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REPLIES:-Constitution Hill, 108-Lyte of Lytes Cary, 109 -Cowper's Pew in Olney Church, 110-Lady Grace Edham Eugene, 111-Napoleon Prophecy -Ghosts in Catholic Countries-Lymington, 112-Tidd and Todd-Cure by Touch -Arundel, Arun-Bungay-"The Luxury of Woe"-The Poet Mason-Harvest Custom-Basque, &c., 113-Derivation of Calder-"Smythie coine"-Triforium-Fiasco, 114-Hops in Essex-Maypoles-Engraved Portrait of Wm. Austin"Sir Hornbook"-Kitchingman Family-Number of Ancestors, 115-Squarer-" Dies Ira "-Ann in Place-names

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John Dennys's "Secrets of Angling "-Pattison's Milton's
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Notices to Correspondents.

Notes.

"

"NOTES ON PHRASE AND INFLECTION." (See 6th S. vii. 501.)

I continue my remarks on the article with the title as above in Good Words for June. It will occur to many readers that "le jeu ne vaut pas la chandelle"; but the phraseology and idiomatic forms in which our thoughts habitually clothe themselves affect, as well as are affected by, the ideas which underlie them, and present occasionally interesting glimpses of the mental action struggling for expression.

be traced back to the primitive Aryan tongue. Under answers to Sanskrit antara, be-neath to Sansk. nitarám. The be is merely an augment. The primitive meanings are slightly different, antar, under, being in contrast with upar, over, whilst nitar is the comparative of ni, down, and signifies "further down."

Execution: Executed.-Mr. Turner says, "Execution at Maidstone gaol' is intelligible enough, but 'Execution of the murderer Nokes' is nonsense. The plain English is that the executioner hangs Mr. Nokes, and thereby follows out (which is the meaning of executes) the sentence of the law. An execution does not necessarily imply banging anybody." Who ever supposed that it did? It seems, as Hamlet says, we must speak by the card, or equivocation will undo us.' A piece of music, a legal deed, a last will and testament, a commission may all be executed, but not a human being. Common sense and common usage reject such pedantry. If we were to say, "Last Monday John Nokes was hung at Maidstone gaol," we should only give half the information. He might, like Porteous, have been hung in defiance of the law by a riotous mob, but when we say he was executed we imply in one word that he was dispatched according to law.

To open up.-This is not a happy form of expression, and, I should imagine, is very little employed. To open out is graphic enough, implying the simplification of an involved or mysterious statement.

Appreciate: Estimate.-Mr. Turner says, "The genteel vulgar are much given to appreciate all sorts of things, without saying how or which way the appreciation is determined......In nine cases out of ten where appreciate is used, the word should have been estimate, though even this is often vaguely uttered." These two verbs are as nearly synonymous in their origin as it is possible to conceive. To appreciate is to set a price on, to estimate is to set a value on a person or thing. Appreciate and appreciation are not found in Shakespeare, but esteem and estimate are frequent. If a man complains of not being appreciated, he means that he is not sufficiently valued, whilst his enemies might say that he was really appreciated at his true worth. So to say that a man is not estimated, usually means that he is not valued highly enough, or in other words not esteemed, but there is a subtle difference between esteem and estimate, which is more readily felt than expressed.

Under: Beneath: Underneath.-Mr. Turner says, "I will remind my readers that under and beneath meet in the Scandinavian on neder; and little as the sound would lead us to suspect an identity, or even a connexion, beneath and under are the same.' As Dominie Sampson says, "Prodigious!" Such etymology is enough to take away one's breath. One has heard or read of cucumber being derived from, or identical with, "Jeremiah King," which has been supposed to be a whimsical The English Infinitive Mood.—Mr. Turner gives joke. Probably the identity of under and be- a long dissertation on this subject, the results of neath is an attempt at poking fun. It is scarcely which are novel and rather startling. He says, possible to imagine the maintenance of such an "So far as the researches of philology have disabsurdity to be serious. Under, beneath, under-covered, our language is absolutely unique in the neath are pure Anglo-Saxon words. They are formation of its infinitive mood. This peculiarity common to all the Teutonic languages, and can has never been quite accounted for," &c. I have

