"good faith." That motion was denied. 41 F. Supp. 814. The Circuit Court of Appeals reversed, one judge dissenting, 125 F. 2d 296. We granted the petition for certiorari because of the importance in the administration of the Bankruptcy Act of the problems involved. Every petition under Ch. X must state, inter alia, "the specific facts showing the need for relief under this chapter." § 130 (7). Sec. 141 provides that the judge shall enter an order approving a debtor's petition "if satisfied that it complies with the requirements of this chapter and has been filed in good faith, or dismissing it if not so satisfied." Sec. 146 defines "good faith" and provides in part: "Without limiting the generality of the meaning of the term 'good faith', a petition shall be deemed not to be filed in good faith if— "(4) a prior proceeding is pending in any court and it appears that the interests of creditors and stockholders would be best subserved in such prior proceeding." The federal bankruptcy power is, of course, paramount and supreme and may be so exercised by Congress as to exclude every competing or conflicting proceeding in state or federal tribunals. Kalb v. Feuerstein, 308 U. S. 433. In fashioning Ch. X Congress, however, did not go so far. While the pendency of prior proceedings in state or federal courts does not bar the filing of a petition under Ch. X (§ 256), Congress in effect directed the bankruptcy courts not to approve petitions under Ch. X in such cases unless it appeared that the interests of creditors and stockholders would not be best subserved in the prior proceedings. And it put the burden on the petitioner to make that showing. The Report of the House Judiciary Committee states that the purpose of § 146 (4) was to "stop the removal of prior pending cases from other courts where the interests of creditors and stockholders would be better served by retaining and continuing the prior proceedings." H. Rep. Opinion of the Court. 317 U.S. No. 1409, 75th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 42. Sec. 146 represents a codification of some of the interpretations which the courts had given the words "good faith" in proceedings under § 77B. S. Rep. No. 1916, 75th Cong., 3d Sess., p. 27. Thus the necessity of showing "a need for the machinery of 77B as an essential in accomplishing a reorganization because other procedures were either unavailable or more cumbersome and expensive" led courts to find an absence of "good faith," in the sense that no "need for relief" had been established, where 77B was sought to be employed by a debtor as "a mechanism for preserving equities at the expense of creditors." See Report on the Study and Investigation of the Work, Activities, Personnel and Functions of Protective and Reorganization Committees, Securities and Exchange Commission, Pt. VIII, p. 94 (1940). In view of that history, it seems clear that, when a prior proceeding is pending, a petitioner's showing of "need for relief" under Ch. X, required to be contained in every petition by the express provisions of § 130 (7), must demonstrate that at least in some substantial particular the prior proceedings withhold or deny creditors or stockholders benefits, advantages, or protection which Ch. X affords. In absence of such a showing, the "need for relief" has not been established and the District Court is not enabled to make an informed judgment on the "good faith" issue. The Circuit Court of Appeals in this case, as in Brooklyn Trust Co. v. Rembaugh, 110 F. 2d 838, held that the debtor's petition was not filed in "good faith," since it was seeking to escape the jurisdiction of the state court to which it had voluntarily submitted itself. But that is not the test which Congress has provided in § 146 (4). That provision requires the bankruptcy court to inquire whether "the interests of creditors and stockholders" would be better subserved in the prior proceedings or under Ch. X. That the desire of the petitioner to escape the prior proceedings is immaterial to that inquiry is supported not only by the language of § 146 (4) but also by the fact that § 256 expressly sanctions the filing of petitions under Ch. X although prior proceedings are pending. To disqualify a petitioner under Ch. X merely because he had in some way participated in the prior proceeding would effect a substantial impairment of § 146 (4), since it would be the exception rather than the rule where both the debtor and the creditors had not taken some part in the prior proceedings. Furthermore, the issue as to the adequacy of the prior proceedings as compared with Ch. X is the same whether the petition is filed by creditors or by the debtor. All petitions, whether filed by the debtor or by others, must show the "need for relief" (§§ 130-131); and in every case the bankruptcy court must be satisfied that the petition has been filed in "good faith." §§ 141-144. We are of the opinion, however, that the debtor did not sustain the burden which the federal