trying to justify and to explain it to some of the most prominent jurists of the world. I consider the visit of Mr. Miles to Europe, and the letters of so many distinguished American citizens, which he had in his possession, as being a new proof, added to so many others, that the state of enlightened public opinion is favorable, in the New, as well as in the Old World, to the attainment of a practical improvement of international law.

I am quite ready to devote myself to this aim, which I have pursued already some years, as chief editor of the Revue de droit international et de legislation comparee.

GHENT, March 26th, 1873,

G. ROLIN JACQUEMYNS.

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No. 8.

tomed to little children, and was almost afraid to play with or caress her little son, fearing she would hurt him, and as he grew older, so as to be placed in the charge of a Governess, he learned to love her better than he loved his mother. The governess used to try to teach him not to love fighting and battles, through which so much misery comes, and kneeling by her side every night and morning, the young king lifted up his little hands in prayer to the Great Creator. "O Lord, inspire Papa with the wish of restoring Peace, for the happiness of France and of us all." One time his " Papa was present, and observed that it was his wish to restore peace, but that could not have been so; if he had really been desirous of peace, he could have found some way. The Good Spirit always helps people who desire to do right.

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Generally the little Napoleon Francis Charles Joseph Bonaparte, was a good boy and obedient to his governess, who never whipped him, but taught him without much punishment. One day he was very naughty, throwing himself upon the floor, and refusing to listen to any thing that she said. His governess closed the windows and drew down the blinds, and the little boy stopped crying and raised up to see what she was doing. He asked her why she shut the window. "I did so, lest you might be heard," she replied. "Do you think the people of France would have you for their prince, were they to know that you throw yourself into such fits of passion?" "Do you think any one heard me?" he inquired. "I should be very sorry if they did." "Pardon me, I'll never do so again."

In 1814, the emperor lost the battle of Waterloo, and the reign of the little king was over before he was four years old; he never saw his father again, yet his childish mind retained a fond affection for him, and when Napoleon died, a lonely exile in St. Helena, the young duke (the rank given instead of king or prince,) wept bitterly and shut himself up for several days. ted with great care, but no Frenchman was allowed to see him, Napoleon the Second, as he is sometimes called, was educaand his whole life was measured out by others. He was not ful boy, was almost a prisoner, until death early released him allowed to think or feel for himself, and the bright and beautifrom a life commenced with a prospect of all that the world can bestow, and nded in loneliness and desolation. -Scattered

Napoleon Bonaparte was a great soldier, one who loved the music of the drum and fife, the blow of the trumpet and the sound of the bugle. He loved the waving banners under whose bright colors he had won many battles, and the steady tramp, tramp, of thousands of feet marching to victory. He became Emperor of France; and when a son was born, a hundred guns pealed forth the thunder of his welcome. The little boy was immediately proclaimed "King of Rome," and in two months received his name, Napoleon Francis Charles Joseph Bonaparte. He was a beautiful boy, and the Emperor would gometimes take him in his arms with the most loving caresses, and toss him in the air, the child laughing and crowing with delight. His mother, Maria Louisa, had never been accus- sence.

Seeds.

Never part without loving words to think of during your ab-
Besides, it may be that you will not meet again in life.

A LETTER FROM ENGLAND TO THE CHIL- peace, lovely peace all through the world. How happy it will

DREN IN AMERICA.-No. 11.

MY DEAR YOUNG FRIENDS:-A few days ago I was at a great gathering of children. About six thousand met together in our Town Hall. It was a beautiful sight to see that crowd of young faces looking and listening intently while they were being spoken to. I thought about the little angels of peace over in America while I was there, for dear children, I look upon all of you as such.

An angel means a messenger, and more especially, a messenger of God, and so all of you are, I hope, angels of peace, and your other name is "Children of God," for we are told that" Blessed are the peacemakers for they shall be called the

children of God."

Well, though this gathering of children was not called a peace meeting it really was one, for it was to promote the cause of peace throughout the world. "Peace on earth, good will to men." There were two missionaries present, one from the hot country of Tinnevelly, the other from North West America. Mr. Sargent of Tinnevelly told us a story about a missionary

be when we shall all be at peace together, and the nations shall not any longer make war one with another. Let us do what we can to hasten that time. I am sure that the greatest way of all to promote peace is to inculcate the knowledge of God and of His Son, Jesus Christ, for when the love of God is shed abroad in our hearts it will quite destroy the love of war. I am your English friend,

THE MANLY BOY.

PHILIPPA.

