Norway seems to import a lot of fresh fruit.

Mr. DODD. Yes, they raise practically none of it.

The CHAIRMAN. Nearly a half of what they consume. they do not raise any.

Mr. DODD. That is right.

The CHAIRMAN. And they do not import much.

As to Portugal there is not much of that.

As to pulses

Sweden seems to import quite a lot of fresh fruit and gets in on the ECA for a considerable quantity. I wonder why that is. That gives them something like 50 percent more than prewar.

Mr. DODD. Sweden has been one of our best customers for apples and pears from this country.

The CHAIRMAN. Switzerland imports quite a little of those things. Their cocoa figure is double prewar. The fresh-fruit figure is just about the same, and pulses are quite a little bigger.

As to Turkey there is nothing in there.

Referring to the United Kingdom, their pulses have gone up quite considerably from the prewar figure and the fresh fruits also. Mr. WIGGLESWORTH. Over-all they are down.

The CHAIRMAN. Their over-all supply is down, but their imports are up. The pulses are down, but their per capita figure on pulses is up. Mr. DODD. And on fruits too.

The CHAIRMAN. Fruits went away up both as to production and imports.

Mr. DODD. That is right, about 20 pounds per capita on fruit, and about 2 pounds up on pulses.

The CHAIRMAN. In Germany your pulses are away up.

Mr. DODD. They are nearly double prewar.

The CHAIRMAN. More than double.

Mr. DODD. Well, 5.6 against 11.1, but we have had to help the Army, and those are largely dried beans because we have been short of grains and short of meat.

The CHAIRMAN. Fresh fruit does not come from here much, does it? Mr. DODD. No, practically all from Italy, but that is down per capitawise a long ways from prewar.

The CHAIRMAN. Yes, about two-thirds.

Mr. DODD. That is right.

TOBACCO AND COTTON

The CHAIRMAN. We have nothing left but tobacco and cotton on that page.

On tobacco you have Austria up to prewar with 3.8 coming out of ECA, 3,800 tons, and away above last year.

Mr. NITZE. They have been very short of tobacco over there. They had no funds with which they could purchase incentive goods.

The CHAIRMAN. We are putting up the incentive goods to carry on the whole of Austria in this thing, and we occupy one-third of it.

On cotton they are below prewar, but perhaps not below what they ought to be, probably with 26,000 tons. From where would that come?

Mr. NORTHRUP. Cotton for Austria?

The CHAIRMAN. Yes.

Mr. DODD. From this country, largely from this country and Egypt.

The CHAIRMAN. From this country and Egypt?

Mr. DODD. Yes, sir.

The CHAIRMAN. That would mean that we were sending cotton into the whole of Austria, would it not, including the area behind the iron curtain?

Mr. DODD. All of Austria is included in the program, that is correct. Mr. NORTHRUP. Of the 26,000 tons of imports, 21,000 tons were from the United States and 5,000 tons from other nonparticipating countries which probably would be Egypt and that area.

The CHAIRMAN. That means that we are taking care of the Austrians on cotton behind the iron curtain.

Mr. DODD. All of Austria is in the program. That is correct the way the Government is set up at the present time.

The CHAIRMAN. In Belgium you are getting their tobacco picture up, but not quite to prewar.

Mr. DODD. Just a little above it.

The CHAIRMAN. Just a little above prewar?

Mr. DODD. Yes, just a little bit above.

The CHAIRMAN. And you are getting your cotton picture pretty close up to the prewar picture.

Mr. DODD. That is right.

The CHAIRMAN. All the way up as far as the amount available goes, or above it.

Mr. NORTHRUP. When you say a figure above prewar on tobacco, in nearly every instance that refers to two things, Mr. Chairman, which should be borne in mind; one, it reflects a restoration of present low stock positions in their own country. They have not been able to buy it and their stocks are very low, and it also reflects, to some degree an increase in the rate of consumption, if they can get it.

The CHAIRMAN. On cotton where prewar they had available in Belgium 77,000 tons, and last year 87,000 tons, and the year before 74.000 tons. here they are asking for an increase up to 92.000 tons.

Mr. NORTHRUP. That reflects an attempt to meet the requests of the Belgians themselves for their own mill consumption, which would appear to be good business because it is very important to their own industrial economy.

The CHAIRMAN. I wonder how it balances up. You have 14,000 tons to come out of the ECA set-up.

