AUREOLE (6th S. vii. 343).-MR. A. SMYTHE PALMER begins his note on this word as follows: "This word, which in some cases is merely_an altered form of French aréole, Lat. areola (Folk Etymology, p. 15)." On turning to this reference, I find that MR. PALMER gives this derivation of aureole as entirely his own. I think it right, therefore, to point out that it has been given by me twice in "N. & Q.," in two notes which I wrote on "Oriel," the first in 1872 (4th S. x. 413), and the second in 1881 (6th S. iv. 252); and that at the time I wrote the first note this derivation had, as far as I am aware, never been given by any other person, or if it had, had been rejected by the most eminent French etymologists (Brachet, Littré, and Scheler), who, one and all, derive the word from aureola, sc. corona. MR. PALMER is evidently now a constant reader of "N. & Q.," and such, no doubt, he also was in September, 1881, if not in 1872. I cannot help thinking, therefore, that he must have seen one at least of my two notes. He may, indeed, very likely, have forgotten where he got the notion from, or even very possibly think that it came entirely out of his own head, for mental assimilation is extremely rapid sometimes; but now that I have shown him that I have a prior claim, I hope that, if his work reaches a second edition, he will no longer take the entire credit of this derivation of aureole to himself alone. F. CHANCE. MR. A. SMYTHE PALMER states, "I cannot find that aureola was used in classical or mediæval Latin." If he will refer to the Supplement of the Summa of St. Thomas Aquinas, he will see that "Quæstio xcvi." is "De aureolis, in tredecim articulos divisa," and that the first "article" begins, "Videtur quod aureola non sit aliquod aliud præmium a præmio essentiali, quod aurea dicitur." It was a common theological term to express the coronet or special reward which was given to certain saints above their essential reward. As such it is discussed by Ludolph of Saxony (Vita Christi, pars ii. cap. lxxxviii. § 7), who refers to some earlier lines, among which is this, "Aureolam martyr, doctor, virgoque meretur." ED. MARSHALL. Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. History of England, from the Accession of James 1. to the Outbreak of the Civil War, 1603-1642. By Samuel R. Gardiner, LL.D., Professor of Modern History, King's College, London. Vol. I. (Longmans & Co.) MR. S. R. GARDINER's historical work is so widely known and so highly appreciated that we need do little more, as far as the students of history among our readers are concerned, than announce the commencement of his new undertaking. But, for our own satisfaction, there are one or two points to which we should like to take this opportunity of drawing attention in the columns of "N. & Q." Mr. Gardiner's estimate of the character of James I., alike as man and as ruler, seems to us both a fairer and a truer estimate than that which has for some time past been presented to us. We have had enough, and more than enough, of James's outward defects; for it has torians to touch upon James without bringing forward appeared impossible for the modern generation of hishis ungainliness, and his "slobbering," even ad nau seam. Mr. Gardiner, on the other hand, gives James full credit for his real, and, as is justly remarked, "by full credit for being "honestly desirous of increasing no means contemptible" learning. He also gives him the prosperity of his subjects." His vanity and his selfcomplacency were the personal faults which undid so much of the good in James I.'s character, by laying him open to the influence of persons less moral and less scrupulous than himself. This view is, of course, not in itself novel. It comes back, we think, very much to the same lines as Sir Walter Scott's portrait of the successor of the "bright Occidental Star." It is, nevertheless, a view which comes upon us almost with the force of novelty from having been so long thrust into the backand judicial language in which it is set forth by Mr. ground, and it derives additional force from the calm Gardiner. The present volume, the first of a series of ten, carries us back, in its opening pages, to the Middle Ages and to the Renaissance for the better understanding of the events of the early years of the seventeenth century. We are taken up into the serene atmosphere of Hooker, we thread the mazes of the fascinating allegory of Spenser, we are amused by the refined extravagance of Ariosto and the keen satire of Cervantes ere we are introduced to Raleigh, "left of all men,......though he had these great leaders of the world of letters are always indone good to many." Mr. Gardiner's judgments on teresting, though we cannot always agree with them. With regard to Dante and Ariosto we differ entirely from his views. To a student of the Middle Ages there German Prince" to restore order and unity to the is no difficulty in understanding Dante's appeal to a disordered and disunited world of his day. It