3221. Pack masters should be given authority to grant a few hours' leave of absence to employees of the train in case formal application is made. Such leaves should only be granted in case services can be spared, and to such extent as is approved by the immediate superior. Should a packer desire a leave of absence extending over 12 hours he should be required to make application in writing through his pack master and assistant chief packer to the quartermaster, giving his name, position, and necessity for the leave. 3222. Packers found in any way maltreating animals under their care should be subjected to rigorous disciplinary action. This rule will be rigidly complied with by all members of the pack service.

DUTIES OF CARGADORS.

3223. The cargador must, with the assistance of the pack master, set up the "rigging."

3224. He will be expected to keep animals' bodies sound, and failure to do this will prove his unfitness for the position.

3225. He must attend to needed repairs to aparejos and equipment, supplying himself through the quartermaster with suitable cargador's "kit" and material for that purpose.

3226. He will be responsible for making up of all cargo, equalizing the packs, loading animals according to their strength and condition. He will keep a watch on animals and packs while traveling and on packers, to see that they attend to their duties, and promptly report any inattention or disobedience of orders to the pack master.

3227. The cargador will cause the cargo, the rigging, and the picket line to be placed as indicated by the pack master, and will take charge of the train in the absence of the pack master.

3228. He will keep a memorandum of all cargo received and to whom issued, together with dates, marking and tagging packages when necessary.

3229. In bivouac he will see that all halter shanks are gathered and placed on rigging, and all blinds placed on cargo before being covered up.

3230. He will be responsible that all aparejos are marked with the number of the animals respective coronas, and that all coronas are kept clean.

DUTIES OF THE HORSESHOER.

3231. The horseshoer will be provided with the blacksmith's field kit; will keep on hand for field service 200 shoes properly fitted, together with the number of nails necessary. He will also be equipped with other requisites for properly shoeing the train. He will fit and shoe all animals of the train, and must have a thorough knowledge of the approved methods of fitting shoes, and of the intelligent care of the hoof. 3232. He will, when required, give assistance in packing and while the train is being packed his duties are to keep the animals close to the bell animals, keeping correct count of the animals as they are turned loose, reporting any accident promptly to the packmaster or cargador.

3233. While traveling, his duties are to ride up behind, keeping watch on the feet of the animals, so that he may know the condition of the shoes and to what extent the train will need to be reshod at the halt. He will also pick up all shoes cast by the animals and replace them at the halt provided the shoes are serviceable. It will be his duty to put in additional nails should he observe that shoes on the animals are loose. 3234. He will call attention of the packers to any load that may need attention.

DUTIES OF THE COOK.

3235. The cook will have his meals in readiness at the time specified by the packmaster, and must have a knowledge of the economical preparation of the prescribed rations.

3236. He must closely and compactly stow the rations and mess utensils in the boxes in such manner that their weights will be equally distributed, causing the packs to ride evenly. Carrying heavy or unnecessary utensils on the march is prohibited. When kitchen utensils are loaded he will mount his animal and keep the animals of the train rounded up.

3237. At the call "Bell" he will untie the bell animal and lead out in the direction indicated, gaiting the animals as directed, and will maintain the proper distance in the lead, noting whether the gait be too fast or too slow and reporting any accident.

DUTIES OF THE PACKERS.

3238. Packers must have a thorough knowledge of the "diamond hitch" and all other hitches used in packing, for the purpose of securing the load, and must be able to effect a proper adjustment of the loads. 3239. Packers will exercise special care that the animals are not cinched too tight as it induces them to leave the trail for an opportunity to lie down. This may result in their becoming lost or in their possible death from overcinching.

3240. No reading matter will be taken by packers on herd to distract their attention from the care and watchfulness of the animals, that they may not stray off or stampede.

DOGS.

3241. Posts in Alaska requiring dogs submit requisitions therefor to the office of the Quartermaster General, and upon receipt of the requisitions this office authorizes the department quartermaster, Western Department, to purchase the animals at not exceeding a specified price, after advertising for them.

3242. In arctic and subarctic countries, dog service is a useful means for light transportation, both for rapid communication and also for the transport of supplies. In the latter case, however, where well-beaten trails are available, they can not compare with either horse or mule transportation. It therefore should be regarded in the nature of transport for pioneering or reconnoissance groups.

