the suction end, of such diameter as will enter the water jet opening in bottom or side of trap. Just back of this opening is a small space in which sufficient water can lodge, which, if allowed to freeze, will fracture the porcelain ware. After trap is emptied it should be filled with mineral oil, not crude oil.

Wall urinals.-Where wall urinals are constructed of one piece of porcelain, with the trap molded in the ware, all water should be removed from trap in a manner similar to that described under "Water-closets." After trap is emptied it should be filled with mineral oil, not crude oil.

HEATING SYSTEMS.

All heating boilers, both for steam and hot-water plants, and all piping, radiators, expansion tanks, etc., pertaining thereto, must be thoroughly drained. This can be done by opening blow-off valve at bottom of boiler. See that air valves are open. All radiator valves, as well as valves on piping, must also be opened wide. All valves and cocks on water column of boiler to be left wide open. See that siphons of gauge and of damper regulator are properly drained.

Clean all soot from the heating surfaces of boiler and from the inside of smoke pipe; clean out ash pit and leave check damper and ash pit and firing doors open. If boilers and smoke pipe are not cleaned, it is certain that same will be damaged by corrosion.

ELECTRIC LIGHTING.

When a building is vacated, the electric current should be shut off at the main line switch, which is generally located near where the wire enters the building, and between meter and feed lines. At posts where current is purchased and paid for by primary meter measurements, the cost naturally includes the transformer core losses; therefore whenever a group of unoccupied buildings are served by one or more transformers a considerable saving will be effected if the primary and secondary fuses are removed from all transformers not actually needed. All street lights not absolutely necessary for proper guard and fire protection should be cut out; but in every case where the current is purchased, the company furnishing the same should be notified immediately of the steps taken.

GAS LIGHTING.

When a building having a gas piping system is vacated, gas should be immediately turned off at the stop cock on feed pipe to meter; that is, between the meter and the gas main from which supply is received.

DAMAGE BY FROST.

The practice of keeping fires in unoccupied buildings of any kind in order to prevent freezing of water pipes should not, on account of the unnecessary expense incurred thereby, be authorized. At posts where organizations have been withdrawn and only a detachment left to care for property, the entire detachment should, if at all practicable and reasonably safe to do so, be quartered in one building, selected with reference to its location, so as to make it as convenient as possible for the detachment properly to perform its duties; this with a view of reducing the fuel, water, and light consumption to a minimum in the vacated buildings. The plumbing and heating systems in such unoccupied buildings will not be damaged by frost if properly drained. (Cir. 40, O. C. Q. M. C., 1913.)

INSPECTION OF STEAM BOILERS.

2955. Inspection of steam boilers by the United States Steamboat-Inspection Service.

1. All steam boilers-portable, stationary, or marine-which are to be operated at 20 pounds or more steam pressure, procured or installed by the Engineer Department or the Quartermaster Corps and in service, will be inspected by representatives of the United States Steamboat-Inspection Service at least once a year.

2. The boilers to be inspected are classified, for the purposes of this order, as follows: (a) All marine boilers pertaining to the Engineer Department.

(b) All other boilers, stationary or portable, pertaining to the work of the Engineer Department, except those installed at coast defenses and consuming fuel supplied by the Quartermaster Corps.

(c) All boilers installed at coast defenses which have been supplied by the Engineer Department and which consume fuel supplied by the Quartermaster Corps.

(d) Stationary and portable boilers at coast defenses procured or installed by the Quartermaster Corps. (e) Stationary and portable boilers at mobile army stations pertaining to the Quartermaster Corps. (f) Marine boilers pertaining to the Quartermaster Corps.

3. With a view to economy in expenses incident to inspections, all boilers of classes (c) and (d) installed in the same harbor will be inspected at the same time. Request for authority for such inspection, including a statement of the estimated cost thereof, the number of boilers of each class to be inspected, and the proportion of the cost of inspection to be charged to each class, will be made to the Chief of Engineers by the district engineer officer after communicating with the coast defense commander in reference to the boilers under his charge. When satisfactory arrangements have been made by the Quartermaster General and the Chief of Engineers, the latter will authorize the district engineer officer to secure the services of the boiler inspector. In cases where it is practicable and will result in economy of inspection expenses, the inspection of any boilers in the vicinity pertaining to classes (a), (b), (e), and (ƒ) will be combined with the

inspection of classes (c) and (d). The district engineer officer will ascertain, by inquiry of the proper officials, whether such combination of inspections can be advantageously made, and if not, will so state in his request for authority for inspection. In case the inspection of boilers of classes (a), (b), (e), or (ƒ) can not advantageously be combined as indicated above, their inspection may be separately arranged for with the local boiler inspector and without securing antecedent authority therefor; arrangements for the inspection of boilers of classes (a) and (b) will be made by the proper district engineer officer; and for those of classes (e) and (ƒ) by the department quartermaster, who, in forwarding the inspection reports to the Quartermaster General as prescribed below, will state the reasons for not combining the inspection of the boilers reported on with boilers of classes (c) and (d).

