his task. To a civilian the minute details of "march and countermarch, redoubt and ravelin," may sometimes be slightly tedious, though to soldiers they will have a special value and attraction. Col. Wilson writes in a bright and lively style, and it is only rarely that his graceful biography is disfigured by efforts at smartness which are inconsistent with the general correctness of his literary taste.

Landholding, and the Relation of Landlord and Tenant in Various Countries. By C. D. Field, LL.D. (Thacker & Co.)

MR. JUSTICE C. D. FIELD has written an admirable and exhaustive work upon this important topic. Most of the last half of the work is devoted to the land tenures of India, upon which, owing to his long exercise there of judicial functions, he has been enabled to produce a most valuable essay. To the practical information derived from experience he has added the results of extended reading, in which he has studied the systems of the principal countries of the world. These are exceedingly instructive in themselves, and they usefully lead up to the more important thesis upon our great Oriental empire. Of course the land question there, as in Ireland, is one of the utmost consequence, and a dis. quisition upon it is much enhanced by its being placed in juxtaposition with essays upon the general relations of landlord and tenant. Justice Field appropriately commences his work with a review of the creation and development of early property in land, the landholding of the Roman empire, and the appropriation of lands by the Celtic races by whom the Roman empire was broken up. He then proceeds to treat of the incidents of feudal tenures, grants of fiefs, &c., with the feudal system in England, villein tenures, copyholds, escuage, &c. In the following chapters the land tenures are described of Prussia and the other German states, France, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, the Ionian Islands, &c. The next division of this great and comprehensive book affords a distinct view, at once historical and of immediate interest, of the relation between landowners and cultivators in Russia. European and Asiatic Turkey and Egypt are subsequently introduced; and then follow four chapters in which the land question in Ireland, in regard to the past, present, and future, is elaborately discussed. The author, who has evidently bestowed much attention upon this pressing topic, considers various proposed remedies for existing evils and questions of compensation. He finally, before introducing the most exhaustive portion of his book, gives the history of landholding in America and Australasia.

A work such as this was urgently required at the present juncture of discussions upon the landholding questions. Mr. Justice Field has treated his subjects with judicial impartiality, and his style of writing is powerful and perspicuous, India is chiefly studied. The essays supplied on landholdings throughout the world are, however, absolutely sufficient to convey a complete idea of their general constitutions.

The Camden Miscellany. Vol. VIII. (Camden Society.) THE detached papers in this volume are of much interest, especially to those who are students of the history of the seventeenth century. The papers relating to the delinquency of Lord Savile, 1642-6, are important as illustrating the difficulty which moderate persons experienced when they endeavoured to steer a middle course between the king and his Parliament. The evidence here is by no means conclusive; but from what we know of the character of the Hothams, father and son, we think it not improbable that some of Lord

Savile's troubles may have resulted from the trust he put in them. We were not aware that iron was worked at Kirkstall in 1646. We have here, however, a letter of April 4 of that year dated from the "Kerkstall Ironworkes." The secret negotiation with Charles I., 1643-4, edited from the Tanner manuscripts in the Bodleian Library by Mrs. Gardiner, is a document of first-rate importance in the history of the great Civil War, as it enables us to read more clearly the character of the unhappy king.

Mr. S. R. Gardiner has edited the Earl of Manchester's letter to the House of Lords, in which the earl gives his side of the question as to his quarrel with Oliver Cromwell. He affirms that Oliver had said "that he hoped to live to see never a nobleman in England," and that he had "expressed himself with contempt of the Assembly of Divines." The latter charge is probably true; the former we cannot credit as it stands. No doubt Óliver had said something of the kind, with the limitation of some such words as "in high places in the army." Oliver's whole career is evidence that he disbelieved in doctrines of equality, such as those taught by the Levellers. Of those more modern notions which came into being on the fall of monarchy in France he had, of course, no notion. Time brings strange changes. The Earl of Manchester lived long enough to receive from Oliver the Lord Protector a summons to sit in his newly created House of Lords. We wonder what he thought in 1658 of the charges made in 1644.

AN American Huguenot Society has, we are glad to learn from the New York Genealogical and Biographical Record for July, recently been founded in New York. There are not a few of our readers who will be interested in the proceedings of such a society, and we hope that when its publication of papers commences we may be able to give further details concerning the genealogical labours which it proposes to undertake. The first president of the society is Hon. John Jay, formerly U.S. Minister at the Court of Vienna.

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