He demanded from the Emperor of Morocco an exact drawing of boundaries between his state and Algeria, and insisted that Abd-el-Kader should hereafter be kept with his bands on the western side of Morocco. In exacting these conditions of peace, Marshal Bugeaud was at the head of a considerable force. A French squadron, commanded by the Prince de Joinville, was sent to cruise along the coast of Morocco, rather with the design of moral than of physical effect. "The instructions given to his Royal Highness are pacific in their character," wrote M. Guizot to the consul-general of France at Tangier, "and start from this point, that war has not been declared between France and Morocco."

At news of this, however, the excitement in England was great. England had important commercial relations with Morocco; from Tangier, Gibraltar drew most of its supplies, and the safety of the African port was considered important for the English post. For the moment it was believed in England that what had happened in Algeria was now to occur in Morocco, and that a war between France and the African state was but the first step towards conquest. Sir Robert Peel was personally anxious and disturbed, but good sense and justice in his mind, as in that of Lord Aberdeen, triumphed over the first outbreak of the popular excitement. Pressing instructions were sent out from England to the consul-general at Tangier, directing him to bring all the weight of England's influence to bear upon the mind of the emperor, to induce him to attend to the just demands of France, and arrest the course of the war. In case the emperor should not give satisfaction to France, it was to be made plain to him that he could count upon no support whatever from England.

The Emperor Abd-el-Rhaman was in no condition to yield to the demands of France; he was carried away by his own feelings and by the popular fanaticism each day fanned to a higher flame

by the Emir Abd-el-Kader. The frontier posts were reinforced, and the English consul could obtain no decided answer. War was inevitable by sea and land. On the 6th of August, 1844, the Prince de Joinville attacked Tangier, silencing the batteries of the town and destroying the fortifications. On the 15th, he bombarded the city of Mogador at the southern extremity of Morocco, and seizing on the little island at the entrance to the harbor, established a garrison there. The preceding day, at Isly, Marshal Bugeaud had defeated the emperor's army, and the victory being thus complete, the Prince de Joinville immediately opened negotiations. Lord Aberdeen devoted himself to the work of pacifying the ill-humor of Sir Robert Peel and the disquietude of the public mind. The war was ended, and the Morocco question settled, the good understanding between France and England having been in no degree impaired, under the eyes of the English sailors and amid the coming and going of the diplomatic agents of England who were deeply interested in the re-establishment of a peace which the wisdom of the French government, following her success in the campaign, easily secured. "The conduct of the English government in this affair has been most upright, wise, and sincere," said M. Guizot, in the Chamber of Deputies, "and I am glad to take this occasion to render it justice."

It was in the same sincere spirit of moderation and equity that negotiations were opened and for many years carried on between France and England in respect to the marriages of the Queen of Spain, Isabella II., and her sister, Doña Luisa Fernanda. "A glance at the map of Europe is enough to show," says M. Guizot in his Mémoires, "how useful to France is the natural alliance existing between her and Spain, and how essential it is to her that Spain should not be drawn into any European combinations hostile to French interests. For four centuries history has reiterated what geography says. The