4. The officer arranging for the inspection with the boiler inspector will be solely responsible that inspections of all boilers covered by his request are made at the proper time, and will see that all needed assistance and facilities, including the necessary pumps for making hydrostatic tests, are furnished to the inspector, and the officer in immediate charge of each boiler will furnish such assistance as may be practicable, upon the request of the officer arranging for the inspection. A competent employee, familiar with the boiler to be inspected, will be present while each boiler is being inspected, to give the inspector any authentic information needed.

5. In the case of all boilers pertaining to the Engineer Department of classes (a), (b), and (c), information will be prepared for the inspector for each boiler on E. D. Form 42e. This information will be compiled under the direction of the district engineer officer prior to the inspection, and, together with available blue prints of each boiler to be tested, will be held available for the information of the boiler inspector in preparing his report of inspection. One copy of E. D. Form 42e, properly filled out for each boiler, will be kept on file in the district engineer office until the next annual inspection is made, at which time a new statement will be prepared and the old one destroyed. In the event that a piece of plant containing a boiler is transferred to another district, copies of the last boiler inspection report and of the data furnished the inspector, made by the district from which the plant was transferred, will be furnished for the files of the office to which the plant was transferred for use when the next inspection of the boiler is made.

6. In the case of boilers pertaining to the Engineer Department (of classes a, b, and c), the responsibility rests with the district engineer officer that all needed information is correctly furnished to the boiler inspector; in the case of boilers pertaining to the Quartermaster Corps (of classes d, e, and ƒ), such responsibility rests with the officer in immediate charge of the boiler to be inspected.

7. For boilers of classes (b), (c), (d), and (e), W. D. Form No. 34 will be used for the inspector's report The inspector will be furnished with one blank copy of this form for each boiler to be inspected, and will submit a separate report for each boiler upon these forms. The officer, or a competent employee, in immediate charge of the boiler, will in each case supervise the inspection and preparation of the report in order that it may be complete in all details. In the case of boilers of class (b), the original report will be filed in the district engineer office, and a copy will be prepared and posted in the engine room. In the case of boilers of classes (c), (d), and (e), the officer in immediate charge of the boiler will add to the report of inspection such remarks and recommendations thereon as the case may require; he will then retain one copy and forward the original to the officer who arranged for the inspection; the latter officer will forward the original reports to the head of his own staff department after retaining such copies or extracts as may be desired. All original reports thus forwarded to the Chief of Engineers will be transmitted to the Quartermaster General.

8. For boilers of classes (a) and (ƒ), the report of inspection will be made on Form 840-B of the United States Steamboat-Inspection Service. In the case of boilers of class (a) the original report will be filed in the district engineer office and a copy will be prepared and posted in the engine room. In the case of boilers of class (f) the report will be forwarded by the officer arranging for the inspection to the head of his staff department in Washington for file in the Quartermaster General's Office.

9. In all cases where the boiler pressure gauge is found to register inaccurately, the boiler inspector will be required to set the gauge so as to register correctly at working pressure. This request upon the inspectors is made with the approval of the assistant inspector general of the United States Steamboat-Inspection Service.

10. The officer in immediate charge of any boiler of classes (c), (d), (e), and (ƒ) will report through military channels to The Adjutant General of the Army any such boiler which is in service and has not been inspected by a representative of the United States Steamboat-Inspection Service within one year and three months. (G. O. 52, W. D., 1914.)

WATER SYSTEMS.

2956. The following instructions relate to the analysis of the water of permanent posts or camps in the United States:

1. When for any reason the purity of the water supply of a permanent post or camp in the United States is suspected, specimens of the water may be forwarded for chemical and bacteriological examination, as follows:

(a) From posts and camps east of the Mississippi River, to the curator, Army Medical Museum, Washington, D. C.

(b) From posts and camps west of the Mississippi River, to the surgeon, Fort Leavenworth, Kans., or to the commanding officer, general hospital, Presidio of San Francisco, Cal., whichever place is the nearer in point of time.

