on Greek literature). The Arabic we have seen in a similar predicament; but with this difference, it cannot boast a royal founder. It was founded by Sir Thomas Adams, Bart. in 1632. The present Hebrew professor is Dr. Lloyd; of Greek, Mr. Monk; of Arabic, Mr. Palmer.

Divinity has different professorships, that take different directions, while to each professor is assigned his appropriate employment. The present Margaret professor, previously to his appointment, had added something to the stock of the English theological student, by introducing the criticisms of the New Testament of an eminent German professora, considerably increased by his own; while the Rev. Mr. Hulse found new employment for a CHRISTIAN ADVOCATE, (by his will, April 21, 1792), whom he appointed to reply to any current or popular objections of Atheists or Deists against the Christian religion. John Norris, Esq. also, founded a professorship for divinity in 1768. The professor is Mr. Fawcet.

The professorship of natural and experimental philosophy, founded by Mr. Jackson, in 1783, embraces chemistry; but there is also a distinct professorship of chemistry, founded 1713. The present professor, by applying machines formed by his own ingenuity, has given the science a new direction in the illustration of the arts and manufactures of this country: and the professorship of Mineralogy, founded by the University in 1803, has, under the direction of Dr. Clarke, in like manner enlarged the sphere of mineralogy, illustrating by it many points in

a Introduction to the N. T. by J. D. Michaelis, &c. translated with notes, &c. by Herbert Marsh, D.D. 1793.

b A plan of a Course of Lectures on Arts and Manufactures, &c. By W, Farish, M.A. &c. 1796.

natural history, architecture, and sculpture, with other branches of literature. He may, indeed, be said to have formed the professorship, having before its foundation drawn up a syllabus of lectures, and produced mineralogical specimens, in reference to which the professorship was founded. There is another professorship of mineralogy that was founded prior to this, viz. in 1724, by Dr. Woodward.

There are some gentlemen, not professors, but one formerly a college tutor, another, at present, residing in the University, who have endeavoured to present new theories, or rules for practice to students in the sciences of astronomy and algebra, different somewhat from those generally received; the former, proposes to alter the language of algebra; the latter, to introduce less of geometry into its calculations, and suggests the desideratum of an observatory for astronomy; each aiming, in general, to improve the science, though each takes a different ground, and has in view a different specific object. Let others determine the result; mine is only to state the fact a.

a The Modern Treatises on Algebra, in succession with those of Maclaurin and Saunderson more generally read in the University, are Mr. Wood's Elements of Algebra and Mr. Bridge's Elements of Algebra. Mr. Thomas Manning, also, an ingenious man, engaged now in some literary inquiries in China, published an Introduction to Arithmetic and Algebra in 1796. The Treatise on Algebra, alluded to in the text, was published by Mr. William Frend; in connection with whom, should be mentioned Mr. Maseres, Cursitor Baron of the Exchequer, as maintaining the same theories, no Cambridge professor, indeed, but one of its oldest members, and well-known, by his writings, as an eminent mathematician b. In Mr. Frend's Evening Amusements for 1812 and 1813, will be

b Baron Maseres is the first who obtained the Chancellor's prize in 1755, and is still living.

We must not pass over the professorship of civil law. The Roman imperial, or civil law, founded in the mere pleasure of the prince, at a time when Rome had lost its liberty, never properly suited the taste of our British ancestors: every one knows, how strenuously our barons resisted its progress: "Nolumus Leges Angliæ mutari.” "We will not that the laws of England should be changed:" and the civil law has not been studied much in the Universities since the reformation: the study of the canon law was prohibited by Henry VIII. and it is worthy of remark, that the same power that prohibited the study of the canon law, established a distinct professorship for the civil a.

The late Bishop Hallifax, professor of civil law in 1770, published his lectures, delivered in the course of his professorship; and Dr. Jowett published his plan of lectures in 1795. But our lecturers on civil law keep in sight the common law and still further, to confine within due limits the civil law, a professorship, exclusively for the laws of England, was founded by the University as late as 1788. The present professor is Mr. Christian.