What is it makes a manly boy? It is not size or weight, for there are some large, heavy boys that are anything but manly. We saw one once, a big burly fellow, about fourteen years old, with a fist like a small sledge-hammer, and a voice as loud almost as that of a mule; but we did not think he was very manly when we saw him pick up a small boy, who was quietly playing with a little wooden wagon, and lift him up above his head, while he screamed in his ear as loud as he could, and then set him down. The little fellow was pale with fright, and cried; the big fellow laughed aloud, and went his way, ha-haA number of children in London were given boxes to filling as he went, and no doubt thinking he had done a very fine with money, but one poor little girl who was present went thing. But he was not manly. home without one, she had been thought too poor to get anything. She was very disappointed, so her brother got some bits of wood, fastened them together with nails, and made a slit in the top; it was but a rough and common affair, but it served her purpose.

box.

The next time the children met the little girl came up with the rest, and presented her box which was quite full. Mr. Sargent was there, and he was so pleased that he said: "I am just going out as a missionary, will you give that box to me? I

should like to take it."

Not very long after Mr. Sargent was speaking to a number of converted heathen at Tinnevelly, and he told them the story about the little girl and her missionary box. The next morning a man came to him and said: "I have not been able to sleep all night for thinking of what you told us about the child and her box. If she did so much for us far away, we ought to do something who live here on the spot, so I went off early to the potters, and I said, 'I want you to make me a round pot with a slit in the top,' and he made this; now may I get a hundred more of them, and let us all try what we can do?"

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Well," said Mr. Sargent, "I shall be very glad for you to try." So the pots were made and given away, and in six months time they had a "pot-breaking," and they found £6,

were collected.

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"Now," said the good man, who first started the plan of the let us have the next pot-breaking' in three months pots, instead of six." When the day arrived they all gathered together again, and one man brought a pot which was so heavy Mr. Sargent could scarcely lift it; he tried to shake it, but it wouldn't rattle." Why," said he, "whatever have you got

in here?"

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Another came up with his pot broken, and tied round with a piece of string. "Holloa, my man," thought Mr. Sargent, have you been meddling with the money?" but it was not so. "I filled him full," said he, "and I was trying to put another piece in, and he burst," and surely enough there was the pot as full as it could be.

This time £9 had been collected. If the child whose brother made the little box could know what good had been done by her example how pleased she would be!

now.

Mr. Sargent told us a great deal about his work in Tinnevelly. He said they had twenty thousand Christian children there Is not that a nice thing to think of? Twenty thousand Christian children instead of the same number of heathen! The message of peace has been very kindly received and gladly welcomed in Tinnevelly.

Will you not dear children, all try what you can do to spread peace around you? First, you must have it yourselves, peace with God and with one another, and then you will try to spread

Nor does the power to smoke cigars, without getting sick, make a manly boy. Some boys think so, we know. We have seen even small boys, nine or ten years old, pick up stumps of cigars which men have thrown into the gutter, and puff away Ladies and gentlemen, look at us. at them, holding up their heads and stalking along, as if to say, We are men, we are. We smoke, and we don't get sick." But they are not men. A manly boy is one who shows some good manly qualities. We do not expect him to be large as a man, strong as a man, or as wise as a man. But he will be truthful, honest, and wellbehaved. He will never speak of his father as "the governor," or the "old man"; nor will he speak of his mother as the old woman." He will not be ashamed to have it known that he loves both his father and his mother; nor will he be afraid of all the ridicule which silly boys may heap upon him because of this love. They may call him a "a baby," and say what they please about being "led by the mother's apron-strings"; he does not mind that, for he knows he is right.

He will never engage in low, mean sports; he loves real sport, but will do nothing for fun that he would be afraid to talk about at the dinner table. He does not torment small boys, but is ready to help them when he can. His sisters are not careful to hide their work, their books, or their toys from him, lest he should disturb or destroy them; he would never think of that. He is careful not to be greedy at the table, or rude in company, but remembers that others have rights as well as himself.

The manly boy believes that the best kind of a man is a Christian, and therefore he is not ashamed to have it known that he wishes to be a Christian. He does not neglect his Bible or his prayer; nor does he dislike the Sunday-School and the

church.

Does anybody say that this is all very well to talk about, but that no one ever yet saw such boys as are here described? We answer: there are such boys, plenty of them, and we have seen them. They are full of fun, as other boys; they equal anybody at the different sports in which boys delight; they swim, and skate, and play ball, and roll the hoop, and run just like other boys; but their behavior is gentle and kind.

These manly boys, when they grow up, will make real men; they will be in the best sense of the word, gentlemen.

DR. FRANKLIN'S OPINION.-Benjamin Franklin was residing in France, as our Minister Plenipotentiary, during our Revolutionary war. When the news arrived, in January, 1783, that articles of peace had been signed, he expressed great joy.

