Several of the four young thrill killers who were apprehended for the torture-murders of derelicts they found in the parks of New York were readers of this type of literature.

In summation, the subcommittee found that the home no longer fulfills the duty of sex instruction. The school has not yet taken it up. No other agency has assumed the obligation and consequently, children find out the facts of life under the most disgusting and degrading circumstances.

The control of pornography rests with three distinct yet interconnecting groups. They are: (1) The Federal Government; (2) States and local communities; and (3) the individual. Generally, none have shown sufficient awareness of this acute situation.

In this respect until recently the Federal Government has been the chief offender. On the Federal level we can stop the importation of this salacious material by adequate legislation and increased enforcement. The Federal Government must also be concerned about the distribution of pornographic material through the mails and its transportation by private automobile in interstate commerce.

Basically, however, it is the responsibility of the Federal Government to provide leadership in the overall effort to combat the distribution of pornographic material.

On the State level, there is desperate need for improved State statutes. Several States are showing the way in this respect, and the signs are becoming more hopeful in many others.

Local law enforcement and the public interest in this problem still tends to be spasmodic and insufficient.

IX. RECOMMENDATIONS

1. That the Congress of the United States enact pertinent legislation designed to curtail the production, distribution, sale and possession of indecent, lewd, and obscene material in interstate commerce. (a) The subcommittee has submitted certain bills to the United States Senate which have not yet been acted upon. These include:

(1) S. 2193: To authorize the confiscation of any vehicle, equipment, stock, and so forth, used or to be used in connection with the production, distribution, sale, or possession of pornographic material in the District of Columbia.

(2) S. 2213: To require that any obscene publication transported in interstate commerce shall contain the name and address of the publisher of each publication.

(3) S. 2515: To provide more stringent penalties for violations of laws concerning pornography.

(4) S. 2516: To authorize the Postmaster General to hold and detain mail for temporary periods in certain cases.

(b) That the Congress enact a law amending the fugitive flight law to include narcotic violators and traffickers in pornography.

(c) That Congress enact a law authorizing the prosecution of offenders in communities where the obscene and pornographic matter is delivered and where it actually inflicts injury upon the recipient, rather than the authorization for prosecution of offenders at the point of mailing the obscene and pornographic matter in Federal

cases.

(d) That Congress enact a law amending title 18, sections 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, United States Code authorizing the confiscation of any vehicle, fixture, equipment, stock, or any other thing of value used or to be used in connection with production, distribution, sale, or possession of pornographic material.

(e) That the law relating to indecent publications in the District of Columbia be amended to provide more stringent penalties and to strengthen the present law pertaining to production, distribution, sale, or possession of indecent material.

2. That the State laws and municipal ordinances be reexamined and reevaluated in their respective jurisdictions to assure modern, effective, and stringent laws which will deter the production, distribution, sale, and/or possession of pornographic material.

3. Numerous witnesses testified that under many jurisdictions there were no jail sentences and insufficient monetary fines meted out to well-known and large producers, distributors, sellers, or possessors of pornographic material, to the degree that the violators would have no fear of the law and operate openly and flauntingly. It is respectfully recommended that the judicial branches of the Federal, State, and local governments reevaluate the matter of punishment for said violations in the light of the facts and evidence adduced at the subcommittee hearings and similar State legislative hearings on the subject.

4. The subcommittee circulated to the chiefs of police and sheriffs throughout the country the names, addresses, and other pertinent data of known producers, distributors, sellers, or possessors of pornographic material. This procedure resulted in several very successful arrests and/or convictions of known pornographers. It is recommended that a National Advisory Crime Commission be established as a clearinghouse of pertinent information on violations of laws relating to pornography, narcotics, and so forth, so that as soon as such a crime is committed, data on it will immediately become available to every peace officer in Federal, State, and local jurisdictions.

5. Numerous witnesses referred to the public apathy toward and lack of sufficient knowledge of the extent and impact that pornography has on the mind of the young. The subcommittee therefore recommends that religious, civic, and service groups provide the aggressive leadership needed in forming public opinion and inspiring the public in the fight against pornography as they did in the fight against crime and horror comics and lurid magazines and books. Several witnesses testified as to the excellent community action in this respect.

6. The fact that today's teen-age population does not receive adequate sex education increases the deleterious effect of pornographic literature. Even otherwise nondelinquent children might and do gain the wrong impressions of sexual behavior and marriage because pornography is the only source of information they have. The subcommittee has found that the provision of sex knowledge is almost totally lacking in our existing social institutions, that is, the home, the school, and the church. The subcommittee concurs with those authorities in the field who feel that sex education should be given. This could be one of the prime deflectors in the path of a child whose attitude toward sexual conduct has been colored by pornography. Another aspect of sexual behavior among youth was brought to the attention of the subcommittee by the American Social Hygiene Asso

ciation. Their preliminary studies of venereal diseases indicate that over half of the venereal cases in the United States are among teenagers. Representatives of the association have indicated to the subcommittee that lack of sex knowledge is one of the major contrib-uting factors to this situation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PORNOGRAPHIC LITERATURE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SEX OFFENSES

NOTE. There are no studies on the relationship of pornographic literature to sexual offense, although studies on pornographic literature and others on sex criminals occasionally have reference to the effect of such literature on the individual and on the sex deviate. The references listed below are those in which some reference is made, though indirectly, on the subject.