Now, in Denmark you have 10,000 tons of tobacco as against a prewar figure of 8,000 tons.

Mr. NORTHRUP. That is right.

The CHAIRMAN. And 4,400 tons coming out of ECA.

Mr. NORTHRUP. That is right.

The CHAIRMAN. That looks like a rather liberal allotment.

Mr. NORTHRUP. That again reflects that stock position which I mentioned to you, Mr. Chairman.

The CHAIRMAN. They had 13,700 tons available in 1946, and 10,000 tons in 1947 as against a prewar figure of 8,000 tons. It could hardly be due to that alone.

Mr. NORTHRUP. No, sir, not entirely; it is that plus the increase in consumption.

The CHAIRMAN. It could hardly be the stock position.

Mr. DODD. Their consumption is up over prewar about half a pound a person.

The CHAIRMAN. And on cotton you have that away above the last 2 years and equal to the prewar figure, practically.

Mr. NORTHRUP. That is correct.

Mr. NITZE. It is just slightly above it.

Mr. NORTHRUP. Yes; very slightly.

The CHAIRMAN. Now, you get into France and tobacco is above the prewar figure.

Mr. DODD. Not on consumption.

The CHAIRMAN. What?

Mr. DODD. Not on consumption. Our figures show that about even in France.

It is not

The CHAIRMAN. It is 65,000 tons as against 64,200 tons. a big jump, but it is a jump, according to these figures. Mr. NORTHRUP. From the statisticians' viewpoint those are the same figures. On a per capita basis it is almost the same.

The CHAIRMAN. And we are providing ECA funds for 18,300 tons. Cotton is down for 276,000 tons consumption as against 219,000 tons prewar, and a 50 percent increase over last year, and a 35 percent increase over the year 1946, with 118,900 tons financed by ECA. That looks like a very friendly allotment.

Mr. DODD. That is 3 pounds per capita more than they had pre-war. The CHAIRMAN. Yes; and that means that they are in better shape than they were prewar.

Mr. DODD. That is right.

The CHAIRMAN. Greece really seems to be down in her figure below prewar on cotton, and she does not import tobacco?

Mr. NORTHRUP. She is an exporter of tobacco.

The CHAIRMAN. Yes. This tobacco figure for Iceland is a good one. I do not know just how you explain it. Look at it, and see what you think about it.

Mr. NITZE. I think when we get down to these small numbers they involve amounts less than 500 pounds.

The CHAIRMAN. You cannot expect to have anything jibe when you get down that far, is that it?

Mr. NITZE. Well, there are errors in the numbers. I think I could explain it from these tables.

The CHAIRMAN. Now, just give us the correction on it. Do not try to explain it.

Mr. NORTHRUP. The tobacco figures represent something less than 500 pounds.

The CHAIRMAN. They do not import, and they do not export, but they have to have 200 tons.

Mr. NORTHRUP. That is right.

The CHAIRMAN. They have to have 200 tons of tobacco out of ECA, and they do not either import or export.

Mr. NORTHRUP. May I explain that?

The CHAIRMAN. Do they produce it and then do we buy it and give it to them? That is the only explanation I can see in this instance. Mr. NORTHRUP. The blank figures under 1947 and 1946 actually may be something less than 500 pounds, and in the preparation of this table fractions of less than half a ton were dropped except in the ECA finance column. Actually there may be a few hundred tons going to Iceland.

The CHAIRMAN. That is not the way it is on those other figures on Ireland?

Mr. NORTHRUP. It might well be.

Mr. KERR. Do you not think the man living in Ireland ought to have a smoke if he wants one?

The CHAIRMAN. In Ireland they ought to have enough money to pay for it. That is the only thing I criticize on that, and I figure they ought to be paying for it instead of being financed by ECA. On cotton it is the same way. May be they do not use cotton.

In the case of Italy you are going to let Italy have above 50 percent more tobacco, and she produces 45,000 tons.

Mr. WIGGLESWORTH. We are going to import 3.9 thousand tons and she is going to export 5,000 tons.

The CHAIRMAN. It looks that way.

Mr. NITZE. The difference is in grade.

Mr. KERR. Practically all of that goes to the United States and England. I will have put in the record the amount of tobacco that Italy, Greece, and Turkey export to this country.

Mr. WIGGLESWORTH. Well why do they need ECA assistance if they are going to export all that we send them and more?