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But after all, Cambridge is not the proper place for the study of the law and Sir John Fortescue shews the reasons; the principal of which, in his time, was, that the English laws were to be studied in three languages, the

found what is alluded to in the text on Astronomy; and in the Preface to Mr. Woodhouse's Elements of Astronomy, what relates to an observatory.

a Injunctiones Regiæ ad Universitatem Cantabrigiæ transmissæ, ac per Magistrum Tho. Cromwell dicti Regis Visitatorem generalem et Vicegerentem ac Universitatis Cancellarium adinventæ An. 27 Reg. Hen. VIII. Hare's MSS. The civil and canon law had generally assisted each other; "but here the study of the canon law is prohibited, and a Greek and Latin lecture founded at the expense of the University." Dr. Parris's note in loco.

Latin, the Norman French, and the English; whereas the sciences were only taught in one, the English: another was, that students should be near London. Here are the inns of court: hence the expediency of having proper colleges, hostles, or inns of law, in the great city.

So again, with respect to physic, there is a distinct professorship founded for it by Henry VIII. though (its salary being only £40 a year) it is little more than honorary; and another for anatomy, founded by the University in 1707; yet Cambridge has never been considered as the proper place for the medical or anatomical student. The proper place is a great city like London or Edinburgh and, without touching on the history of those eminent men of the latter city, in the medical profession, (which however commences but late,) we need only compare together the population and local circumstances of the two places, for the reasons on which the superior medical advantages of them over Cambridge depend: for numerous crowded hospitals, and other public institutions, must always furnish materials for lectures and experiments, which cannot be supplied in a town comparatively small, and with a single hospital. The present Regius Professor of physic is Sir Isaac Pennington: of anatomy Sir Busick Harwood, who delivers lectures on comparative anatomy.

Other professorships, lectureships, and fellowships, (I mean the travelling fellowships,) might be mentioned. For sinecures, as such, I make no distinct head: where

a Fortescue de Laud. Ll. Ang. cap. 48. In addition, and in some measure, in contradistinction to the reasons assigned by Sir John Fortescue, why the municipal or common law was not formerly studied in our Universities, Blackstone mentions the character and offices of the clergy, who were canonists, and civilians; and through their attachment to the see of Rome, no friends to the common law of England. COMMENTARIES, &c. on the Laws of England, Introduction.

we do not absolutely approve, we are not prepared positively to applaud; and men unqualified to reform, are sometimes as little inclined to condemn. Let then the arguments stand, as they are urged, in all their force,that Universities should possess, in certain cases, the means for bestowing on merit benefits without services, as well as of remunerating services with merited ease and dignified retreat. But without obtruding an opinion, it is sometimes not out of place to state facts, and facts well known and public, it cannot be impertinent to repeat.

The high character of Oxford for oriental literature, superior to that of Cambridge, has been already mentioned. It may be further remarked, that Oxford enjoys, what one of our Cambridge literati notices, as we have seen, to be a desideratum in this University, an observatory for astronomy. Oxford also has a professorship, (and it ought to be made of some consequence to Englishmen,) a Saxon professorship, not possessed at Cambridge. The Scotch Universities have gained reputation by their lectures in Political Economy. Cambridge makes no distinct professorship for this important branch of science: those which approach nearest to it were delivered, as lectures, by a tutor in his private college a. This circumstance of there being no professorship for this science so impressed a late tutor of Queen's, that he published a judicious syllabus of lectures, professedly on political economy, with a view to giving a course of public lectures b.

a Dr. Paley's Lectures on Moral Philosophy.

b A Syllabus or Abstract of a System of Political Philosophy; to which is prefixed a Dissertation, recommending that the study of political economy be encouraged in the University, by a course of public lectures. By Robert Acklom Ingram, B.D. 1799.