3243. The best transport dogs are found in the extreme northern part of America. Dogs raised in the temperate climates do not do well in the extremely cold temperatures encountered in the North. The dogs weigh about 40 to 90 pounds and are used in teams of from 5 to 6 or to as high as 20, according to the train in which they operate. In a wooded, mountainous terrain where trails of necessity have to be very narrow, that is only about 18 inches wide, the width which can be broken by a single pair of snow shoes, the dogs have to be hitched tandem with what is known as "Yukon harness." This consists of a collar, traces, and back band, each dog being hitched to the dog behind him by either snaps or by loops and tackles. The collars have to be carefully made and must fit the dogs accurately to give good results, and the fitting has to be more accurately done, if anything, than for mules or horses.

3244. For rapid work dogs of the character mentioned are able to maintain a speed of about 5 miles an hour when hitched to a properly constructed sled and haul an average of about 20 or 30 pounds each, that is a good team of 7 dogs should be able to haul about 200 pounds rapidly. For freighting purposes, these same dogs on ordinary trails are able to haul from 60 to 100 pounds average each, at the rate of about 2 miles an hour. In countries which present flat surfaces and an absence of trees and vegetation such as the "tundra country" of the Arctic, bare lakes, rivers, etc., where the snow either has a hard crust or where the snow has been blown from the icy surfaces of the lakes or rivers, teams of dogs of about 20 are used. These are hitched individually to one long line called the "lead line" which runs in front of the sled. Depending upon temperatures, a large team of 20 dogs is able to haul up to 1,500 pounds, and when winds are favorable and a sail can be used on these sleds even more.

3245. A great deal depends on the character of sled used. In opening up new trails, that is in reconnoissance work where the snow is deep and trail has to be broken with snow shoes, the toboggan made of birch and moosehide is the best vehicle. The type of sled depends on the character of the country in which the operations are taking place and varies from the length of 6 to 7 feet in width of 18 inches to a length of 10 to 12 feet in a width of 20 or 25 inches. The benches also being from 6 to 12 inches, according to the type of sled.

3246. Dogs should be allowed about 3 pounds of food each per day. This should be cooked whenever practicable. The best ration for hard work consists of 1 pound of rice, 1 pound of dried salmon, and 1 pound of bacon, boiled together until thoroughly cooked and then fed in dishes so that the juices may be all consumed. Corn meal, meats of various kinds, fish, and practically anything that a man can eat except beans make suitable food for dogs.

3247. It may be said that for countries in which exploring and pioneering work have to be done in the wintertime, that have no roads, and are a great distance from supply points, the dogs furnish the most satisfactory means of transportation, especially on the North American Continent. They are stronger and keep up sustained effort longer, cover greater distances for length of time, and food can be more easily found for them than any other animal. They are far superior to reindeer in nearly all parts of North America, because the reindeer eats only a certain kind of white moss which is difficult to find in many localities. They are also difficult for the average man to handle.

3248. Providing suitable species of dogs can not be obtained, the best animals for this purpose found in the Temperate Zone are the various breeds of collies or shepherd dogs. These, although light in weight, have an excellent coat and good feet. A team of collies can be easily trained within a month.

3249. The usual sicknesses with dogs in cold countries are digestive disturbances, frostbites, and injuries due to fighting. Bandages and sewing equipment to make moccasins for the dogs should be carried, and as an all around medicine, which can be used internally and externally, that is for digestive disturbances, and also for frostbites or sprains, Perry Davis's Pain Killer answers nearly all requirements. Aside from this, wherever dog depots are established, a complete equipment of Glover's Dog Remedies should be kept on hand.

3250. As to snow shoes necessary with all dog transportation to break trails, the best pattern is the type used by the Cooks Inlet Indians. These consist of several sizes, the smaller ones, about 3 feet long, being known as "trail shoes." These are used to break down the snow to the greatest extent possible and pack It. The Canadian shoes and those usually sold in the United States, or the "pumpkin seed" pattern, are almost worthless.

3251. Sleds are guided by the driver in two principal ways-for light transportation by the handles from the rear, very much like a plow; for heavy transportation by what is known as a "geepole." This is a pole which projects ahead of one side of the sled, usually the right, which is grasped by the driver's hand who walks in front of the sled, the singletree to which the dogs are attached having a rope running from it back to the sled.