(c) At the time of forwarding the specimens the officer sending them should at once by direct letter advise the officer to whom he sends them of the following particulars: (1) The date, place, and mode of shipment; (2) the date and place of the collection of the water; (3) the character of the watershed, its typography, and the use to which the country is put if inhabited; (4) the proximity of houses, barns, privies, or other possible sources of contamination to the place of collection or the source of supply; (5) the proximity of fertilized land to such place or source, and whether the said land is higher or lower than the adjacent land; and (6) such other information as may suggest a possible deleterious influence on the purity of the water. If the water is from a well the letter should report the depth of the well, the strata found in digging or boring it, and the depth of the water in the well.

2. The specimens should, when practicable, be collected by a medical officer. If the water to be examined is delivered through pipes or is pumped from a well or cistern, the local supply pipe and all pump connections should be emptied by allowing the water to run for 15 minutes before taking the samples. 3. Chemical examinations.—The quantity of water forwarded for chemical examination should be not less than 3 liters. The receptacles for transporting it should be chemically clean, and all vessels used in its collection should be as clean as it is possible to make them.

(a) Glass-stoppered bottles of suitable size are best adapted for the preservation of a sample of water in its original condition. In pouring the water into bottles it should not come into contact with the hands of the operator or with anything not essential to the pouring. Bottles should be filled to within an inch of the stoppers; the stoppers should be carefully rinsed and inserted and secured with a canvas cover tied tightly around the neck of the bottle. Sealing wax, or similar material, should not be used to secure the stoppers. It is impossible in practice to remove such organic matter without minute particles thereof gaining access to the sample, and since water analysis deals with contaminating substances in almost infinitesimal quantities, the results of the examination when such intrusion of foreign material has occurred become misleading if not worthless.

(b) If no proper receptacles are available at the post or camp where the water is suspected, suitable bottles may be obtained upon application to the officer to whom the specimens are to be sent under the provisions of section (a) or (b), paragraph 1. Bottles so obtained should when filled be repacked in the box in which they came, reversing the cover, which should have the laboratory address thereon. The package should be tagged or labeled to show the place and date of collection.

(c) Water for chemical analysis should be shipped immediately after its collection by express. A Medical Department bill of lading will be made for each such shipment and the carrier's signature taken thereto upon turning over the package for transportation. Until a special form shall have been provided therefor, Q. M. C. Form 153 may be adapted to the purpose by altering the symbol "W. Q." in the upper right-hand corner to read "W. Medical," followed by the number of the bill. The consignor should in every case fill out the instructions for billing at the foot of the bill of lading, specifying therein that the freight charges are to be vouched to the Surgeon General, Washington, D. C., and should immediately mail the bill to the consignee, who will upon receipt of the articles accomplish the bill and surrender it to the carrier. The consignor should at the time of shipment furnish the carrier with a shipping order (Q. M. C. Form 156), and mail a meinorandum of the bill of lading (Q. M. C. Form 154) to the Surgeon General, with information as to the purpose of the shipment unless the same is clearly revealed by entries on the bill.

4. Bacteriological examinations.-Samples of water for bacteriological examination should be collected in bottles furnished for the purpose with mailing cases, upon application to the officer to whom the specimens are to be sent under the provisions of section (a) or (b), paragraph 1. These bottles are sterilized, and are protected by a piece of heavy sterilized muslin, which also serves to keep the stopper in place during transportation.

(a) To collect the sample the projecting ends of the copper wire should first be untwisted so as to release the stopper. The stopper may then be loosened, but it must not be removed. In taking specimens from a faucet or pump (after emptying the supply pipes and connections conformably to par. 2) a small, gentle stream should be allowed to flow, the stopper taken out, the bottle grasped near the bottom, held in an upright position, and the stream permitted to flow into the bottle until it is filled to the shoulder. The stopper should then be replaced; both it and the cloth should be secured by carrying the wire several times around the neck of the bottle and twisting the ends tight. The stopper must be handled only by the square cloth-covered top. The lip of the bottle must not be brought in contact with the faucet or spout; nor should the neck of the bottle or naked part of the stopper be permitted to come in contact with any object during the manipulation. The projecting flange is designed to protect the plug of the stopper, which it will do if the stopper, after withdrawal, is held by the top in a vertical position. The stopper should not be laid down and the cloth should not be handled by the fingers except in the act of securing the wire about it. When well water is to be examined the bottle should be filled directly from the bucket constantly în use for drawing the water and from no other vessel.

(b) Each package should be plainly marked to show the source from which the sample is taken and the date of collection.