statute places on a petitioner. So far as the "interests" of stockholders are concerned, it is not apparent that the equity owners would be denied in the state foreclosure proceedings benefits, advantages, or protection which Ch. X would afford them. Admittedly the property is worth less than the amount of the first mortgage indebtedness. Under the rule of Northern Pacific Ry. Co. v. Boyd, 228 U. S. 482, and Case v. Los Angeles Lumber Products Co., 308 U. S. 106, a plan of reorganization would not be fair and equitable which in such circumstances admitted the stockholders to participation, unless the stockholders made a fresh contribution in money or in money's worth, in return for "a participation reasonably equivalent to their contribution." Case v. Los Angeles Lumber Products Co., supra, p. 121. That rule obtains under Ch. X as well as under its predecessor, § 77B. There is no suggestion in the record Opinion of the Court. 317 U.S. that the equity owners desire to make a contribution on that basis, and that, unless they are allowed to do it under Ch. X, they will be barred. All that the record shows is an affidavit by one Silverman that, "if the creditors desire liquidation of their claims on the basis of present actual values rather than on the face amount of their claims," $50,000 in cash could be raised. Ch. X would not permit such a dilution of creditors' interests. Hence, such a showing does not establish on behalf of the stockholders that "need for relief" which § 130 (7), read in light of § 146 (4), requires. In fact, the approval of the petition on that ground would be giving the equity owners a nuisance value wholly unjustified by the reorganization standards which are incorporated into Ch. X. The District Court, however, concluded that it was in the interests of all the creditors that the Ch. X petition be approved. It noted that the market value of the certificates was far under par and that there were lienors and creditors, other than the first mortgage certificate holders, with which the bankruptcy court, but not the state court, could deal. If there were a showing, for example, that the property was worth more than the amount of first mortgage indebtedness and it appeared that that excess value would be lost to the junior interests in the state proceedings, or that the state proceedings were less adequate by reorganization standards than the bankruptcy court to protect such interests, approval of the petition clearly would be justified whether filed by the debtor or by creditors. But no such showing was made. Hence it was not established that continuation of the state proceedings would deny the junior creditors any benefits which Ch. X would afford them. Approval of the petition on the grounds advanced by the District Court could be made only under the composition theory of reorganization, which Ch. X, like § 77B, rejected in favor of the full priority rule of the Boyd case. See Case v. Los Angeles Lumber Products Co., supra, p. 119, n. 14. That rule protects the rights of senior creditors against dilution either by junior creditors or by equity interests. See id., p. 123; Consolidated Rock Products Co. v. Du Bois, 312 U. S. 510, 525-526, 529-530. There remains the contention that it was in the "interests" of the certificate holders to have the proceedings transferred to Ch. X. In this connection, much emphasis is placed on numerous safeguards contained in Ch. X, which this Court reviewed in Securities & Exchange Commission v. United States Realty & Imp. Co., 310 U. S. 434, 448-450. And it is asserted that comparable safeguards are wholly or largely lacking in proceedings under the Schackno Act. Those considerations would be highly relevant and persuasive if this were a case of the usual reorganization proceeding dealing with more than one class of securities under the older procedures which Ch. X was designed to improve and supplant. See Securities & Exchange Commission v. United States Realty & Imp. Co., supra, p. 448; H. Rep. No. 1409, 75th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 37 et seq. Then the safeguards afforded by Ch. X would have special significance in protecting the respective classes of investors against improvident, unfair or inequitable adjustments, compromises, and settlementssteps which are basic to the reorganization process but which in selfish hands led to much abuse. H. Rep. No. 1409, 75th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 37 et seq. But here the machinery of the state which is being used is the foreclosure proceeding, which, so far as appears, has been invoked on behalf of the certificate holders alone. Presumptively, the result of the foreclosure will be an appropriation of the assets of the debtor for the benefit of the certificate holders exclusively. There is no showing that the foreclosure proceedings have been conducted in such a way as to jeopardize the interests of the certificate holders contrary to the design of Ch. X. There is no showing |