mother will perhaps be a very distinguished collegian. That one truism says it all-women are made and

meant to be, not men, but mothers of men. A noble

mother, a noble wife are not these the designations

in which we find the highest ideal of noble womanhood? Woman was formed to be man's helpmate, not his rival; heart, not head; sustainer, not leader."

not lose when the mothers of the race are rendered nervous, irritable, and overstrained by the exciting stimulus of education carried to excess, and the exhausting anxieties of professional competition!"

This does not say that only the "stupid women" are therefore to be wives and mothers. Specialized education does not necessarily create companionable nor even sensible women; else, by parity of reasoning, would all professional men be personally charming and delightful, which undoubtedly they all are not. A girl may be a sound Grecian, a brilliant mathematician, a sharp critic, a faultless grammarian, yet be wauting in all that personal tact and temper, clear observation, ready sympathy, and noble self-con ́rol which make a companionable wife and a valuable mother. Nor is unprofessional or unspecialized instruction necessarily synonymous with idleness and ignorance; while a good all-round education is likely to prove more serviceable in the home and in society than one or two supreme accomplishments. Many of us make the mistake of confoundir g education with acquirements, and of running together mental development and intellectual specialization. The women of whom we are most proud in our own history were not remarkable for special intellectual acquirements so much as for general character and the harmonious working of will and morality. The Lady Fanshawes and Elizabeth Frys, the Mary Carpenters and Florence Nightingales, whose names are practically immortal, were not noted for their learning, but they were none the less women whose mark in history is indelible, and the good they did lives after them, and will never die. And taking one of the, at least, partially learned ladies of the past-is it her Latinity and her bookishness that we admire so much in Lady Jane Gray? or is it her modesty, her gentleness, her saintly patience, her devotion?-in a word, is it her education or her character?-the intellectual philosopher, or the sweet and lovely and noble woman?

The ideal mother is undoubtedly a woman more placid than nervous in temperament, more energetic than restless in habits, and with more strength of character and general good sense than specialized intellectual acquirements. Strong emotions, strained nerves, excitement, anxiety, absorption, are all hurtful to the unborn child. They tend to bring on premature birth; and if not this, then they create sickly offspring, whom the mother cannot nourish when they are born. And, speaking of this, I may as well state here that the number of women who cannot nurse their own children is yearly increasing in the educated and well-conditioned classes; and that coincident with this special failure is the increase of uterine disease. This I have from one of our most famous specialists. The mental worries and the strain of attention inseparable from professional life, make the worst possible conditions for satisfactory child-bearing; while the anxiety bound up with the interruption to her work, consequent on her health and changed condition, must tell heavily on the nerves and mind of the woman whose professional income counts in the family. Her physical troubles, of themselves quite enough to bear, have thus extra weight; and mind, nerves, work, and condition act and react in a vicious circle all round. Even where her profession is one that does not take her out of doors, and does not involve any great personal fatigue-as literature or art-the anxiety of her work and the interruption which must needs result from her state are more disastrous to the unborn than to herself; and the child suffers as much from the relaxation as from the strain. As one of the wisest and best-trained women I know said to me the other day: How much of all the grand force and nervous power, the steadiness and courage of Englishmen, may not be Modern men want intelligent companions owing to the fact of the home life and pro- in their wives. But the race demands in its tection of women; and how much shall we turn healthy, wise, and noble mothers of

