CHAPTER V. MODIFICATIONS OF THE PREDICATE BY ADVERBIALS. ADVERBS. §228. THE second way mentioned, § 202, in which the Predicate in itself may be modified, is by Adverbials. An ADVERBIAL is a modifier of an attribute; as, "He is strictly honest;"" He acted discreetly;"" He acted in a discreet manner.' § 229. The normal adverbial is a single word, and is called simply an adverb. Other predicate modifiers are called generally adverbials. They include adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses, as well as single words. An ADVERB is the normal modifier of an attribute. § 230. Modifications of the Predicate may be of either of four kinds corresponding to the four classes of Attributes, Qualities, Actions, Conditions, and Relations. It will be more convenient, however, and at the same time more in accordance with the general teachings of grammarians, to recognize but two general classes, one embracing those of the internal attributes, qualities and actions, which may be called adverbs of Property; the other, embracing those of the external attributes, or those of condition and relation, called generally adverbs of Relation. § 231. Adverbial Modifiers are of two general classes: 1. Those of Property; 2. Those of Relation. § 233. ADVERBIALS OF MANNER are grounded upon the internal attributes, or those of quality and action; as, heavily, clearly, wisely, laughingly, intelligently. They answer the question, How? § 234. ADVERBIALS OF QUANTITY include those, 1. Of Amount; as, largely, richly, abundantly. 2. Of Extent; as, widely. 3. Ot Frequency; as, often, once, seldom. 4. Of Intensity; as, vehemently. They answer the question How much? as applied to agnitude, content, number, and degree. § 235. ADVERBIALS OF RELATION are of four kinds: 1. Of Condition; 2. Of Comparison; 3. Of Dependence; 4. Of Order. § 236. ADVERBIALS OF CONDITION include those:1. Of Time, present, past, and future, and also successive and continuous; as, now, then, when, formerly, hereafter, re peatedly, meanwhile. 2. Of Space, absolutely, as, there, here; and relatively, as, hence, hither, whence. § 237. Adverbials of Comparison respect relations to other predicates; as, equally, subordinately: "He ate excessively," that is, as compared with what he should eat; "They fought most gallantly," that is, as compared with other fighting. § 238. ADVERBIALS OF DEPENDENCE include those which respect the relation, 1. Of cause and effect; as, hence, thence ; 2. Of reason and consequent; as, therefore, consequently ; 3. Of motive or aim, and result or object; as, "He laDors for fame; 4. Of means and end, in the three just mentioned rela"The stream was crossed by a raft;" "The tree is known by its fruits." tions; as, ORSERVATION.-There are no normal adverbs of the last two varieties. § 239. Adverbs of Order include the proper Ordinal Adverbs; as, first, secondly, thirdly, etc.; and also such as, next, further, furthermore, again, finally. SCHEME OF ADVERBIAL PREDICATE MODIFIERS: I. In whole, or Proper; II. In respect to parts. Proper Predicate Modifiers: -I. Adverbs; II. Adverbials. I. Property: 1. Manner. 2. Quantity; (a.) amount; (b.) extent; (c.) frequency; (d.) intensity. II. Relation: 1. Condition; (a.) Time, successive, continuous; present, past, future; (b.) Place, in, to, and from. 2. Comparison. 3. Dependence; (a.) cause and effect; (b.) reason and consequent; (c.) motive and result; (d.) means. 4. Order; place, time. § 240. Some adverbs are relatively modified by means of grammatical comparison in a way similar to that of adjectives, by adding r or er for the comparative, and st or est for the superlative; as, soon, sooner, soonest. They are also relatively modified by the auxiliaries of comparison, more, most; less, least; as, more probably, most probably; less probably, least probably. OBSERVATION. -The following are irregular: — Far, farther, farthest, forth, further, furthest; ill, worse, worst; little, less, least; much, more, most; well, better, best. § 241. Adverbs of Property are readily formed from adjectives by adding the suffix -ly (= like), subject of course to the laws of word-formation. See Introduction, Chapter ix. Examples: Joyful-ly, great-ly, late-ly, happi-ly, gay-ly, dry-ly. Some adverbs are old genitives or possessives in s or es, now in some cases written ce or se, and in a few words passing into st; as, denoting Quantity, once, twice, thrice; denoting Condition; as, else, hence, thence, whence, since, besides, midships, unawares, inwards, afterwards, sideways, whiles, whilst, always, betimes, sometimes. Some adverbs are compounds of original nouns and prepositions; as, a-shore, a-foot, a-thirst, to-day, be-sides, in-deed, up-stairs, under-hand. forms Other parts of speech are used in their own proper as adverbs. Thus Nouns, by the omission of the preposition; "He went home yesterday," equivalent to to home on yesterday; Adjectives, as "Drink deep; " "Dripping wet;" Verbs, as, "Whiz went the arrow." as, § 242. ORAL EXERCISE. Point out the Adverbials and the Adverbs in the following sentences, and in the first extract in the Appendix No. VII.; indicate also to which class they belong, and name the predicate which they modify: We were clearly and particularly shown how the work was done. The birds sing sweetly. We often resolve; we rarely fulfill. Still waters are commonly deepest. He has been much deceived. They have been long absent. He spoke with a clear and full voice. They showed us the work with much patience. He was here yesterday, and will return today at two o'clock. He labored excessively upon his task; it was therefore well done. On all occasions she behaved with propriety. Mentally and physically we are curiously and wonderfully formed. The task is already more than half done. First, I am to show the nature, and, secondly, the importance of this virtue. I shall for that reason warmly befriend him. § 243. WRITTEN EXERCISE. Construct five sentences with predicates modified by Alverbials, and five by Adverbs of manner. |