which I delivered thereby becoming the dean of radio-program announcers. The invocation was made by Dr. David A. Covell, at that time rector of Trinity Church, and he chose for his invocation the third verse of the Eighth Psalm, which you gentlemen remember contains the very stirring words:

When I consider Thy Heavens and the work of Thy fingers, the moon and stars which Thou hast wrought.

I thought the initiation of this broadcast program something more than a commercial enterprise, since no money was involved, should be given a dignified and proper introduction to the public.

At that time, so far as we could learn, there were not over 30 oldstyle crystal sets in Washington. So, to let the public outside the church, as well as those attending the forum, have the advantage of the program we installed in the steeple of Trinity Church four loud speakers. They were furnished by a concern in San Francisco which, at that time, were, as far as we could learn, the only ones available.

We opened the program with an organ solo. We had congregational singing; we had a cornet solo- cornetist played "The Palms-and a 'cello solo, the cellist rendering Wagner's Evening Star. There was further congregational singing and another organ solo, each announced over the air. Vice President Marshall closed the program with an address on the high cost of living, which was quite a problem in 1919. I think it has been quite a problem since Adam's time, but it was particularly acute at that period. The loud speakers in the steeple of the church were heard over various sections of Washington as far as Alexandria, up in Georgetown, and over in Anacostia, with intervals of silence in between.

I had decided that it would be an interesting thing if we established interstate radio communication of a program so arranged, by means of a telephone, that what was said and done would be transmitted to Arlington and there they would attempt to retransmit it. I was never able to learn the result of that attempt, but provided the idea. and means of doing. At that time the Secretary of the Navy, Josephus Daniels, was at sea in mid-Pacific, and we had hoped that be might be able to hear it, a hope that was not justified by the results. Apparently he did not.

But it may be interesting to the gentleman interested in radio to hear the story briefly summarized of what was done at that time. Single items had been broadcast, news and messages were sent by wireless. Phonograph records used for broadcasting, but as far as I can learn and this was verified by inquiries of General Saltzman and General Squires, mine was the first complete radio program. The first program given by KDKA was on November 2, 1920, 16 months later, and to the National Capital, I believe, belongs the honor of being the first city in the world to give the public a complete radio program, organized and timed, with oral announcements of features, vocal and instrumental music, songs and choruses, organ recital and accompaniments, solos by brass, reed, and string instruments, congregational singing and an address by a high official of the United States Government on a national problem of the time, broadcast by a competent installation of effective radio apparatus, the best in the United States, as that of the United States Signal Corps would be, a broadcast not only by radio but also by loud speakers and addi

tionally conveyed over the telephone to another radio station in another State for the purpose of rebroadcast, the while an audience in Trinity Forum saw the work done and listened to the various elements of the program.

That first radio program was as complete in all its elements as the best radio programs of the present day and it was not an accidental combination, due to contributing circumstances, but a thoroughly thought-out and carefully worked-out program, given with a full understanding of its potential possibilities in a new field by its originator.

At the conclusion of the program Vice President Marshall said

to me:

You have brought something new into the world, the growth of which and the consequences of which no man can forsee in its complete extension and application. I am glad to have had a part in its production.

Confirmation of all I have said may readily be obtained by consulting the files of Washington newspapers for August 23, 1919, the date the program was produced and the preparatory announcements of the week preceding this date. The several press associations also carried descriptions of the event to newspapers throughout the United States. To give it a popular name the method was called "The Great Voice and in view of the development of radio since then the name seems to have been prophetic.

Preliminary tests and trials of the apparatus were made during the installation of the apparatus but the first finished, actual publicly broadcast radio program was given from 8 o'clock for over an hour on Sunday evening August 23, 1919, from Trinity Church, Third and D Streets NW., Washington, D. C., and I was its conceptor, originator, and producer. Plans to continue broadcasting were worked but it was impossible to finance them, so little were the possibilities of the radio understood by persons or institutions of means in those days.