vigorous children. Only a few of the less losing their hold and the new are not yet worthy men desire simply an upper servant rooted; the old organization of society is for domestic use, or a mistress for personal crumbling to pieces and we have not even pleasure, or both in one, with whom they, founded, still less created, the new. In this the husbands, feel no true comradeship. But revolution, naturally one of the most promido the mass of men want the specialized nent facts is the universal claim for individual companionship of a like education? Does freedom, outside the elemental laws which not human nature rather desire a change-hold the foundations together, made by every the relaxation of differences?-and do special- one alike. We preach the doctrine of rights ists want to be always talking to their wives everywhere, that of duties straggles in where of literature, art, science, medicine, law-it can; and the one crying need of the world whatever may be their own assigned work? at this moment is for some wise and powerful Would they not rather forget the shop, even organizer who shall recombine these scattered though that shop be the library or the studio, elements and reconstruct the shattered edifice. and pass into a fresh intellectual atmosphere Women, who always outstrip their leaders, when they lay aside their manuscripts or fling are more disorganized, because at this time down their brushes? We must always re- they are even more individualized than are member too, that the conduct and manage- men. Scarcely one among them takes into ment of the house and family belong to account the general good. Even in those women; and that if the wife and mother does questions where they have made themselves not actively superintend those departments the leaders, individual victories are of greater which the fitness of things has apportioned to value than general policy, and they would her, subordinates must-subordinates who always subordinate the practical welfare of will not put into their work either the love or the majority to the sentimental rights of the the conscience of the wife, whose interests are minority. An individual sorrow moves them identical with her husband's—of the mother, where the massed results of a general law with whom reason and instinct, education and leaves them cold. This characteristic is peraffection, create that half-divine power to fectly sound and righteous in those to whom which most great men have owed the chief have been confided the care of the family and part of their greatness. the arrangement of details. Women ought to be individual, not for themselves but for others; and in that individualism there ought to be the injustice inseparable from devotion. An altruistic mother who would sacrifice her one child for the sake of her neighbor's two, does not exactly fulfill our ideas of maternal care; on the other hand, a mother who would rather her son was disgraced as a coward than that he should run the dangers of courageor the partisan of her own sex who would sacrifice twenty men to save one woman in convenience or displeasure, is as little fit to be the leader of large movements involving many and varied interests, as is that other to be a mother. In their own persons women carry out to a very remarkable degree this principle of individualism, the general good notwithstanding. Speak to an ordinary woman of the evil economic effects of her actions, and you speak a foreign language. She sees only

Not going all the length of the Turkish idea that women are born into the world only to be the wives and mothers of men-as mothers of women simply keeping up the supply; and that for themselves they are of no account outside their usefulness to, and relations with, men-it is yet undeniably better that they should be unnoted as individuals and perfect as mothers, rather than famous in their own persons and the mothers of abortive and unsatisfactory children. In this lies the soul of the controversy; for the whole question is contained in the relative importance of individual rights and social duties-freedom for self-development in such direction as may suit ourselves, or subordinating our personal desires to the general and unindividualized good.

We are in the midst of one of the great revolutions of the world. The old faiths are

the individual loss or gain of the transaction, what duty has she to the community comand a public or social duty to creatures un-parable to that which she owes herself? known and unseen does not count. In the cruel vicissitudes of fashion and the ruin of thousands brought about by simple change of material-in the selfish greed for bargains, no matter at whose cost obtained-in the complete ignoring of and indifference to all the results to others of her own example, a woman of the ordinary type is essential individual and unsocial. In America ?—whence, however, we have received so many grand and noble impulses this female individualism, with its corresponding indifference to the public good or to public duty, is even more pronounced than here; and the right of woman to her own development, though that should include what is called 'the painless extinction of man," is the very heart and soul of the new creed.

And this brings us round once more to the subject-matter of this paper-the effect on the community of the Higher Education of Women, in its good and evil results on mothers and their offspring, and their own indifference to these results.

Women, seeking to rule, have forgotten how to obey. Wishing to reorganize society according to their own desires, they have at the same time thrown off all sense of discipline in their own lives; and the former feminine virtues of devotion, patience, self-suppression, and obedience are flung aside as so much tarnished finery of a decayed and dishonored idol. The ordinary woman cannot be got to see that she is not only herself but also a member of society and part of an organiza tion; and that she owes, as a duty to the community, the subordination of her individ ualism to that organization. She understands this only in religious communities, where she obeys her director as one divinely commis sioned. Outside religious discipline she refuses obedience to general principles. Society has grown so large and its disorganization is so complete, that, she says to herself, her own example does not count. She is but a frac tional part of a grain added to a ton weight; and by the law of psycho-dynamics she is undiscerned and without influence. It was all very well in small communities, like those of Greece, for instance, or when the one grand lady of the village was the mirror for all to dress by. Then, the individual example was of value but now-who cares for one of the tens of thousands crowded in London? and