Bloch, Dr. Iwan. Anthropological studies in the strange sexual practices of all races in all ages. New York, Anthropological Press. 1933. 246 pp.

Dr. Bloch is identified as a "Physician of diseases of the sexual system,' Berlin. This particular edition is translated from the German by Keene Wallis.

Dr. Bloch attempts to summarize the strange sex practices of many races and all ages. Chapter 15 is devoted to erotic and obscene literature, and the history of such while chapter 16 is a summary of knowledge concerning obscene paintings, sculpture, pornographic photographs and albums. As to the effect upon an individual, Dr. Bloch has this to say (p. 205): "No doubt many persons with already fixed sexual perversions stimulate themselves with pictures of a corresponding kind, but most of the pictures come to the attention and into the possession of persons thoroughly normal sexually or decidedly not subject to a specific perversion, as is proved by their collecting photographs of all possible varieties. The effect on such persons is frightful***a single pornographic picture can poison the imagination especially of a young person, irremediably, can have more frightful effect than seduction itself."

California, Department of Mental Hygiene. California sexual deviation research. Report. January 1953. 156 pp.

This report is part of a continuing research by the State of California into the problem of sex crimes and sex criminals. Although this report is not intended to be a study of pornographic literature, it does bring out the effect of the written word on some individuals in this manner (p. 114):

"Indeed, some evidence exists, according to Davidson, that public clamor about sex crimes and the chance to study newspaper details and gruesome pictures may be enough to overturn the unstable balance in which some persons constantly live. Although sane, these persons with perverted and aggressive sex drives are in a state of such precarious balance and are so fearful of being forced to yield to unwanted impulses that the publicized accounts may precipitate aggressive sex behavior."

DeRiver, Joseph Paul. The sexual criminal; a psychoanalytical study. Springfield, Ill. Charles C. Thomas, publisher. 1949. 281 pp.

The author is identified as criminal psychiatrist and sexologist, Los Angeles Police Department.

This is a study of the sex criminal, his background and individual case histories. A case history of a sadist discusses his use of pornographic literature (p. 15-18) and one case of a sadomasochist and his use of pornographic literature to induce excitement.

Doshay, Lewis J. The boy sex offender and his later career. New York, Gruen & Stratton. 1943.

206 pp.

Dr. Lewis J. Doshay was psychiatrist, children's courts, New York City; senior assistant physician, Manhattan State Hospital, New York, and attending specialist in neuropsychiatry, United States veterans' hospital, New York City. This study is intended to establish the significance of early sex offenses among males in relation to later life behavior. On page 80 there are a variety of causes listed as contributing to the delinquency of the person and among these are "curiosity and excitement aroused in pubescents by pornographic literature or lewd talk."

Forel, August H., M. D., Ph. D., LL. D. The sexual question; a scientific psychological hygienic and sociological study. New York, Physicians & Surgeons Book Co. 1925. 536 pp.

This is a rather general work on marriage as it relates to sex, including the psychosexual growth of the child mind. Although the author does not discuss pornography to any length or in detail, a few paragraphs of chapter XVII do state the author's opinion of the effect upon children's sexual mental balance.

Georgia Literature Commission. A report of the Georgia Literature Commission to the Governor, the General Assembly, and the people of Georgia. 60 pp. 1955.

Although this report confines itself to pornographic literature and how to stop circulation of such, there are several paragraphs attempting to show a connection between pornographic literature and sex offenses. A few wellknown persons such as J. Edgar Hoover and Inspector Herbert Case, head of the Detroit Police Censor Bureau, are quoted as stating that there is a connection between the two.

Karpman, Benjamin, M. D. The sexual offender and his offenses. Washington, D. C., Julian Press, Inc. 1954. 744 pp. Dr. Karpman is Chief Psychotherapist, St. Elizabeths Hospital.

This work includes an extensive bibliography for the years 1912 to 1951 and is very well indexed. The study is divided into two sections, the one on review of literature, and the other on psychodynamics of sexual offenses and formulation of the problem. There are several paragraphs and statements indexed concerning pornographic literature in general.

Kirkendall, Lester A. Sex education as human relations a guidebook on content and methods for school authorities and teachers. New York, Inor Publishing

Co., Inc. 1950. 351 pp.

This study attempts to cover the need, philosophy, objectives, institutional relationships, methods, and materials in the field of sex education. Page 171 contains a paragraph concerning the effect of sex information through various sources. Pornographic literature is discussed (p. 171) and found to be inciting in 119 of 127 cases, the conclusion being drawn that it is not the mention of sex that produces stimulation and curiousity, but rather the way in which it is mentioned. Table IV of this publication is a study of 380 children indicating the age at which they first saw pornographic literature. Krafft-Ebing, Dr. R. Psychopathia sexualis. New York, Rebman Co. 1922. 617 pp. Translated by E. J. Rebman.