3252. Should it be considered necessary to use dog transportation in any new field of operations, some one thoroughly familiar with this mode of transportation should have charge of obtaining all the equipment, such as harness, sleds, animals, snow shoes, cooking utensils, tents, and ropes.

3253. The character of food that dogs will eat, as well as that preferred by them, is mentioned in paragraph 3246.

Based upon the supplies furnished as food for 154 dogs in Army use in Alaska for a one-year period, the kinds and quantities of 100 rations were found, on an average, to be as follows:

Bacon..
Ham..

Fish.

Rice.

Cornmeal.

Total weight (100 rations)..

Pounds.

Ounces.

MOTOR VEHICLES AND BICYCLES.

3254. Many of the States, Territories, and municipalities provide for registration of motor vehicles operated within their limits, and impose a special tax upon such vehicles through fees for permits or licenses or for identification tags. By decisions of the United States Supreme Court it is held to be settled law that the property of the United States, and the instrumentalities whereby it performs its proper governmental functions, can not be taxed. Officers of the Quartermaster Corps and officers doing duty therein are therefore instructed as follows upon this subject:

It is not necessary to procure such license to cover the use of a motor vehicle owned by the Government, or operated exclusively by officers or employees of the Government, for official purposes only. The use of public funds pertaining to the Quartermaster Corps for the procurement of any license for a motor vehicle, or for purchase of identification tags supplied by civil authorities, is hereby prohibited.

All motor vehicles owned by the Government and operated exclusively by officers or employees of the Government, for official use under the Quartermaster Corps, will have attached to them plates bearing an inscription reading "Q. M. C., U. S. A., No. ......," the plates, with their lettering and numbering, to conform in a general way to the requirements in this regard of the localities in which the said vehicles are to be used. The proper quartermaster will give notice, in advance when practicable, to the local authorities charged with the duty of registering motor vehicles of the general public, stating what Government vehicles are in use in that locality, and the marks and designation they bear. If, for their own convenience, said local officials are willing to grant a license without charge, or in no way involving an expenditure, the same may be accepted.

Great care will be taken to observe regulations as to speed and as to rules of the road.

If, while in use on official business, a motor vehicle be stopped by a police officer, or if otherwise there be interference by State or other local authorities, because of failure to make registration and pay such special tax, the officer or employee should give full information as to the ownership and use of the vehicle, and the instructions under which operated, and to courteously request that there be no further interference. In case measures are then resorted to by State or local authorities to obstruct or prevent the proper use of such agencies or instrumentalities of the United States, full report will at once be made to the Quartermaster General, with the view of submitting the matter to the Department of Justice for such legal action as it may deem necessary to vindicate and make clear the rights of the United States in that regard. Where officers have automobiles, which are used for private purposes, the foregoing instructions do not apply.

When automobiles, motor trucks, or motor vehicles are transferred from one station to another with transfer of accountability, Q. M. C. Form No. 493, "Transfer of Motor Vehicle" (penalty post card), the transferring officer will fill in on the card all data called for thereon and mail to proper officer on the same day the motor vehicle is shipped or transferred. The operation cost to be entered representing total cost of same to date of transfer, including all operation cost since original purchase of the vehicle. When cost prior to date of receipt of motor vehicle is not of record in the office of the officer making the transfer, the cost of record will be entered, showing dates from and to which the cost reported applies, with notation that previous costs are not known; such information being obtained by receiving officer upon application to the Quartermaster General for statement of cost not reported.

"The Quartermaster Corps will supply at its expense the gasoline and lubricants for motor vehicles, and for portable searchlights, radio sets, and mobile power equipment furnished to troops by the Ordnance Department, the Corps of Engineers, and the Signal Corps. Facilities on hand in the Quartermaster Corps for repair and maintenance of vehicles may be furnished to other departments and corps, in which case settlement will be made by the usual transfer of funds." (2284555-A. G. O.; 451.2-222Q. M. G. O.)

3255. No charge can legally be made against the United States for licenses for operators of motor vehicles by any State or municipality. (Op. J. A. G., Apr. 21, 1914.)

REGULATIONS FOR MOTOR COMPANIES.

3256. The organization of a motor-truck company, a motor-car company, and a motorcycle company, Quartermaster Corps, are prescribed in the Tables of Organization.