In a letter to Mrs. Hewson, he says, "at length we are at peace, God be praised. All wars are follies, very expensive and very mischievous follies. When will mankind be convinced of this, and agree to settle national difficulties by arbitration. Were they to do it by the throw of a die, it would be better than war."

GOD OVER ALL.

BY E. H. K.

To-day I walk in the city street,

Amid the crowds that ebb and flow;
And in the faces that I meet,

I read the signs of joy and woe.
In some the marks of care I trace;

O'er some the light of smiles is shed;
And, here and there, I see a face

From which all sign of hope is fled.

Many to happy homes shall pass,

Where smiles their glad return will greet;
While others, pinched with want, alas!

Shall, houseless, haunt the midnight street.
High up in some chill garret's gloom,
Perchance a feeble ray of light
Shall mark where in the cheerless room

The watcher sits through all the night.

They pass me by-the sad, the gay,
The child of want, the heir of pride ;—
Along the city's crowded way,

Walk vice and virtue side by side.
The sky looks down alike on all;

The sun and stars keep watch above;
For all alike the rain-drops fall,

And God holds all in his great love.

Soon will the bright day hasten by,

And swift the solemn night will fall;
But though thick clouds may vail the sky,
I know that God doth watch o'er all.

THE BOY-MARTYR.

"Let us see now what the love of Christ can do for you," cried the cruel judge; and, at a sign from him, the Lictors, who stood ready with their rods, after the fashion of the Romans instantly seized the poor trembling boy. Fain would the mother have saved her timid dove, even at the expense of her own life. She could not do so; but she could whisper to him to trust in the love of Christ, and to maintain the truth. And the poor child, feeble and timid as he was, did trust in that love; nor could all the cruelty of his tormentors separate him from it.

"What can the love of Christ do for him now?" asked the judge, as the blood streamed from that tender flesh.

"It enables him to endure what his Master endured for him and for us all," was the reply.

Again they smote the child to torture his mother.

"What can the love of Christ do for him now?" they asked again. And tears fell even from heathen eyes as that Roman mother, a thousand times more tortured than her son, answered,

"It teaches him to forgive his persecutors."

And the boy watched his mother's eye as it rose up to heaven for him, and he thought of the sufferings of his dear Lord and Saviour, of which she had told him; and when his tormentors inquired whether he would not now acknowledge the false gods they served, and deny Christ, he steadfastly answered, "No! there is no other God but one; Jesus Christ is the Redeemer of the world. He loved me, and I love him for his love."

Then, as the poor child fainted between the repeated strokes, they cast the quivering and mangled little body into the mother's arms, crying, "See what the love of Christ can do for him

now."

And as the mother pressed it gently to her own bleeding heart, she answered,

"That love will take him from the wrath of man to the peace of heaven."

"Mother," murmured the gasping child, "give me a drop from our cool well upon my tongue."

here thou shouldst be drinking of the river of life in the para"Child, thou shouldst not have time to receive it ; ere it were dise of God."

the

It was at Antioch, about three hundred years after the birth of Christ, that the deacon of the church of Cæsarea-the place from which the devout Centurion of the Roman army sent for St. Peter-was subjected to the most cruel tortures, in order more; and thus the mother continued," Already, dearest, hast She spoke over the dying; for the little martyr spoke no to try his faith, and force him to deny the Lord who bought thou tasted of the well that springeth up to everlasting life, him with his own precious blood. The martyr, amidst his agonies, persisted in declaring his belief that there is but "one grace of Christ given to His little one; thou hast spoken the God, and one Mediator between God and men, the man Christ truth in love; arise now, for thy Saviour calleth for thee. Jesus." His flesh was almost torn to pieces; the Roman Em-Young, happy martyr, for his sake, may he grant thy mother peror Galerius himself looking on. grace to follow thy bright path!" At length, weary of answering their taunting demands that he should acknowledge the many gods of the heathen, he told his tormentor to refer the question to any little child, whose simple understanding could decide whether it were better to worship one God, the Maker of heaven and earth, and one Saviour, who was able to bring us to God, or to worship the gods many and lords many

whom the Romans served.

Now, it happened that a Roman mother had approached the scene of the martyr's suffering, holding by the hand a little boy of eight or nine years old. Pity, or the desire of helping the sufferer, had probably brought her there; but the providence of God had ordained for her an unexpected trial. The judge no sooner heard the martyr's words than his eye rested on the child, and pointing to the boy from his tribunal, he desired the Christian to put the question he proposed to him.

The question was asked; and, to the surprise of most of those who heard it, the little boy replied, "God is one, and Jesus Christ is one with the Father."