Even a very few case studies of the brutalities of sadists, said Dr. KrafftEbing, show how very wide is the framework of their imaginary world. It is clear that the expenditure of phantasy needed for the purpose cannot usually be completely met from the patient's own means, and there exists in fact an extensive literature (i. e., pornography) which is employed as a groundwork for these daydreams and the wish-fulfillments. **** This is unsatisfactory and serious, since it is so often merely a matter of time before the patients proceed on the basis of purely idealistic sadism to real actions, which in that case are generally grave acts of sadism. Lawton, Shailer Upton, M. C. Spectrolux Corp. 1951.

Sexual conduct of the teen-ager. 180 pp.

New York,

This is a rather complete study concerning the sex conduct of teen-agers. On pages 133-134 are the only references to pornographic literature, which simply refers to teen-agers owning and creating pornographic literature. Lockhart, William B., and Robert C. McClure. Obscenity in the courts. In: Law and Contemporary Problems. School of Law, Duke University. Vol. XX. Autumn, 1955. No. 4.

This is a very thorough study from the legal point of view as to what constitutes obscenity. Résumés of various legal decisions are given. The following statement from this article bears upon the subject of this bibliography:

"For example, advocates of strict obscenity censorship rely heavily upon the conclusions of prison wardens and law-enforcement officers that 'salacious material' is an important factor in the increase in sex crimes, although there is nothing to indicate that these conclusions are based upon anything other

than bare conjecture from the fact that sex criminals also read sexy magazines. There is nothing even to suggest that their conclusions were based upon any careful study designed to separate the various factors that might contribute to sexual delinquency. So far as appears, these conclusions are guesses based on the fact that those with antisocial sexual desires do read sexy mate rial, without any attempt to determine which is the cause and which the effect. On the other hand, neither do those who oppose this type of censorship rely on any scientific study of the possible causal relationship between sex literature and sexual behavior. Instead they point to studies indicating that books stand very low among the various sources of sex knowledge. From these findings, it is reasonable to conclude that literature dealing with sex is not an important factor in most sexual behavior; but this does not necessarily mean that among those who read, such literature is a negative factor. Or they quote unnamed psychiatrists to the effect that pornographic literature does not lead to sex crimes, with no references to any substantiating studies." Lorang, Sister Mary Corde. O. P., M. A. The effect of reading on moral duct and emotional experience. Studies in Psychology and Psychiatry from the Catholic University of America. Vol. VI, March 1945. No. 5. 122 pp. Sister Lorang sums up here study in these words, "It does not attempt to answer every question in relation to the effectiveness of reading, but it does endeavor to give an overall picture of the field as it applies to adolescents. It attempts to study the relationship between the reading material and its effects; the variety and frequency of emotions aroused; the actions and principles born of reading, the relative effectiveness of books, pictures, and magazines. Through actual autobiographical sketches of the subjects, we hope to give a rather clear idea of just what reading material can do to the adolescent reader. No attempt is made to give a quantitative analysis of effects, of their depth or extent."

The study includes 21 statistical charts.

con

Michigan. Governor's Study Commission on Sex Deviates. Report of the Governor's Study Commission on the deviated criminal sex offender. Published by the State of Michigan. 1951. 245 pp.

Governor G. Mennen Williams appointed a 21 member commission in November of 1949 to study the sex offender as a social problem and to make recommendations for more effectively meeting the problem. This report of the commission is very detailed and concludes with 40 specific recommendations, one of which is as follows:

"A consistent effort should be made by the whole community to decrease influences which may be inciting factors in the commission of sex offenses. Intemperate use of beverage alcohol and the presence of obscene sex portrayalsare among such factors *

Pollens, Bertram. The sex criminal. New York, Macaulay Co. 1938. 211 pp. Mr. Pollens was senior psychologist of the penitentiary of the city of New York.

This study is confined to such subjects as the psychosexual stages of man, whether his tendencies are inherited, and what can be done about sex criminals. There are no case histories or statistics given, although Mr. Pollens does arrive at some personal conclusions as to methods of prevention. "Psychiatrists say sexy books don't cause crimes." In Science News Letter, January 3, 1953, p 9.

Very short article maintaining that the opinion of most leading psychiatrists and psychoanalysts agree with this point of view. There are no names, sources, studies, statistics, or other data given to back up this statement. Ramsey, Glenn V. Factors in the sex life of 291 boys. [N. p.] 1950. 106 pp.

This pamphlet is essentially a reproduction of a doctoral dissertation which was presented in 1941 to the school of education at Indiana University. The author's intent was to obtain information on the following factors: (i) The ages at which certain items of sex information were received, as well as the nature and source of such information; (2) the nature of certain physical growth factors of the reproductive system that are of concern to maturing boys; and (3) the nature and incidence of their sexual behavior. Table XVII is entitled "A Crude Index of Erotic Responsiveness of Boys at Each Age to Possible Stimuli." Obscene literature, is covered by such breakdowns as obscene pictures, literature, female nudity, etc.