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Title V-Disadvantaged Children in Asia 286

Sec. 241.287 Assistance to Certain Disadvantaged Children in Asia. (a) The Congress recognizes the humanitarian needs of disadvantaged children in Asian countries where there has been or continues to be a heavy presence of United States military and related personnel in recent years. Moreover, the Congress finds that inadequate provision has been made for the care and welfare of such disadvantaged children, particularly those fathered by the United States citizens.

(b) Accordingly, the President is authorized to expend up to $3,000,000 288 of funds made available under chapter 1 of this part, in addition to funds otherwise available for such purposes, to help meet the needs of these disadvantaged children in Asia by assisting in the expansion and improvement of orphanages, hostels, day care centers, school feeding programs, and health, education, and welfare programs. Assistance provided under this section shall be furnished under the auspices of and by international organizations or private voluntary agencies operating within, and in cooperation with, the countries of Asia where these disadvantaged children reside.

Title VI-Alliance for Progress 289 * * * [Repealed-1978]

Title VII-Evaluation of Programs 290 * * * [Repealed-1978]

Title VIII-Southeast Asia Multilateral and Regional Programs 291 * *

[Repealed-1978]

Title IX-Utilization of Democratic Institutions in Development 292 Sec. 281.293 Utilization of Democratic Institutions in Development. (a) 294 In carrying out programs authorized in this chapter and chapter 1,295 emphasis shall be placed on assuring maximum participation in the task of economic development on the part of the people of the developing countries, through the encouragement of democratic private and local governmental institutions. (b) 294 In order to carry out the purposes of this title, programs under this chapter and chapter 1295 shall

(1) recognize the differing needs, desires, and capacities of the people of the respective developing countries and areas;

286 Sec. 116 of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-424; 92 Stat. 952) struck out the title heading "Development Research" and added this new heading for title V.

287 22 U.S.C. 2201. This new sec. 241 was added by sec. 116 of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-424; 92 Stat. 952). Previously, sec. 241 had contained the general authority under title V but had been repealed by Public Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 849).

288 Sec. 903(a) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-83; 99 Stat. 190) increased the authorization of funds from $2,000,000 to $3,000,000. 289 Title VI, as added by the FA Act of 1962, was repealed by sec. 102(gX1XA) of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-424; 92 Stat. 942).

200 Title VII, as added by the FA Act of 1963, was repealed by sec. 102(gX1XA) of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-424; 92 Stat. 942). 201 Title VIII, as added by the FA Act of 1966, was repealed by sec. 102(gX1XA) of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 942).

282 Title IX was added by sec. 106 of the FA Act of 1966.

293 22 U.S.C. 2218. Sec. 281 was added by sec. 106 of the FA Act of 1966.

284 Subsec. designation “(a)" and subsecs. (b), (c) and (d) were added by sec. 108, of the FA Act of 1967.

206 The words "and chapter 1" were added by sec. 102(gX2XA) of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-424; 92 Stat. 942).

(2) use the intellectual resources of such countries and areas in conjunction with assistance provided under this Act so as to encourage the development of indigenous institutions that meet their particular requirements for sustained economic and social progress; and

(3) support civic education and training in skills required for effective participation in governmental and political processes essential to self-government.

(c) 294 In the allocation of funds for research under this chapter and chapter 1,295 emphasis shall be given to research designed to examine the political, social, and related obstacles to development in countries receiving assistance under part I of this Act. In particular, emphasis should be given to research designed to increase understanding of the ways in which development assistance can support democratic, social and political trends in recipient countries. 296

(d) 294 Emphasis shall also be given to the evaluation of relevant past and current programs under part I of this Act and to applying this experience so as to strengthen their effectiveness in implementing the objectives of this title.

(e) 297 In order to carry out the purposes of this title, the agency primarily responsible for administering part I of this Act, shall develop systematic programs of inservice training to familiarize its personnel with the objectives of this title and to increase their knowledge of the political and social aspects of development. In addition to other funds available for such purposes, not to exceed 1 per centum of the funds authorized to be appropriated for grant assistance under this chapter and chapter 1295 may be used for carrying out the objectives of this subsection.