belonged to that prince to do the task which the great poet of the longed to him as, in the belief of the poet and the men Middle Ages called upon him to carry out. But it be of his day, the heir of all the ages of the Roman world, not, save accidentally, as the chief of the Teutonic world. Of Ariosto, we have only space to say here that, in our opinion, he simply laughed at chivalry, and his entire series of poems is in the nature of an extravaganza lieve neither Ariosto nor the Italian people ever accepted -a mere burlesque of chivalry, which, indeed, we beor understood. Though we have thus our points of difference from Mr. Gardiner, which we have not attempted to conceal, we have also many and strong points of contact with him; and we shall look forward with deep interest to the future volumes of his new and important history of England, The Baptists and Quakers in Northamptonshire, 16501700. By the Rev. J. Jackson Goadby. (Northamp ton, Taylor & Son.) THIS is a lecture delivered in the College Street Chapel, Northampton, on October 24 of last year. It shows very considerable research among the fugitive literature of the seventeenth century, and is written in a manner calculated to disarm prejudice. There are one or two expressions in the earlier pages which we should have been glad to have seen modified. It is surely not well to speak of Henry VIII.'s elder daughter as Mary of infamous memory." Mr. Goadby is, however, well aware of a terrible truth that many of us have received but imperfectly-that religious persecution was not a crime confined to one or more bodies of people, but was until recent days practised by almost everybody who had the power. It would be interesting to find out who was the first Englishman who attained to the knowledge that it was wrong to kill or torture for theological misbelief. The cruel laws against Quakers, Baptists, and other separatists produced the sad effect of making the professors of those forms of faith violent and narrowminded. Their sufferings are sufficient to explain this. We have a pretty complete history of the Quakers who were done to death at this time, but the Baptists produced no contemporary historian of mark. They were probably treated with as little mercy as the followers of George Fox. Their rigidity with regard to things of small moment was as stern as that of the Quakers. The Independents in the latter years of the century were little less stern. At the Rothwell meeting we find that men were under discipline for playing at ninepins, for having no conjugal affection, for encouraging fiddling and vanity, for pride, and for dancing. One piece of church censure is remarkable as having evidently been a tradition from medieval days. We find a man in trouble "for riding over mown grass." There was in former times, when fears of famine were ever present, a horror of destroying or injuring crops in the field out of all proportion to the money wasted. Myrc (circa 1450), in his instructions to parish priests as to their inquiries concerning sins of the lesser sort, bids them inquire:— "Art thou I-wont ouer corn to ryde When thou mygtest haue gone by side?" And in the Pinder of Wakefield and Robin Hood we read: "Now turn again, turn again, said the Pinder, For a wrong way you have gone; For you have forsaken the king's highway, " The appendix contains useful lists of early Baptist and Lancashire Gleanings. By W. E. A. Axon. (Manchester, Tubbs, Brook & Chrystal; London, Simpkin, Marshall & Co.) We hope Mr. Axon will give us further gleanings from The Standard of Value. By William Leighton Jordan. THIS is a well-written book on a difficult subject. Mr. logue of the charters, minute-books, &c., of the Borough A CORRESPONDENT informs us that a descriptive cataof Weymouth and Melcombe Regis, 1252-1800, annotated by H. J. Moule, M.A., is nearly ready for publication, under the direction of the Mayor and Corporation. Notices to Correspondents. We must call special attention to the following notices: ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. H. KIRKHAM.-We do not find the book named by you in the latest printed catalogue of the London Library; but the following, which are there, will probably meet your wants: "Fishwick, Lt. Col., History of the Parish of Kirkham, Lancashire (Chetham Soc., 1874). Do., The Lancashire Library, 1875. Barlow, T. W., ed. by, Cheshire and Lancashire Historical Collections, 1855. Lancashire and Cheshire Historic Society, Transactions of, 1854-62." Lewis, Topog. Dict., s. v., derives the name, very simply, from the church. Cf. Kirkby, Kirkton, &c. J. R.-The peacock is not confined to the architecture of Italy, but is to be found in other countries, and is employed as a symbol of immortality. Seo Notes on Symbolism (Hodges). P. P. ("Retzsch's Chess-Players").-W. J. writes that he has a print of this outline, and will be pleased to offer it on hearing from P. P. We will forward a prepaid letter sent to our care. Tho L. E. W.