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FRANCIS, 20, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. LONDON, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 8, 1883. CONTENTS.- N° 193. NOTES:-Finnish Folk-lore, 181-Chains, 182-Bibliography of Beauty Theories, 183-Origin and Range of Surnames Brummagem, 185-Oxford Jeu d'Esprit-Allusion to Newfoundland in " Hickscorner"-Curious Epitaph, 186. QUERIES:-Jeremy Taylor's "Marriage Ring"-K. Edw. Warr. Book-Parlby-Thomas Bambridge-Charles Stewart -Loyang Bridge in China-Society of the Black Pin"Portuguese Devils," 187-Dates on Fonts - Jennings Family of Shiplake-"Echo of Westminster Bridge"-Mind's Eye-Redness Family-Marshal Saxe-Heraldic-Gray's "Elegy "-The Mayflower, 188-Blue Laws of Connecticut -Authors Wanted, 189. REPLIES:-Sommelier, Maître d'Hôtel, &c., 189-Former Royal Inhabitant of Eastwell Park, 192-Marguerite, 193Lessing and Coleridge-Paigle, 195-" Coningsmark Broadswords," 196-Lord Byron and the Eton and Harrow Match -Foin Foinster-The Owl an Emblem of Death-Curfew North and South-Localities mentioned by Chaucer, 197Bishops in Pantaloons-Story of Pound of Flesh-"Seven wonders of the world"-Russell-Candlemas Offerings Sonnet on Macready - Handel Commemoration-B. F. Foster, 198-Old Line Engraving, 199. NOTES ON BOOKS:-Mrs. Oliphant's "Sheridan"-Gomme's "Folk-lore Relics of Early Village Life"-"The Antiquary," Vol. VII. Notices to Correspondents. Notes. FINNISH FOLKLORE. Finland, or, as it is called in Finnish, Suani (from suo, a lake or swamp), is a country of great interest to the folk-lore collector. A land of lakes, forests, and mountains (it is often called "the land of a thousand lakes "), it is full of legends, tales, and all that is dear to students. Cut off from many of the influences that effectually destroy the people's lore, one can there study phases of the subject which have long since vanished in such lands as Prior to 1157 the people were pagans. In that year Eric, the holy king of Sweden, crossed over the Gulf of Bothnia and conquered them; with him came Hendrik (Bishop of Upsala), who introduced Christianity into the country. The bishop (now Finland's patron saint) was an Englishman, as was also Bishop Thomas, who lived in the thirteenth century. our own. The well where, according to popular tradition, the first baptisms took place is still called Hendrik's well, and is in the suburbs of Abo. St. Hendrik was slain in 1158 on Lake Kjulo by a peasant named Lalli, who chopped off the bishop's thumb in order to get the ring which he wore, and this is the origin of the bent thumb on the cathedral seal of Abo. From the conversion of the Finns till 1809, when they were finally united to Russia, the boundaries were continually changing, and Finland appears to have been the favourite place for the Russian and Swedish armies to settle their quarrels. In consequence of the long intercourse between Finland and Sweden many superstitions and tales are common to both countries, and this is especially the case in the Finnish parishes which lie near the sea at the south-west corner, where There is the Swedish language is in general use. a rich mine of hitherto unworked materials, fragments of which I have obtained by the kindness of Finnish friends. I trust that they may be found of interest to folk-lore students. First we will take a group of customs that are observed on certain saints' days or holidays. In Abo during the fairs the peasants meet together in a certain place, and have a curious custom of "Wahet changing watches, guns, old horses, &c. as kello" (change your watch), says one to another; and at once they change their watches. These, be it noted, are of the turnip genus, that often hang on the cottage wall for six days out of seven, and when they do appear are more for ornament than use. If one happens to be much better than the other, then so many marks must be given to boot. Old horses and guns are changed in like manner. On New Year's Eve tin is melted and poured into water, the figures it forms when it cools being used to tell your future; e. g., black spots mean death, white ones wrong, and so on. At Eastertide eggs are eaten and a kind of pudding called "memma" is used. It is made of malt, rye, and spices, put into baskets made of the bark of the white beech, and eaten with whipped cream and sugar. In Russia at Easter the people carry hard-boiled eggs (coloured) which they exchange with their friends. Small white cakes filled with almonds and spices are also used on Shrove Tuesday, and mead is drunk on May 1. "If it freezes on 'Gamla Maria,' it will freeze for forty nights." On Midsummer Eve a maypole is erected and decked with flowers, and round it the peasants dance. Fires are made on the highest hills, and if the parish be on the seashore a fire is made on a raft and allowed to drift out to sea. Guns are fired to denote the approach of the festival. In country places the people place young birch trees outside their doors, sometimes binding the tops together so as to form an arch; there they allow them to remain till they fade. The Swedes observe the day in the same manner. St. Andrew's Day:— "Anders slaskor, Yulen braskar." That is, if St. Andrew be muggy weather, sleet, snow, &c., Christmas will be fine and freezing, or vice versa. On Christmas Eve a grain (rice) pudding is made in which an almond is put, and whoever gets |