(c) The case should be marked "Water for bacteriological examination," and it should be forwarded by mail at the earliest moment.

(d) On account of the labor involved and the possibility of error, bacteriological examinations of water collected in any other than the prescribed receptacles will not be made.

5. The curator of the Army Medical Museum, the surgeon at Fort Leavenworth, and the commanding Officer of the general hospital at the Presidio of San Francisco will from time to time make requisition on

the Surgeon General for such bottles, receptacles, and other containers as may be necessary for the purpose of these analyses, with a view to issuing the same on application when an examination is desired of the water at the posts for which they make analyses Empty bottles for chemical specimens should be put up in packing boxes of appropriate size, which should be divided by partitions into compartments, one for each bottle. The bottles should be further protected from breakage by the use of excelsior or other suitable packing materials, the return address should be plainly marked upon the reverse of the box cover, which should be made fast with screws and not nailed, and the bottles so packed should be shipped by express to the applicant, using the forms mentioned in section (c), paragraph 3. Bottles for bacteriological specimens will be sent by mail in their mailing cases. Appropriate reference to the instructions herein before given concerning the manner of securing and transmitting the specimens should be sent with the empty containers,

(a) These officers will apply also at reasonable periods for the necessary laboratory apparatus and supplies or for authority to purchase the same.

(b) Upon completion of an analysis the officer making it will report the results thereof, through the chief surgeon of the department, to the officer who asked for it, and will at the same time furnish a copy of such report directly to the Surgeon General, with a copy of the letter called for by section (c), paragraph 1.

PREPARATION AND MAINTENANCE OF CAMPS.
GENERAL REMARKS.

2957. This subject, as here treated, deals principally with the preparation of a permanent camp, the items entering into the cost of preparation and maintenance, and the method of obtaining an estimate of such cost. The procedure in procuring the necessary supplies, by requisition or purchase as the case may be, after the authorizations and allotments have been made, is fully explained elsewhere in the Manual. 2958. The duties connected with the preparation and maintenance of a permanent camp may fall to any quartermaster-Regular Army, National Guard, or volunteer-and he should know how to deal with the subject in a systematic manner.

2959. A camp need not necessarily be under canvas (A. R. 452, 1913); but, as a rule, when troops are in camp they are sheltered under canvas.

When troops occupy buildings in towns or villages, or huts specially erected, they are in cantonment. Cantonments often develop through improvement of camps-huts or temporary buildings taking the place of worn-out tents-and are especially advantageous in cold or wet weather. (F. S. R. 233, 1914.)

In mobilization and concentration camps, troops are sheltered under canvas or temporary barracks, and provision is made for their health, comfort, and instruction. As a rule, such camps or cantonments are not large. (F. S. R. 236, 1914.) When practicable to do so, all heavy canvas may be left standing for use by the successive contingents of troops occupying these camps, thus effecting a considerable saving in equipment.

2960. Plans of temporary buildings, and average cost of each, for mobilization camps are shown in Appendix 16. When troops are provided with heavy canvas, as are those of the Regular Army and National Guard, few temporary buildings will be required in a mobilization, or other semipermanent camp; but the preparation of the camp involves numerous details which every quartermaster should know. The following remarks have therefore been made especially applicable to camps of this nature.

LAYING OUT AND PREPARING THE CAMP.

2961. A map of the camp site, especially if the ground is rolling, is of great help in laying out the regimental camps, and selecting points for kitchens, latrines, bathhouses and other shelters and marking those places on the ground.

2962. The first step to be taken in laying out the camp when actually on the ground is to select the company officers' street and use it as a tentative base line. The company streets and location of the remainder of the camp, such as latrines, corrals, etc., can then be more easily made. Each tent or building should be indicated by a tent pin to represent its location, the pin to be placed at the center of the front of the tent or building. This preliminary work having been attended to, and the arrangements completed for systematic delivery of the required construction materials, the actual work of getting the camp in readi ness should begin.

2963. The lines of the water pipe should be indicated by stakes driven in the ground, and the pipe distributed along these lines as it is unloaded in camp. Lumber should be placed, with reference to the building site in each instance, in the order in which the workmen will need it-that is, first the posts, plates sills, rafters, and braces for the framework of the building; and then the materials for the sides and the roof. Posts for such temporary structures may be omitted if the building site is sufficiently level. Such systematic distribution of materials will facilitate the construction work, and should be carefully looked after by the quartermaster's assistant.

