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Rev. St. 5440 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3676], providing that if two or more persons conspire either to commit any offense against the United States or to defraud the United States in any manner for any purpose, and one or more of such parties do any act to effect the object of the conspiracy, all shall be subject to imprisonment, etc., should be construed as declaring not only against conspiracies to commit offenses, but also to conspiracies to defraud the United States, and to punish such conspiracies when supplemented by an overt act, though the wrong has not become effectual in its purpose. 2. SAME-SUBSEQUENT RIGHTS-CREATION. Rev. St. § 5440 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3676], prohibiting and providing for the punishment of conspiracies to defraud the United States, applies with equal force to rights of the United States created subsequent to its passage, as well as those previously existing. 3. SAME-CONSPIRACY TO DEFRAUD. The term "defraud," as used in Rev. St. § 5440 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3676], prohibiting and providing for the punishment of conspiracies to defraud the United States in any manner whatsoever on the doing of any act, by any of the conspirators, intended to effect the object of the conspiracy, should not be construed as limited only to frauds respecting property rights, but to include the deprivation of a right by deception or artifice. 4. SAME. Defendant H., desiring to procure appointment as a letter carrier, a position in the classified civil service of the United States, unlawfully agreed with defendant C. that the latter should falsely impersonate H. at a civil service examination, and do all acts required by the examiners, and sign H.'s name to the examination papers to be delivered to C. for examination while he should impersonate H. C., in pursuance of such conspiracy, gained entrance to the examination, and falsely signed H.'s name to a declaration sheet which was required to be in the handwriting and on the honor of the applicant. Held, that such facts constituted a conspiracy to defraud the United States, prohibited by Rev. St. § 5440 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3676]. 130 F.-1 |