The persecutor heard, but, far from being either softened or convinced, he was filled with fresh rage. "It's a snare," he cried: "O, base and wicked Christian! thou hast instructed that child to answer thus." Then turning to the boy he said, more mildly, "Tell me, child, who taught you thus to speak? How did you learn this faith?'

The boy glanced up to his mother's face, and then replied, "It was God's grace that taught it to my dear mother, and when I sat upon her knee a baby, she taught me that Jesus loved little children, and I learned to love him for his love to

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where the deacon was, and said again," There is but one God, The boy faintly raised his quivering eyelids, looked up to and Jesus Christ whom he has sent ; " and so saying, he died.

A

HOWARD AND THE COUNTESS.-Howard, the philanthropist, did not want courage nor the talent to administer reproof. German count, Governor of Upper Austria, with his countess, called one day on a man who had excited so large a share of the public attention. The count asked him the state of the prison within his department. Mr. Howard replied, "The worst in all Germany"; and advised that the countess should visit the female prisoners "I," said she, haughtily, "I go into prisons!" and went rapidly down stairs in great anger. Howard, indignant at her proud and unfeeling disposition, loudly called after her: "Madam, remember that you are a woman yourself, and you must soon, like the most miserable female in a dungeon, inhabit but a small space of that earth from which you equally originated."

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WILLIAM PENN'S WAY OF

MAKING PEACE.

In 1669 William Penn learned that there was some very choice land not enclosed in his first purchase, and he sent to inquire of the Indians if they would sell it. They replied that they did not wish to part with the land where the bones of their fathers were resting; but, to please their father Onas, (as they used to call the good man) they would sell him some of it. Accordingly, they agreed, for a certain quantity of English goods, to sel! as much land as one of Penn's young men could walk around in a day, "beginning at the great river near Cosquanco," now Kensington, "and ending at the great river near Kallapingo," now Bristol. But this mode of measurement, though their own choice, did not in the end satisfy the Indians, for the young Englishman chosen to walk off the tract of land walked so fast and so far as greatly to astonish and mortify them. Penn observed their dissatisfaction, and inquired the cause. "The walker cheats us."

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"Ah, how can that be?" said the Governor. Didn't you choose yourselves to have the land measured in this way?"

"True," replied the Indians: " but white brother make too big walk."

Some of Penn's commissioners waxing warm, said the bargain was a fair one, and insisted that the Indians ought to abide by it, and if not, should be compelled to it.

"Compelled!" exclaimed the man of peace, alarmed and indignant at the suggestion. "How can you compel them without bloodshed? Don't you see that this looks to murder?" then turning with a benignant smile to the Indians, he said:

"Well, brothers, if you have given us too much land for the goods first agreed on, how much more will satisfy you?"

This proposal gratified them much, and they mentioned the number of fish-hooks and quantity of cloth with which they I would be satisfied. These were cheerfully given, and the Indians, shaking hands with Penn, went away smiling.

After they were gone the Governor, looking round on his friends, exclaimed, "Oh, how sweet and cheap a thing is charity. Some of you spoke just now of compelling these poor creatures to stick to their bargain! that is in plain English to fight and kill them, and all about a little piece of land." -Treasures of the Old Chest.

"I WANT TO BE A SOLDIER."-" Grandma, I want to be a soldier. Whose company should I list in?" asked little Jasper.

"Well," said grandmother, thinking a minute, "I advise you to enlist under Corporal Try.'

"And who shall I fight, grandmother?"

"One of your greatest enemies is General Sulks, Jasper. The instant he makes his appearance, give him battle; and if you can't kill him, drive him off the field. I hate the sight of his sour. scowling face; don't you, Jasper?"

"I hate the feel of him," said Jasper, in a pitiful tone, "I'm sure I do. Is Corporal Try's company strong enough, grandmother? General Sulks is so sly, and hangs on so.

"Well," said Grandmother, " you know there is the great Captain, the Lord Jesus. One of his tried soldiers said, 'I can do all things through Christ that strengtheneth me.' And He helps all who put trust in Him."

"O, grandmother," said the little boy, with tears in his eyes, "will you ask him to 'list me?"-Everybody's Paper.

Every flower has its own sunbeam, and every leaf its own dewdrop.

William Penn.

PLEASANT PATHS FOR LITTLE FEET.

Hear ye not that angel voice,

Sweeter than the harps of heaven, Bidding youthful souls rejoice

In the grace by Jesus given? See ye not that form of light, Clothed with radiance of the skies, Bringing gems and jewels bright, Treasures of the good and wise?

In her right hand "length of days," In her left, the heart's increase; Bright and pleasant all her ways. And her paths are paths of peace. Hark! she calleth: Them I love, Who to me their love hath given, Early seek for joys above

Early find the peace of heaven.

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