Ecology and Behaviour of the African Buffalo: Social Inequality and Decision MakingSpringer Science & Business Media, 1996 - 293 lappuses Over the past 30 years or so, research effort in behaviour and ecology has progressed from simple documentation of the habits or habitats of differ ent species to asking more searching questions about the adaptiveness of the patterns of behaviour observed; moved from documenting simply what occurs, to trying to understand why. Increasingly, studies of behav iour or ecology explore the function of particular responses or patterns of behaviour in individuals or populations - looking for the adaptiveness that has led to the adoption of such patterns either at a proximate level (what environmental circumstances have favoured the adoption of some particular strategy or response from within the animal's repertoire at that specific time) or at an evolutionary level (speculating upon what pres sures have led to the inclusion of a particular pattern of behaviour within the repertoire in the first place). Many common principles have been established - common to a wide diversity of animal groups, yet showing some precise relationship between a given aspect of behaviour or population dynamics and some particular ecological factor. In particular, tremendous advances have been made in understanding the foraging behaviour of animals - and the 'decision rules' by which they seek and select from the various resources on offer - and patterns of social organization and behaviour: the adap tiveness of different social structures, group sizes or reproductive tactics. |
Saturs
Distribution of resources in time and space | 1 |
12 ECOLOGY OF THE LANDSCAPE | 4 |
13 WATER REQUIREMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER | 7 |
14 WAXING AND WANING OF FOOD RESOURCES | 11 |
15 BUFFALO DIET COMPOSITION | 16 |
16 GRASS AND SEDGE PRODUCTION | 20 |
17 GRASS AND SEDGE CONSUMPTION | 24 |
18 FOOD QUALITY | 29 |
THE EFFECTS OF POACHING | 151 |
Competition for food | 154 |
62 WILDEBEEST AND ZEBRA GRAZING ACTIVITY | 155 |
63 ELEPHANT FEEDING ACTIVITY | 157 |
64 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN ADAPTATION BETWEEN THE FOUR SPECIES | 159 |
MINOR COMPETITORS WITH BUFFALO | 166 |
THE MAJOR COMPETITOR | 174 |
Patch selection predators and grazing by rule of thumb | 178 |
Food for the buffalo | 34 |
22 FOOD INTAKE AND SWARD DENSITY | 42 |
23 BUFFALO FEEDING ACTIVITY | 45 |
24 BUFFALO AS MIXED FEEDERS? | 48 |
25 ARE BUFFALO TIMELIMITED OR RESOURCELIMITED? | 52 |
Social organization of buffalo cows | 56 |
32 FITNESS AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY | 58 |
33 THE BUFFALO HERD AS A DISCRETE UNIT | 72 |
34 FUSIONFISSION SOCIETY | 77 |
Social organization of buffalo bulls | 84 |
42 BULL MOVEMENTS BETWEEN SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS | 89 |
43 DOMINANCE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ADULT BULLS | 97 |
44 REENTRANT CONSECUTIVE POLYGYNY | 100 |
Population dynamics catastrophes and stability | 106 |
52 DIFFERENT CAUSES OF DEATH | 111 |
53 RISK SEX AND AGE | 114 |
54 ANNUAL MORTALITY | 120 |
55 RINDERPEST | 122 |
56 THE RINDERPEST OUTBREAK OF 1959 | 128 |
57 CATASTROPHIC DISEASES | 131 |
58 RISK OF DISEASE AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY | 133 |
59 THE MANYARA CENSUSES | 138 |
510 FUNCTIONAL STABILITY | 141 |
511 COMPENSATION | 146 |
512 CONDITION AND REPRODUCTION | 148 |
72 VIGILANCE AND PREDATOR DETECTION | 186 |
73 BUFFALO IGNORE PREDATION RISK WHEN DECIDING WHERE TO GRAZE | 192 |
74 PATCH SELECTION AND REGRAZING | 198 |
75 CHANGING PATCH UTILIZATION | 203 |
76 PREVENTING WRONG DECISIONS | 207 |
77 COGNITION INTELLIGENCE AND DECISIONMAKING | 210 |
78 COLLECTING INFORMATION | 214 |
Selecting grazing grounds a case of voting | 218 |
INDIVIDUAL JUDGEMENT | 219 |
83 FIRST EVIDENCE FOR COMMUNAL DECISIONTAKING | 221 |
84 ORIENTATIONS OF BUFFALO WHEN GRAZING OR RESTING | 224 |
85 WHICH OF THE SEXES OR AGE CLASSES SHOW VOTING BEHAVIOUR? | 226 |
86 VOTING | 229 |
87 ELECTION OR CONSENSUS? | 231 |
88 POOLED EXPERT OPINION | 232 |
SOCIALITY IN OPTIMAL FORM | 235 |
The effects of ecology on social organization | 237 |
92 INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION | 240 |
93 BUFFALO OF MANYARA AS COMPARED WITH THOSE OF THE SERENGETI | 244 |
94 SOCIAL INEQUALITY | 253 |
95 THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIALITY AND INFORMATION SHARING | 256 |
Protein and energy requirements | 261 |
266 | |
287 | |
Citi izdevumi - Skatīt visu
Ecology and Behaviour of the African Buffalo: Social inequality and decision ... H.H.T Prins Ierobežota priekšskatīšana - 2012 |
Bieži izmantoti vārdi un frāzes
adult buffalo adult bulls adult cows African buffalo animals appears approximately average bachelor bulls behaviour buffalo bulls buffalo cows Burchell's zebra cattle Central Herd Centre Chapter Chloris gayana condition crude protein concentration Cynodon dactylon Cynodon plectostachyus Cyperus laevigatus dead stalk density diet dry season ecology ecotone elephant estimated feeding females Figure food intake foraging forest grasslands grazing pressure green leaves herbivores Herd bulls home range impala increased individuals Iraqw killed by lions Lake Manyara large herds leaf long rains males Manyara buffalo mean mixed herd Msasa National Park Ndala night Northern Herd observed oestrus patches pattern period population Prins rainfall rainy season ratio rear relation resightings rift valley rinderpest risk of predation ruminants Serengeti short rains Sinclair social organization species Sporobolus Sporobolus spicatus subadult bulls sward Table tion vegetation types vigilant voting Warden's Reports wildebeest woodlands zebra
Populāri fragmenti
283. lappuse - The role of Ascaris lumbricoides in the nutrition of the host. Effect of ascariasis on digestion of protein.
Atsauces uz šo grāmatu
Large Carnivores and the Conservation of Biodiversity Justina Ray,Kent H. Redford,Robert Steneck,Joel Berger Ierobežota priekšskatīšana - 2013 |