I thank you for your courtesy in hearing me, Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the Committee on Patents of the House of Representatives of the Congress of the United States.

The CHAIRMAN. The committee will call upon Mr. Harry Shaw, president of the National Association of Broadcasters.

STATEMENT OF HARRY SHAW, PRESIDENT NATIONAL

ASSOCIATION OF BROADCASTERS, WATERLOO, IOWA

Mr. SHAW. My name is Harry Shaw, and my address is Waterloo, Iowa. I am president of the National Association of Broadcasters, and also of the Waterloo Broadcasting Co., at Waterloo, Iowa. The CHAIRMAN. How many stations do you represent?

Mr. SHAW. We have one.

The CHAIRMAN. I mean in your association.

Mr. SHAW. We have 188 stations in the association. Now, those stations

The CHAIRMAN. What percentage of those are on clear channels, what percentage on regional channels, and what percentage on local channels?

Mr. SHAW. Perhaps Mr. Loucks has those figures with him.

The National Association of Broadcasters is a business organization embracing broadcasting, and is organized not for profit and

under the laws of Delaware. It is a voluntary organization of broadcasters, supported by revenues derived from the dues, and all its officers, excepting the managing director, serve without pay. The headquarters of the association is located in the National Press Building, at Washington, D. C.

With your permission, Mr. Chairman, I desire to introduce into the record a list of our officers, the members of our board of directors, and so forth.

The CHAIRMAN. We will be very glad to have it inserted in the record, but is there in the statement the amount of money each organization pays as dues?

Mr. SHAW. No, sir.

The CHAIRMAN. What are the average dues of the organization? Are the dues regulated according to the size of the station?

Mr. LOUCKS. According to the size and in accordance with the power. A clear-channel station pays at the rate of $500 a year; regional-channel stations having 1 kilowatt of power pay annual dues of $300; and local stations having power of 100 watts, pay annual dues at the rate of $125.

The CHAIRMAN. How many of your associations are on clear channels, region channels, or local channels?

Mr. LOUCKS. I can furnish that, and we will be glad to do so. Mr. SHAW. Here [exhibiting] is the list of officers and members. I think you will find in that membership a diversified list of stations covering local, regional, or clear-channel stations.

The CHAIRMAN. Representing every State in the Union?

Mr. SHAW. Representing every State in the Union; yes, sir. (The list of officers and members of the board of directors is printed in full, as follows:)

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BROADCASTERS, 1931-32

OFFICERS

President, Harry Shaw, Waterloo Broadcasting Co., Waterloo, Iowa. Treasurer, M. A. Howlett, Radio Air Service Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio. Vice presidents, John J. Storey, Worcester Telegraph Publishing Co., Worcester, Mass.; Paul W. Morency, Travelers Broadcasting Service, Hartford, Conn.

ACTIVE MEMBERS AS OF FEBRUARY 1, 1932

Radio stations:

WAAW. Omaha Grain Exchange, Omaha, Nebr.

WABC. Atlantic Broadcasting Corporation, 485 Madison Avenue, New
York, N. Y.

WAIU. Associated Radiocasting Corporation, Columbus, Ohio.
WBBM. WBBM (Inc.), 410 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Ill.
WBBZ. C. L. Carrell, 497 West South Avenue, Ponca City, Okla.

WBEN. Buffalo Evening News, Buffalo, N. Y.

WBEO. Lake Superior Broadcasting Co, Marquette, Mich.

WBT. WBT (Inc.), Charlotte, N. C.

WBTM. Clarke Electric Co., Danville, Va.

WCAE. WCAE (Inc.), P. O. box 1133, Pittsburgh, Pa.

WCAO. Monumental Radio Co., Baltimore, Md.

WCAU. Universal Broadcasting Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

WCBA. B. Bryan Musselman, Allentown, Pa.

WCCO. Northwestern Broadcasting Co., Minneapolis, Minn.