It is impossible not to sympathize with a bright girl anxious to go on with her educa tion, and petitioning for leave to study higher matters than have been taught her at her school. It is as impossible not to feel a sense of indignation at the injustice when parents say frankly, the education of their girls does not count with them; and, so long as these know how to read and write and can play the piano and are able to dance and perhaps to sew, there is nothing more necessary. We do battle then for the right of the individual to know, to learn, to perfect itself to the utmost of its ability, irrespective of sex. But if we are wise we stop short of such strain as would hurt the health and damage the reproductive energies, if marriage is to come into one of the chances of the future. A girl is something more than an individual; she is the potential mother of a race; and the last is greater and more important than the first. Let her learn by all means. Let her store her mind and add to her knowledge, but always with quietness and self-control-always under restrictions bounded by her sex and its future possible function. Or, if she disregards these restrictions, and goes in for competitive examinations, with their exhausting strain and feverish excitement-if she takes up a profession where she will have to compete with men and suffer all the pain and anxiety of an unequal struggle-let her then dedicate herself from the beginning as the Vestal of Knowledge, and forego the exercise of that function the perfection of which her own self-improvement has destroyed. We cannot combine opposites nor reconcile conflicting conditions. If the mental strain consequent on this higher education does waste the physical energies, and if the gain of the individual is loss to the race, then must that gain be sacrificed or isolated.

Of course it all depends on that If; and of others. A generation or so ago no lady could this experts are the only trustworthy judges. have made money, save by the two methods We must be guided by the better knowledge of painting and writing-both done within of specialists and those who have studied in the sacred seclusion of the four walls of home. all its bearings a subject of which we know, Actresses were what we call in the north only one side, and that side the one turned to "chancey." Some were thoroughly respectour own desire. If one examiner reports: able and came to good ends and high "That of the boys 29 per cent., and of the positions; but the bulk were best left alone girls 41 per cent., were found to be in a sickly by women who wished to keep alive any state of health;" if another, in confirmation thing like veneration for virtue. Now, howsays, "That 11.6 per cent. of boys and girls in ever, we have opened all gateways, and made the St. Petersburg schools suffer from head- it possible for ladies of condition, repute, and ache," we must suppose there is something to birth to do what they will in the way of be taken note of in the opposition of most money-making and still retain both character medical men to this Higher Education of and position. A princess opens a milliner's Women. For we must put out of court, as shop; a lady of rank is a cowkeeper and unworthy of serious consideration, that old profits by her dairy-farm; women of title go well-worn accusation of man's opposition to on the stage; ladies of gentle birth and breedwoman's advancement from jealousy,tyranny, ing are storekeepers and horse-breeders. Put the desire of domination, and the preference as yet these are only the showy-we had of slaves and mistresses over companions and almost said theatrical-and quasi-romantic ́ wives. We must accept it as part of all sane vanguard; and what we want is a stable conargument that people desire the best-ideas as dition of self-support for women whose into what is the b.st differing according to the herited position is not of that high class which point of view; as now in this very question no work can degrade, but who, ladies as they under consideration, where the individual are, stand or fall according to the arbitrary gain clashes with the good of the community, estimation of their work. and the personal advantage of the woman hurts her usefulness as a mother. We must acknowledge, too, that experts know better than the unlearned; and that in matters of health and the wisest rules for physical wellbeing, medical men are safer guides than girls ambitious for their own distinction, or women ambitious for their sex-holders too, of the doctrine of absolute equality in mental strength with men, and of free tride in all employment and careers.