Mr. NITZE. As I stated the other day as to these ECA financed shipments, the ECA Administrator might decide not to finance that particular item. It is part of their imports. They are going to import some tobacco.

Mr. WIGGLESWORTH. They are going to import some and they are also going to export some?

Mr. NITZE. Yes.

Mr. NORTHRUP. Italy requires some imports of tobacco of certain grades that will blend with their own native production for the quality of product that they manufacture there. It has always been

So.

The CHAIRMAN. Now, it looks as though we were crowding cotton on to Italy pretty hard. Prewar she had 140,000 tons, and in 1946 she had 200,000 tons and only had 2,600 tons left for her own use. In 1947 she was given 123,900 tons and she had 3,000 tons production which gave her 127,000 tons. I just do not understand that available supply business in 1946.

Mr. NORTHUP. We should correct your figure to 203.3 thousand tons, Mr. Chairman.

The CHAIRMAN. 203.3?

Mr. WIGGLESWORTH. In which column?

Mr. NORTHRUP. The available supply column, 1946-47.

The CHAIRMAN. The last one.

Mr. NORTHRUP. There is a correction in the 1948-49 figures, Mr. Chairman, a very small correction, to show a domestic production of 4,000 tons with a total available supply of 202,000 tons.

The CHAIRMAN. That is quite a little above prewar, and with 103,000 tons financed by ECA it does look like we were going to put a shirt on every back over there.

Mr. NORTHRUP. I am not sure to what degree that is correct, but again this is a raw material item which the Italian Government and the Italian people have told this country is very highly important to their recovery program. It is, as you know, an item out of which they can make textiles and export them.

Mr. NITZE. Before the war, I think Italy was one of the largest rayon producers in the world. Rayon requires wood pulp, which is in short supply and coal which is in short supply, and it is much more efficient to use this cotton today than it is to use short coal and short wood pulp for making rayon. Italy's requirements for cotton therefore, are larger today than prewar by virtue of her previous rayon production.

Mr. DODD. It is true that they really have their textile mills going, and that they are doing a good job of getting their exports ready to ship to the world which is in short supply of textiles.

Mr. NORTHRUP. We are very glad to see them planning this kind of a program in Italy on this item.

The CHAIRMAN. The Netherlands are getting more tobacco than prewar; 14,000 tons under ECA; considerably more than 1946 and

1947.

Mr. DODD. Per capita, though, it is still a little below prewar.

The CHAIRMAN. And they are getting more cotton than prewar by a considerable amount. They have not had less than prewar since the war ended; that is, 1946 and 1947. And we are financing 32,900 tons. That sounds a little out of line, does it not?

Mr. NORTHRUP. The same statement might be made there as was made for Italy, but just to a different degree.

The CHAIRMAN. For Norway, you have under ECA shipments financed, 1,400 tons of tobacco, with an availability double prewar; and 1946 and 1947 are likewise away above prewar.

Mr. NORTHRUP. There again there are two very important factors; a low stock position plus increasing consumption since prewar. The CHAIRMAN. The figures for 1946 and 1947 are 50 percent above prewar and for 1948 they are set at practically double."

Mr. DODD. In the per capita figure they have gone up about 1 pound; they were using 2 pounds before the war and 3.2 pounds is the estimated figure for 1948. They are still small users of tobacco in total.

Mr. NITZE. Tobacco consumption has gone up tremendously in the United States and it has gone up in the rest of the world as well. Mr. DODD. But it is still low in Norway as compared with these other countries.

The CHAIRMAN. For cotton, the figures show that they seem to have had more cotton or just as much cotton since the war ended as they had prewar. This is set up for a larger amount than they had. Mr. NORTHRUP. Quantitatively that is very small.

The CHAIRMAN. Yes, that is true.

Portugal is also in the running for more cotton, but if she finances it herself, I suppose that is her business.

The tobacco picture is pretty nearly double what it was prewar. Mr. NORTHRUP. Very little above the last year or two.

The CHAIRMAN. That is true.

For Sweden you have tobacco 50 percent above prewar and under ECA-financed shipments, you have about 20 percent of it. That sounds like rather a liberal figure.

Mr. NORTHRUP. Their total supply on these tables would be less than last year.

The CHAIRMAN. That is perhaps so. But I do not see why the ECA should be getting in on it. Under cotton, they are being boosted above prewar.