2964. The installation of the water system may be started at the same time as the other construction work. The general plan of distributing lines should be such that a branch supply pipe for a row of spigots should have pressure from both ends; and controlling valves should be so placed that a break in such branch may be repaired without shutting off the water from the other branch supply lines. The use of a plow, if the nature of the soil will permit, will facilitate laying the pipe-a depth of 16 to 18 inches being sufficient cover. The water system for the different regimental camp sites is shown in plans in Appendix 21.

2965. These plans are intended as general layouts only, showing sizes of pipes to be used and location of hydrants, and need to be modified to suit the conditions of each case as made necessary by the contour of the ground, and location of water supply.

2966. One large pipe runs across each regimental camp site, and, from this main several branches of smaller pipes are taken off to distribute the water to various points convenient for use, making complete circuits, thereby having no dead ends. Cross connections, with controlling valves at branches, divide the system into a number of sections so that, in case of repairs, only a small portion of the system need be turned off.

2967. It will be noted that the following sizes of pipes are used: For main connection, 4-inch; distributing system, 2-inch; short branches and hydrants, 1-inch; and for showers, 2-inch. With a water pressure of not less than 35 pounds per square inch, these sizes are suitable for the purpose. They are common sizes and easily obtainable. Inasmuch as the tees for the 4-inch pipe may be located at end of stock lengths, the tools for cutting and threading may be limited to those for 2-inch, 1-inch, and 2-inch pipe.

2968. It is frequently desired to know what number of pipes of a given size are equal in carrying capacity to one of a larger size. At the same velocity, the volume delivered by two pipes of different size is proportional to the squares of their diameters; thus, one 2-inch pipe will deliver the same volume as four 1-inch pipes; but with the same head the velocity is less in the smaller pipe and the volume delivered varies about as the square root of the fifth power. The following table has been calculated on this basis. The figure opposite the intersection of any two sizes is the number of smaller sized pipes required to equal one of the larger.

2969. Other conditions being constant, the volume of water delivered from a given pipe varies directly with the pressure.

2970. The pipe lines should be laid in trenches of such depth as to be covered to a depth of not less than 1 foot when trenches are refilled, and, in the sections subject to severe frosts in winter, pipes should be laid at such depths as to prevent freezing. Pipe lines should also be laid on grades with blow-offs at low points. 2971. To secure hydrants, a 2 by 4 inch or similar post should be securely planted and hydrant fastened thereto.

2972. If time permits, it will be an advantage to have one building or structure of each kind constructed, one kitchen crematory prepared, and one latrine pit dug-these to serve as models for the workmen, or in case bids for the completed work are called for, they will show prospective bidders exactly what is wanted. During the construction of this set of models, the quartermaster can, by keeping the time required to complete each structure after the workmen thoroughly understand the plans, get a fair idea of the amount of labor involved.

2973. If the construction is not done by contract, the quartermaster should make the details of the different kinds of work, parceling it out so that the amount done daily by one small gang of workmen can be compared with that done by another gang of the same number, and should select competent foremen to help look after the details.

2974. In digging latrine pits, the tendency of workmen will be to make them too wide. All the measurements should be checked, attention called to the variations from the prescribed measurements, and the necessary corrections be made.

2975. As the work progresses, it requires constant inspection. By careful inspection, changes that will expedite the work will suggest themselves, and should be made.

PREPARATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE ORDINARY SEMIPERMANENT CAMP IN THE SERVICE OF THE INTERIOR.

2976. In camps of a semipermanent nature, assuming that the troops themselves are sheltered under their own canvas, the preparation of camp usually necessitates laying out the camp, installing a water system, including the construction of bathhouses for officers and men and watering troughs for animals. Providing sink equipment (incinerators when prescribed, lime scoops, urinals, latrine boxes, and shelters); digging kitchen and latrine pits; and constructing shelter for kitchens, messes, and, when necessary, for animals and camp supplies. For small quantities of supplies, storage tents will suffice; but usually one, or more, rented buildings will be required for use, by the camp quartermaster, as storehouses. Except in very hot weather, in camps of no longer duration than one month, shelter for animals will not be necessary. 2977. If organizations are to be supplied with field equipment at camp, as, for example, in the case of newly organized commands, timely notice to this effect should be given the camp quartermaster, otherwise he is not expected to supply articles of field equipment (C) to organizations unless the latter remain in camp for more than 30 days.

2978. In supplying the National Guard mustered into Federal service, the plan prescribed in paragraph 455, Army Regulations, 1913, and the Mustering Regulations for the Organized Militia is followed.