the urban poor, and children including displaced children) and long-term environmental interests from possible negative consequences of the reforms.

(3) OTHER ASSISTANCE.-Funds made available to carry out this section shall be used almost exclusively for assistance in accordance with paragraphs (1) and (2). Assistance consistent with the purpose of subsection (c) may also be furnished under this section to carry out the provisions of sections 103 through 106 of this Act.

(i) CRITICAL SECTORAL PRIORITIES.-The critical sectoral priorities for long-term development, as described in subsection (c), are the following:

(1) AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND NATURAL RESOURCES.—

(A) AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION.-Increasing agricultural production in ways which protect and restore the natural resource base, especially food production, through agricultural policy changes, agricultural research (including participatory research directly involving small farmers) and extension, development and promotion of agriculture marketing activities, credit facilities, and appropriate production packages, and the construction and improvement of needed production-related infrastructure such as farmto-market roads, small-scale irrigation, and rural electrification. Within this process, emphasis shall be given to promoting increased equity in rural income distribution, recognizing the role of small farmers.

(B) NATURAL RESOURCE BASE.-Maintaining and restoring the renewable natural resource base primarily in ways which increase agricultural production, through the following:

(i) Small-scale, affordable, resource-conserving, lowrisk local projects, using appropriate technologies (including traditional agricultural methods) suited to local environmental, resource, and climatic conditions, and featuring close consultation with and involvement of local people at all stages of project design and implementation. Emphasis shall be given to grants for African local government organizations, international or African nongovernmental organizations, and United States private and voluntary organizations.

(ii) Support for efforts at national and regional levels to provide technical and other support for projects of the kinds described in clause (i) and to strengthen the capacities of African countries to provide effective extension and other services in support of environmentally sustainable increases in food production.

(iii) Support for special training and education efforts to improve the capacity of countries in sub-Saharan Africa to manage their own environments and natural resources.

(iv) Support for low-cost desalination activities in order to increase the availability of fresh water sources in sub-Saharan Africa.

(2) HEALTH.-Improving health conditions, with special emphasis on meeting the health needs of mothers and children (including displaced children) through the establishment of primary health care systems that give priority to preventive health and that will be ultimately self-sustaining.

(3) VOLUNTARY FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES.-Providing increased access to voluntary family planning services, including encouragement of private, community, and local government initiatives.

(4) EDUCATION.-Improving the relevance, equity, and efficiency of education, with special emphasis on improving primary education.

(5) INCOME-GENERATING OPPORTUNITIES.-Developing income-generating opportunities for the unemployed and underemployed in urban and rural areas through, among other things, support for off-farm employment opportunities in micro- and small-scale labor-intensive enterprises.

(j) MINIMUM LEVELS OF ASSISTANCE FOR CERTAIN CRITICAL SECTORS.-The Agency for International Development should target the equivalent of 10 percent of the amount authorized to be appropriated for each fiscal year to carry out this chapter for each of the following:

(1) The activities described in subsection (i)(1)(B), including identifiable components of agricultural production projects. (2) The activities described in subsection (i)(2).

(3) The activities described in subsection (i)(3).

(k) EFFECTIVE USE OF ASSISTANCE.-Assistance provided under this section shall be concentrated in countries which will make the most effective use of such assistance in order to fulfill the purpose specified in subsection (c), especially those countries (including those of the Sahel region) having the greatest need for outside assistance.

(1) PROMOTION OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION.-Assistance under this section shall, to the extent consistent with this section, include assistance to promote the regional and subregional integration of African production structures, markets, and infrastructure.

(m) DONOR COORDINATION MECHANISM.-Funds made available to carry out this section may be used to assist the governments of countries in sub-Saharan Africa to increase their capacity to participate effectively in donor coordination mechanisms at the country, regional, and sector levels.

(n) RELATION TO OTHER AUTHORITIES.—

(1) ASSISTANCE UNDER OTHER AUTHORITIES.-The authority granted by this section to provide assistance for long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa is not intended to preclude the use of other authorities for that purpose. Centrally funded programs which benefit sub-Saharan Africa shall continue to be funded under chapter 1 of part I of this Act.

(2) TRANSFER AUTHORITIES.—

(A) The transfer authority contained in section 109 of this Act shall not apply with respect to this section.

(B) The transfer authority contained in section 610(a) of this Act may not be used to transfer funds made available

to carry out this section in order to allow them to be used in carrying out any other provision of this Act.

(3) REPROGRAMMING NOTIFICATIONS.-Section 634A of this Act does not apply with respect to funds made available to carry out this section.

(4) PROCUREMENT OF GOODS AND SERVICES.-In order to allow the assistance authorized by this section to be furnished as effectively and expeditiously as possible, section 604(a) of this Act, and similar provisions relating to the procurement of goods and services, shall not apply with respect to goods and services procured for use in carrying out this section. The exemption provided by this paragraph shall not be construed to apply to the Comprehensive Anti/Apartheid 473 Act of 1986. (0) SUPPORT FOR SADCC PROJECTS.

(1) AUTHORITY TO PROVIDE ASSISTANCE.-To the extent funds are provided for such purpose in the annual Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, funds made available to carry out this chapter may be used to assist sector projects, in the sectors specified_in paragraph (2), that are supported by the Southern Africa Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) to enhance the economic development of the member states forming that regional institution.

(2) SECTORS.-The sectors with respect to which assistance may be provided under this subsection are the following: transportation; manpower development; agriculture and natural resources; energy (including the improved utilization of electrical power sources which already exist in the member states and offer the potential to swiftly reduce the dependence of those states on South Africa for electricity); and industrial development and trade (including private sector initiatives).