Title X-Programs Relating to Population Growth 298 * * * [Repealed-1978] Title XI-Food Production Targets and Reports 299 * * * [Repealed-1978]

Title XII-Famine Prevention and Freedom From Hunger 300

Sec. 296.300 General Provisions. (a) The Congress declares that, in order to prevent famine and establish freedom from hunger, the United States should strengthen the capacities of the United States land-grant and other eligible universities in program-related agricultural institutional development and research, consistent with sections 103 and 103A, should improve their participation in the United States Government's international efforts to apply more effective agricultural sciences to the goal of increasing world food production, and in general should provide increased and longer term support to the application of science to solving food and nutrition problems of the developing countries.

The Congress so declares because it finds

296 The last sentence was added by sec. 106(a) of the FA Act of 1968.

207 Subsec. (e) was added by sec. 106(b) of the FA Act of 1968.

298 Title X, as added by the FA Act of 1967, was repealed by sec. 104(b) of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-424; 92 Stat. 947).

200 Title XI, as added by the FA Act of 1967, was repealed by sec. 502(dX1) of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-424; 92 Stat. 959).

300 22 U.S.C. 2220a. Sec. 312 of Public Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 849) added title XII and new sec. 296.

(1) that the establishment, endowment, and continuing support of land-grant universities in the United States by Federal, State, and county governments has led to agricultural progress in this country;

(2) that land-grant and other universities in the United States have demonstrated over many years their ability to cooperate with foreign agricultural institutions in expanding indigenous food production for both domestic and international markets;

(3) that, in a world of growing population with rising expectations, increased food production and improved distribution, storage, and marketing in the developing countries is necessary not only to prevent hunger but to build the economic base for growth, and moreover, that the greatest potential for increasing world food supplies is in the developing countries where the gap between food need and food supply is the greatest and current yields are lowest;

(4) that increasing and making more secure the supply of food is of greatest benefit to the poorest majority in the developing world;

(5) that research, teaching, and extension activities, and appropriate institutional development therefor are prime factors in increasing agricultural production abroad (as well as in the United States) and in improving food distribution, storage, and marketing;

(6) moreover, that agricultural research abroad has in the past and will continue in the future to provide benefits for agriculture in the United States and that increasing the availability of food of higher nutritional quality is of benefit to all; and

(7) that universities need a dependable source of Federal funding, as well as other financing, in order to expand, or in some cases to continue, their efforts to assist in increasing agricultural production in developing countries.

(b) Accordingly, the Congress declares that, in order to prevent famine and establish freedom from hunger, various components must be brought together in order to increase world food production, including

(1) strengthening the capabilities of universities to assist in increasing agricultural production in developing countries;

(2) institution-building programs for development of national and regional agricultural research and extension capacities in developing countries which need assistance;

(3) international agricultural research centers;
(4) contract research; and

(5) research program grants.

(c) The United States should

(1) effectively involve the United States land-grant and other eligible universities more extensively in each component;

(2) provide mechanisms for the universities to participate and advise in the planning, development, implementation, and administration of each component; and

(3) assist such universities in cooperative joint efforts with(A) agricultural institutions in developing nations, and

(B) regional and international agricultural research centers, directed to strengthening their joint and respective capabilities and to engage them more effectively in research, teaching, and extension activities for solving problems in food production, distribution, storage, marketing, and consumption in agriculturally underdeveloped nations.

(d) As used in this title, the term "universities" means those colleges or universities in each State, territory, or possession of the United States, or the District of Columbia, now receiving, or which may hereafter receive, benefits under the Act of July 2, 1862 (known as the First Morrill Act), or the Act of August 30, 1890 (known as the Second Morrill Act), which are commonly known as "land-grant" universities; institutions now designated or which may hereafter be designated as sea-grant colleges under the Act of October 15, 1966 (known as the National Sea Grant College and Program Act), which are commonly known as sea-grant colleges; and other United States colleges and universities which

(1) have demonstrable capacity in teaching, research, and extension activities in the agricultural sciences; and

(2) can contribute effectively to the attainment of the objective of this title.