A great deal of the difficulty surrounding the question of woman's employment could be got over by women themselves. If, instead of degrading their own more natural work by the social ostracism of the workers, they would raise it by respect and honor, large field of productive usefulness would be opened and much cause for heart-burning would cease. The greater democracy of the present age makes it possible for great ladies to earn 'money. Even a queen throws her books into the market, and sells them all the same as

In this, we repeat, no one can help women save women. Certain tailors and certain shopkeepers are received in London society as among its favorite and most honored guests. Do we meet with a milliner, a lady shopkeeper? Do we not all know milliners and dressmakers who are well-educated, pleasantmannered, honorable ladies; yet would the countesses and dames for whom they devise their dainty costumes agree to meet them on equal terms at balls and dinners? Why not? Surely it cannot be on the ground of making their own money. The highest ladies in the land do not disdain to turn an honest penny if they can; and where, pray, is the essential difference between the clergyman's daughter who sells mantles or laces in a shop for her living, and the young duchess who sells pincushions and button-holes at a bazaar for her vanity, masked as charity? Here, if we will, the principle of individualism would work with advantage. If we could get rid of all caste feeling, and judge of people by them

the rules of the Synagogue. Horrible are the details of what the Inquisition wrought at that time in Spain; but, curiously enough, all to no purpose. Cruel as was the old Inquisition, it was to be surpassed by the new Inquisition, established by Ferdinand and Isabella, and which cast so dark shadow over their reign. While the old Inquisition was of a limited power, and its influence of little

selves and not by their work-if we would | ing to the Church, secretly lived according to allow that a milliner could be a lady, and a shop-girl on a level with her sister the governess, and both on an equality with their brother the clergyman and their aunt the physician's wife-we should have done more for the question of the employment of women than we have done by the establishment of colleges and the creation of educational standards, the attainments of which are inimical to the best interests of society because hurtful to importance, the powers of the "New Inquisiwomen themselves. We must do what we can in this life, not always what we would; and the general interests of society are to be considered before those of a special section, by whose advancement will come about the corresponding degeneracy of the majority.

In these two propositions, then, we think the whole thing lies-in voluntary celibacy for those who overtax their vital energies by intellectual strain that hurts the offspring; and in the honoring of those lighter and easier methods of making money which have hith erto condemned a woman to social ostracism, and denied her the status she deserves and has inherited.-ELIZA LYNN LINTON, in The Fortnightly Review.

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE JEWS,*
SINCE THE DESTRUCTION OF JERUSALEM.

tion" or "Holy Tribunal" were enlarged and extended, and under Torquemada, the first Inquisitor-General, it became one of the most formidable engines of destruction which ever existed. Isabella at first felt great repugnance to the establishment of this institution, and some of the most eminent men opposed it. But the Dominicans had set their heart upon it, and were determined to obtain it. What finally determined the queen to adopt it was a vow she had made when a young infanta, in the presence of Thomas of Torquemada, then her confessor, that if ever she came to the throne she would maintain the Catholic faith with all her power, and extirpate heresy to the very root; and thus it was that she became instrumental in the perpetration of the most horrible cruelties which blacken and deform the history of men. The New Inquisition reached its climax in the year 1492, when an edict was published ordering all Jews who would not embrace ChristiThe great prosperity of the Jews in Spain anity to leave the country within four months. proved their ruin. The ignorant populace, The news of this edict came upon the Jews instigated by the priests, could not brook the like a thunder-clap. Every appeal to the happy condition of the Jews, and wherever compassion of the king and queen was dethey were to be found, they were from time feated by the opposition of Torquemada. to time pounced upon; numbers of them were The Jews offered immense sums of money as slain, while others, to save their lives, sub- a price for remaining in a country where they mitted to baptism. Thus the Spanish Church had already been established for centuries. contained, besides a body of real Jewish con- But the merciless Torquemada presented himverts, whose names are known by their ex- self before the king, with a crucifix in his cellent writings, a large number of nominal hand, and asked, for how many pieces of silver Christians who, by sentiment, remained Jews. more than Judas he would sell his Saviour to Soon popular suspicion was aroused against the Jews? Over 300,000 Jews left Spain, and these latter, the so-called "New Christians;" emigrated to Africa, Italy, and Turkey Most and at last the Inquisition was set in motion to of them went to Portugal, where they enfind those out who while outwardly conform-joyed a few years of rest. In 1497, however, they were again left to the choice, either to

IN TWO PARTS.-PART II.

* Copyright, 1886, by JOHN B. ALDEN.