-You evidently mean Frederick of Nassau Zuylestein, General in the service of the States General, illegitimate son of Henry Frederick, Prince of Orange, and father of William, first Earl of Rochford. general married Mary, daughter of Sir William Killigrew of Arwennack, Chamberlain to Catherine of Braganza. OUR old correspondent Mr. Axon, whose signature is so well known in these pages, has produced an olla podrida of good things concerning Lancashire which should rejoice the hearts of all students of local history and folk-lore. The author has gleaned from many a field heavy with corn ready for the ingathering. We have here pictured for us "Sunday in the Olden Time," when C. "The D'Abrich court Family," in Antiquarian the Popish recusants, "in whom," as King James testi-Magazine_and_Bibliographer for June, by our correfied, "the county of Lancashire abounded more than spondent Rev. J. Maskell, any county in England," made merry, and the bishops doubted whether they would not entice persons over to their fold by such means. Of family history and tradition, the story of the Mosleys of Rolleston and Ancoats, the famous estate of Sir Andrew Chadwick, and the legend of the Black Knight of Ashton furnish varied samples, whose interest is principally local; but the "Sherburnes in America" show us a Transatlantic importance in Lancashire genealogy, while the story of the Lindsays in Lancashire" is the story of the recent history of a great Scottish house whose late distinguished chief gave it a memorable place in literature and art. quires whether the Systematic Beneficence Society is MR. C. S. KENNY, Downing College, Cambridge, instill in existence, and what is its address. NOTICE. 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INVALUABLE TO STUDENTS, PUBLIC SPEAKERS, MEDICAL MEN, and to every one to whom a Good Memory is a desirable object. A System founded in Nature, and totally unlike "Mne in Classes, or by Private Lessons. CATALOGUE, No. IX., 36 pp., post free. Very monics" or Artificial Memory. Thoroughly Taught by Post, comprising Selections from the Library of the late Dr. John Brown, Author of " Rab and his Friends," &c. GEORGE P. JOHNSTON, 21, Hanover Street, Edinburgh. Correspondence Classes treated on specially favourable terms. Five large Correspondence Classes now studying CATALOGUE OF ANCIENT and MODERN the Loisettian System at Cambridge, and two at T. JEFFERIES & SONS, Booksellers, Redcliffe Oxford. STEPHENS' Scientific Opinion and Testimonials in full. Dr. ANDREW WILSON, F.R.S. E., &c., scientist and editor of Health, thus speaks of his own knowledge of the Loisettian System, in that journal, p. 34, April 27th, 1883:"People who are troubled with that very common and WRITING AND COPYING inconvenient trait of character, a short memory, have at last INKS. SOLD BY ALL STATIONERS. F. & C. OSLER. Glass Dinner Services. Glass Dessert Services. Glass Table Decorations. Glass Table Lamps. Glass Wall Lights. Glaes and Metal Chandeliers. China Dessert Services. Birmingham: Manufactory, Broad Street. ROWLANDS ODONTO, or R Pearl Dentifrice, whitens the teeth, prevents and arrests decay, strengthens the gums, and gives a pleasing fragrance to the breath; it contains no mineral acid or gritty substances, and is especially adapted for the teeth of young children, being very pleasant to use. OWLANDS' ODONTO is the best Tooth Powder. All dentists will allow that neither washes nor pastes can possibly be as efficacious for polishing the teeth and keeping them sound and white as a pure and non-gritty tooth powder: such Rowlands' Odonto has always proved itself. Avoid spurious imitations, and buy only ROWLANDS' ODONTO. 6TH S. No, 186. Sold everywhere. laid before them the opportunity of relief and improvement. Very recently, attracted by the notice which Prof. Loisette's System has obtained, we paid a visit to his office, and made an acquaintance with the details of his method." We then heard sufficient of this system of forming an accurate, powerful, and lasting memory to induce us to study under Prof. Loisette. HIS METHOD IS PHYSIOLOGICAL AND SCIENTIFIC IN THE HIGHEST DEGREE, and we can recommend it as thoroughly worthy a trial. A weak memory is a source of perpetual irritation; ergo, the remedy for this mental evil must likewise be conducive to good health and absence of worry." Letter from the Rev. SAMUEL BELL, M.A. A.K.C., 15, Bessborough Street, St. George's Square, London, S.W., February 14th, 1883: "DEAR SIR,-I have found your system of memory so valuable in my studies, clerical and literary, that I have determined to use it in the preparation of my pupils for the army. "I therefore write to ask you, under what pecuniary conditions you will concede to me the right to teach it, it being understood that I will not interfere in any way to your injury, using the System only with those pupils who are reading with me for the army. terms on which you will agree to my proposal. "I hope great things from it, and am anxious to learn th |