WCLO. WCLO Radio Corporation, Janesville, Wis.

WCSH. Congress Square Hotel Co., Portland, Me.

WDAF. Kansas City Star, Kansas City, Mo.

WDAY. WDAY (Inc.), Fargo, N. Dak.

WDRC. WDRC (Inc.), Hartford, Conn.

WEAF. National Broadcasting Co. (Inc.), 711 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y.

WEAN. Shepard Broadcasting Service (Inc.), Providence, R. I.

WEBC. Head of the Lakes Broadcasting Co., Superior, Wis.

WEBQ. First Trust & Savings Bank of Harrisburg, Ill.

WEDH. Erie-Dispatch-Herald Broadcasting Corporation, Erie, Pa.

WEEI. Edison Electric Illuminating Co. of Boston, Mass.

WELL. The Enquirer-News, Battle Creek, Mich.

WENR. National Broadcasting Co. (Inc.), Merchandise Mart, Chicago, Ill. WFAA. Dallas News-Journal, Dallas, Tex.

WFBG.William F. Gable Co., Altoona, Pa.

WFBM. Indianapolis Light & Power Co., Indianapolis, Ind.

WFBR. Baltimore Radio Show (Inc.), Baltimore, Md.

WFDF. Flint Broadcasting Co., Flint, Mich.

WFI. Strawbridge & Clothier, Philadelphia, Pa.

WFIW. WFIW (Inc.), Hopkinsville, Ky.

WGAR. WGAR Broadcasting Co., Cleveland, Ohio.
WGBF. Evansville On the Air (Inc.), Evansville, Ind.

WGBI. Scranton Broadcasters (Inc.), Scranton, Pa.

WGN. The Chicago Tribune, Chicago, Ill.

WGR. Buffalo Broadcasting Corporation, Buffalo, N. Y.

WHAS. Louisville Times & Courier-Journal Co., Louisville, Ky.
WHB. WHB Broadcasting Co., Kansas City, Mo.

WHBC. WHBC (Inc.), Canton, Ohio.

WHBF. Beardsley Broadcasting Co., Anderson, Ind.

WHBY. St. Norbert College, West De Pere, Wis.

WHFC. WHFC (Inc.), 6138 West Twenty-second Street, Cicero, Ill.

WHK. Radio Air Service Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio.

WHP. WHP (Inc.), 220 Telegraph Building, Harrisburg, Pa.

WIBW. Topeka Broadcasting Association, Topeka, Kans.
WIBX. WIBX (Inc.), Utica, N. Y.

WIL. Missouri Broadcasting Corporation, St. Louis, Mo.

WIP-WFAN. WIP-WFAN Broadcasting Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

WJAC. Johnstown Automobile Co., Johnstown, Pa.

WJAG. Huse Publishing Co., Norfolk, Nebr.

WJAR. The Outlet Co., Providence, R. I.

WJAS. Pittsburgh Radio Supply House, Pittsburgh, Pa.

WJBK. James F. Hopkins (Inc.), Hotel Fort Shelby, Detroit, Mich.

WJR. WJR, The Goodwill Station (Inc.), Fisher Building, Detroit, Mich.

WJSV. WJSV (Inc.), Mount Vernon Hills, Va.

WJZ. National Broadcasting Co. (Inc.), 711 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. WKBN. WKBN Broadcasting Co., 17 North Champion Street, Youngstown, Ohio.

Radio stations-Continued.

WKBZ. Grant F. Ashbacker, First National Bank Building, Ludington, Mich.

WKJC. Lancaster Broadcasting Service, Lancaster, Pa.

WKRC. WKRC (Inc.), Cincinnati, Ohio.

WKZO. WKZO (Inc.), Kalamazoo, Mich.

WLAP. American Broadcasting Corporation of Kentucky, Louisville, Ky. WLBF. WLBF Broadcasting Co., Kansas City, Kans.

WLBW. Radio-Wire Program Corporation of America, Oil City, Pa.