3257. The prescribed organization and these regulations are intended to serve alike for enlisted and civilian personnel.

3100, A record of service of each civilian and enlisted member of the wagon company will be entered in the property book showing the length of service with the train. In the case of civilian employees the date, place, and capacity in which they first served will be stated. The record should show in what States, Territories, or foreign possessions the men have had former experience either as enlisted men or as civilians. A copy of the descriptive card of all the animals of the train, including riding animals, will be kept with the property book

A record of everything contained in this book shall be kept in the office of the quartermaster at the post or station to which the wagon train is attached.

3101. On detached service the quartermaster in charge in the field will furnish a memorandum receipt to the post quartermaster for the property of the wagon trains sent out in his charge.

3102. All wagons of the trains shall be numbered, and identifying marks will be given so as to indicate the train and organizations to which they belong.

3103. A duty roster will be kept, showing the roster by which members of the wagon company or train will report for duty.

3104. The quartermaster will require a daily morning report from each wagon master.

3105. The morning report will state the hours of daily exercise and the distance traveled; of what the loads were composed, the average weight of the load per tearn; the condition of the animals and their bodies the condition of the harness and wagons; the hours of watering, grooming, and feeding; the amount of grain fed per animal; the amount of straw for bedding, if any; repairs to harness or wagon; any incident of interest afexting the condition of the train, also the number of rations or other supplies per train and the number of men for whom furnished, any accidents happening to the men or animals and the cause thereof, date of employment of new men and in what capacity, and any disobedience of orders on the part of members of the train

3106. In connection with the morning report, there should be a space for remarks, when the train is in the feil, in which should be given a brief account of the country passed over, the distance traveled each day, the condition of the country as to wood, water, and grass, and in stort everything ailecting the movements of wagon trains.

3107. The quartermaster in charge of trains in the field will have the same responsibility for wagon trains as the post quartermaster has in garrison.

3108. On arrival at camp or bivouac, the quartermaster in charge of transportation will instruct the train master where to park his trains, which will be in as convenient a manner as the nature of the ground will permit. The highest ground will be given to the wagons and the lower ground to the animals. The supplies on the wagons will be protected against the weather or against petty pillering by intruders

3109. During travel, whether by day or by night, the quartermaster, train master, or wagon master on detached service wiii ride in advance of the train to set the gait and to look out for bad or dangerous places, efecting the necessary repairs to roads or bridges should it be dangerous for the trains to pass over.

DUTIES OF THE TRAIN MASTER.

3110. The duties of the train master will be to see that all wagon masters and other employees are thor oughly instructed in their duties and competent to perform aŭ the dutie devolving upon them in connec tion with the train service. He will be held responsible for the condition of the animals and the perfect management and discipúne of the train under his charge,

3111. He will require wagon masters to maintain supervision over the care of animals and property, and will hold them strictly responsible therefor.

3112. He will hold wagon masters responsible for the condition of the packages of supplies that are being enrried that none are in danger of loss by slippir g from the load, and that th me contained in sacks will not be in danger of rubbing through or bursting, due to the neglect of carelas teamsters or employee 3113. He will b¦1 wag on ma ter- re ponsible for the proper placing of their loads and for the expeditious preparation of the train for the day is travel.

3114. He will hold wagon masters responsible that the animals are properly trained to take their places In earn This practice must be had frequer.fly in order to expedite the placing of the jeams in the wagons

3115. Frecaution will be taken in crossing streams, rallroads, and bridges, a thorough examination being made before wagitis are permitted to cross I recants in will be taken to place the personnel of the train in such manner as to give safety to the train In croung bad streams the nexesary men will be-tatuned below the ; lace of crossing to avut in cam of acalest

3116. The tra la 'er or wagin mo ter on deta hai ser he will report every evening to the quartermaster for instrations for the next day a travel and wii have the train in readiness promptly at the time કડુ જ હીતું.

DUTIES OF THE WAGON MASTER.

3117. The wagon master will be held responsible for the pri per and complete equipment of the company and the margement and discl: une thereof

3118. A lack of thorough know edge and understanding of the art of harnessing, hitching up, and driving will be a disqualification for this position.

3119. The wagon master, whether in garrison or in the field, will cause the animals in his company to be brought to team in the evening while there is light if powi le, and will then verify the train by count. 67511- vol. 1 17 33