(3) RELATION TO DFA POLICIES AND AUTHORITIES.-To the maximum extent feasible, the assistance authorized by this subsection shall be provided consistent with the policies and authorities contained in the preceding subsection of this section.

Sec. 497.474 Authorizations of Appropriations for the Development Fund for Africa.-Funds appropriated to carry out this chapter are authorized to be made available until expended. It is the sense of the Congress that the authority of this subsection should be used to extend the period of availability of those funds whenever appropriate to improve the quality of assistance provided under section 496.475

473 Should read "Anti-Apartheid”. 474 22 U.S.C. 2294.

475 Congress did not enact an authorization for fiscal year 1995. Instead, the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1995 (Public Law 103-306), waived the requirements for authorization, and title II of that Act (108 Stat. 1612) provided the following:

"DEVELOPMENT FUND FOR AFRICA

"For necessary expenses to carry out the provisions of chapter 10 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, $802,000,000, to remain available until September 30, 1996: Provided, That none of the funds appropriated by this Act to carry out chapters 1 and 10 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 shall be transferred to the Government of Zaire: Provided further, That funds appropriated under this heading which are made available for activities sup

CHAPTER 11-SUPPORT FOR THE ECONOMIC AND DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDEPENDENT STATES OF THE FORMER SOVIET UNION 476

SEC. 498,477,478 ASSISTANCE FOR THE INDEPENDENT STATES.

The President is authorized to provide assistance to the independent states of the former Soviet Union under this chapter for the following activities:

(1) URGENT HUMANITARIAN NEEDS.-Meeting urgent humanitarian needs (including those arising from the health effects of exposure to radiation in the Chernobyl region), in particular—

(A) meeting needs for medicine, medical supplies and equipment, and food, including the nutritional needs of infants such as processed baby food; and

(B) continuing efforts to rebuild from the earthquake in Armenia.

(2) DEMOCRACY.-Establishing a democratic and free society by fostering

(A) political, social, and economic pluralism;

(B) respect for internationally recognized human rights and the rule of law;

(C) the development of institutions of democratic governance, including electoral and legislative processes;

(D) the institution and improvement of public administration at the national, intergovernmental, regional, and local level;

(E) the development of a free and independent media;

(F) the development of effective control by elected civilian officials over, and the development of a nonpolitical officer corps in, the military and security forces; and

(G) strengthened administration of justice through programs and activities carried out in accordance with section 498B(e).

(3) FREE MARKET SYSTEMS.-Creating and developing private enterprise and free market systems based on the principle of private ownership of property, including

(A) the development of private cooperatives, credit unions, and labor unions;

(B) the improvement in the collection and analysis of statistical information;

(C) the reform and restructuring of banking and financial systems; and

(D) the protection of intellectual property.

(4) TRADE AND INVESTMENT.-Creating conditions that promote trade and investment, and encouraging participation of the United States private sector in the development of the pri

ported by the Southern Africa Development Community shall be made available notwithstanding section 512 of this Act and section 620(q) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.".

476 Sec. 201 of the FREEDOM Support Act (Public Law 102-511; 106 Stat. 3324) added chapter 11, secs. 498-498C.

477 22 U.S.C. 2295.

478 Section 3(b) of Executive Order 12884 of December 1, 1993 (58 F.R. 64099; December 3, 1993) delegated to the International Development Cooperation Agency those functions conferred upon the President in sec. 498. This delegation of authority is subject to the authority of the Coordinator (as established in sec. 102 of the FREEDOM Support Act; 22 U.S.C. 5812) under sec. 102 of that Act.

vate sector in the independent states of the former Soviet Union.

(5) FOOD DISTRIBUTION AND PRODUCTION.-Promoting market-based mechanisms for the distribution of the inputs necessary to agricultural production and for the handling, marketing, storage, and processing of agricultural commodities; encouraging policies that provide incentives for agricultural production; and creating institutions that provide technical and financial support for the agricultural sector.

(6) HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES.-Promoting programs to strengthen and build institutions that provide quality health care and voluntary family planning services, housing, and other services and policies that are components of a social safety net, particularly for infants, children, and people with disabilities.

(7) EDUCATION AND EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION.-Promoting broad-based educational reform at all levels, in particular

(A) by assisting the development of curricula and by making available textbooks, other educational materials, and appropriate telecommunications technologies for the delivery of educational and instructional programming; and

(B) by assisting the development of the skills necessary to produce educational television programs aimed at promoting basic skills and the human values associated with a democratic society and a free market economy.

(8) ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTION.-Promoting market-based pricing policies and the transfer of technologies that reduce energy wastage and harmful emissions; supporting developmentally sound capital energy projects that utilize United States advanced coal technologies; and promoting efficient production, use, and transportation of oil, gas, coal, and other sources of energy.

(9) CIVILIAN NUCLEAR REACTOR SAFETY.-Implementing

(A) a program of short-term safety upgrade of civilian nuclear power plants, including the training of power plant personnel, implementation of improved procedures for nuclear power plant operation, the development of effective and independent regulatory authorities, and cost-effective hardware upgrades; and

(B) a program to retire those civilian nuclear power plants whose capacity could be more cost-effectively replaced through energy efficiency.

(10) ENVIRONMENT.-Enhancing the human and natural environment and conserving environmental resources, including through

(A) facilitation of the adoption of environmentally-sound policies and technologies, environmental restoration, and sustainable use of natural resources;

(B) promotion of the provision of environmental technology, education, and training by United States businesses, not-for-profit organizations, and institutions of higher education; and