WLS. Agricultural Broadcasting Co., Chicago, Ill.

WLW. Crosley Radio Corporation, Cincinnati, Ohio.

WMAQ. National Broadcasting Co. (Inc.), 400 West Madison Avenue, Chicago, Ill.

WMBC. Michigan Broadcasting Co., 7310 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, Mich. WMBD. Peoria Broadcasting Co., Peoria, Ill.

WMC. Memphis Commercial Appeal (Inc.), Memphis, Tenn.

WMCA. Knickerbocker Broadcasting (Inc.), 1697 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

WMT. Waterloo Broadcasting Co., Waterloo, Iowa.

WNAC. Shepard Broadcasting Service (Inc.), 1 Winter Place, Boston, Mass.

WNAX. House of Gurney (Inc.), Yankton, S. Dak.

WNBW. Home Cut Glass & China Co., Carbondale, Pa.

WNOX. WNOX (Inc.), Knoxville, Tenn.

WOAI. Southern Equipment Co., San Antonio, Tex.

WOC. WHO. Central Broadcasting Co., Davenport, Iowa.

WOL. American Broadcasting Co., Annapolis Hotel, Washington, D. C. WOR. Bamberger Broadcasting Service (Inc.), 1440 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

WORC. Alfred F. Kleindienst, 60 Franklin Street, Worcester, Mass. WOW. Woodmen of the World Life Insurance Association, Omaha, Nebr. WPAD. Paducah Broadcasting Co., Paducah, Ky.

WPG. WPG Broadcasting Corporation, Atlantic City Auditorium, Atlantic City, N. J.

WPTF. Durham Life Insurance Co., Raleigh, N. C.

WRAK. Clarence R. Cummins, Williamsport, Pa.

WRC. National Broadcasting Co. (Inc.), National Press Building, Washington, D. C.

WREC. WREC (Inc.), Memphis, Tenn.

WRJN. Racine Broadcasting Corporation, Racine, Wis.

WRVA. Larus & Bro. Co. (Inc.), Richmond, Va.

WSB. The Atlanta Journal Co., Atlanta, Ga.

WSBT. South Bend Tribune, South Bend, Ind.

WSEN. Columbus Broadcasting Corporation, Columbus, Ohio.

WSM. National Life & Accident Insurance Co., Nashville, Tenn.

WSMB. Saenger Theatre (Inc.), and Maison Blanche Co., New Orleans, La.

WSPA. Voice of South Carolina, Spartanburg, S. C.

WSPD. Toledo Broadcasting Co., Toledo, Ohio.

WTAG. Worcester Telegram Publishing Co., Worcester, Mass.

WTAM. National Broadcasting Co. (Inc.), 1367 East Sixth Street, Cleveland, Ohio.

WTAX. WTAX (Inc.), 416 East Capitol Avenue, Springfield, Ill.

WTIC. Travellers Broadcasting Service (Inc.), Hartford, Conn.
WTMJ. Milwaukee Journal, Milwaukee, Wis.

WTOC. Savannah Broadcasting Co., Savannah, Ga.

WWJ. Evening News Association (Detroit News), Detroit, Mich.

WXYZ. Kunsky-Trendle Broadcasting Corporation, Madison Theatre Building, Detroit, Mich.

KDFN. Donald L. Hathaway, Casper, Wyo.

KDKA. Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. KDYL. Intermountain Broadcasting Corporation, Salt Lake City, Utah. KECA. Pacific Development Radio Co., 1000 South Hope Street, Los Angeles, Calif.

KFAB. KFAB Broadcasting Co., Lincoln, Nebr.

KFBB. Buttrey Broadcast (Inc.), Great Falls, Mont.
KFBK. James McClatchy Co., Sacramento, Calif.
KFEL. Eugene P. O'Fallon (Inc.), Denver, Colo.

KFI. Earle C. Anthony (Inc.), Los Angeles, Calif.