(e) As used in this title, the term "Administrator" means the Administrator of the Agency for International Development.301 (f) 302 * * * [Repealed-1978]

(g) 302 * * *

[Repealed-1978]

Sec. 297.303 General Authority.-(a) To carry out the purposes of this title, the President is authorized to provide assistance on such terms and conditions as he shall determine

(1) to strengthen the capabilities of universities in teaching, research, and extension work to enable them to implement current programs authorized by paragraphs (2), (3), (4), and (5) of this subsection, and those proposed in the report required by section 300 of this title;

(2) to build and strengthen the institutional capacity and human resources skills of agriculturally developing countries so that these countries may participate more fully in the international agricultural problem-solving effort and to introduce and adapt new solutions to local circumstances;

(3) to provide program support for long-term collaborative university research, in the developing countries themselves to the maximum extent practicable,304 on food production, distribution, storage, marketing and consumption;

(4) to involve universities more fully in the international network of agricultural science, including the international research centers, the activities of international organizations

301 Sec. 6 of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1979 (establishing IDCA), transferred all responsibilities and functions vested in this subsection from the Administrator to the Director of IDCA. 302 Subsecs. (f) and (g), which defined the terms "agriculture" and "farmers," were repealed by sec. 103(c) of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (Public Law 95 424; 92 Stat. 945). Similar definitions for these terms can now be found in sec. 644 (0) and (p) of this Act.

303 22 U.S.C. 2220b. Sec. 297 was added by sec. 312 of Public Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 849). 304 The words ", in the developing countries themselves to the maximum extent practicable," were added by sec. 113(1) of the International Development Cooperation Act of 1979 (Public Law 96-53; 93 Stat. 364).

such as the United Nations Development Program and the Food and Agriculture Organization, and the institutions of agriculturally developing nations; and

(5) to provide program support for international agricultural research centers, to provide support for research projects identified for specific problem-solving needs, and to develop and strengthen national research systems in the developing countries.

(b) Programs under this title shall be carried out so as to

(1) utilize and strengthen the capabilities of universities in(A) developing capacity in the cooperating nation for classroom teaching in agriculture, plant and animal sciences, human nutrition, and vocational and domestic arts and other relevant fields appropriate to local needs;

(B) agricultural research to be conducted in the cooperating nations, at international agricultural research centers, or in the United States;

(C) the planning, initiation, and development of extension services through which information concerning agriculture and related subjects will be made available directly to farmers and farm families in the agriculturally developing nations by means of education and demonstration; or (D) the exchange of educators, scientists, and students for the purpose of assisting in successful development in the cooperating nations;

(2) take into account the value to the United States agriculture of such programs, integrating to the extent practicable the programs and financing authorized under this title with those supported by other Federal or State resources so as to maximize the contribution to the development of agriculture in the United States and in agriculturally developing nations; and (3) whenever practicable, build on existing programs and institutions including those of the universities and the United States Department of Agriculture and the United States Department of Commerce.

(c) 305 To the maximum extent practicable, activities under this section shall—

(1) be directly related to the food and agricultural needs of developing countries;

(2) be carried out within the developing countries;

(3) be adapted to local circumstances;

(4) provide for the most effective interrelationship between research, education, and extension in promoting agricultural development in developing countries; and

(5) emphasize the improvement of local systems for delivering the best available knowledge to the small farmers of such countries.

305 Subsec. (c) was amended and restated by sec. 113(2) of the International Development Cooperation Act of 1979 (Public Law 96-53; 93 Stat. 364). It formerly read as follows:

"(c) To the maximum extent practicable, activities under this section shall (1) be designed to achieve the most effective interrelationship among the teaching of agricultural sciences, research, and extension work, (2) joins primarily on the needs of agricultural producers, (3) be adapted to local circumstances, and (4) be carried out within the developing countries."

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