meaning: tobrecan, to break down; towurpan, to destroy; toslaan, to dash to pieces. This prefix was originally tor, Goth. tur, Old Ger. zer, which are found in German and Icelandic as prefixes with the same meaning at the present day. Mr. Turner's bile appears to have been greatly disturbed by a practice, "beginning," as he says,

always been under the impression that the A.-S. infinitive was common to all the Teutonic tongues, the earliest form being found in the Gothic of Ulphilas, with the termination an in the strong verbs, and yan or ian in the derivative or weak ones. The loss of this suffix does not in the least affect the meaning or application of the infinitive mood, which is precisely the same as it has always" in the low and humid wilds of tenth-rate jourbeen. Mr. Turner continues, "The prefix to was nalism, and spreading its corruption to the pasused to mark the future infinitive only." Where tures and orchards of critical and philosophic is the authority for any such statement? Bos- thought, morality, and religion, and to the flower worth (A.-S. Grammar) says, "The infinitive gardens of poetry." What does the reader guess mood expresses the action or state denoted by the is the offence so vehemently denounced? It is verb in a general manner, without any reference simply the insertion of an adverb between the to to number, person, or time." Pickbourn (Dis- and the infinitive: "to elegantly write," "to sertation on the English Verb) says, "That it [the cogently say." The insertion of adverbs and even infinitive] has, in itself, no relation to time, evi- nouns between the preposition and the infinitive dently appears from the common use we make of is not foreign to the genius of the Teutonic it; for we can say with equal propriety, 'I was tongues. In German it is in common use: "sich obliged to read yesterday,' I am obliged to read zum Gelächter machen," "zu mit jemandem gehen," to-day,' 'I shall be obliged to read to-morrow.""&c. In English, in ordinary discourse, we bring Mr. Turner refers to Grimm as showing the future the preposition and infinitive together. In poetry infinitive to be a dative case. Grimm does nothing licence is admitted, and with good effect. Such a of the kind. I have his Deutsche Grammatik line as "Who dares to nobly live, or boldly die," open before me. The passages in which he refers would hardly be improved by transposition. to the infinitive are too long to quote, but may be found in the first and third chapters of the fourth book. In substance he treats the infinitive as a kind of substantiving (substantivierung) of the verb which has lost all marks of person and number. There is only a single preposition which can be prefixed to it, du, zu, to. From the use of this preposition in a dative sense, equivalent to Lat. ad, grew up a modification of the infinitive in onne, anne, which answers exactly to the Latin gerund. Thus, zi minnone is equivalent to ad amandum. This, of course, carried with it a future sense barnan, to burn; bærnenne, about to burn. In A.-S. both forms are used together: "Drihten, álýfe me ærest to farenne, and bebyrigean minne fæder." "Lord, let me first go and bury my father." This is the substance of Grimm's view, which certainly does not justify the statement in the article.

"But now I come," says Mr. Turner, "to the marrow of my note......To as the sign of the English infinitive is as much a part or particle of the verb as it would be if placed at the end as an inflection. Though identical to eye and ear with the preposition to, it is not used as a preposition. We should not do amiss, I think, were we to join it on with a hyphen, thus, to think, to-write," &c. The writer is here confounding two things which have no connexion whatever. That to, zu, du, when used before an infinitive, is an ordinary preposition will be found laid down in every grammar and dictionary of every Teutonic language. There is, however, an enclitic to, which in A.-S. is used as a prefix to a numerous list of verbs, giving them an intensive, and frequently a destructive,

On: Upon.-This scarcely needs remark, Mr. Turner having abandoned any distinction between the two. There is, however, considerable difference in their origin, up being traceable to Sansk. upa, super; whilst on, Ger. an, can only be found in Zend. Our word upon seems a combination of the two.

Numerous as compared with Many.—I was not previously aware that numerous had banished many. It would take numerous instances to prove it. Numerous, of course, refers primarily to things which are susceptible of being counted. Many is vague and indefinite. Mr. Turner says, "Thus we have, in frequent imitation of Homer, 'the numerous voice of the sea.' If, as I suppose, he refers to the oft-recurring refrain in the Iliad, Oiva ovpλoloßolo Paláσons, the translation is unfortunate, as Tolus does not mean numerous. No one would think of count

ing the roaring of the waves. Pope translates
the phrase simply "the sounding main "; Cowper,
"the loud murmuring shore"; Lord Derby,
many dashing ocean's shore."

"the

Commence: Begin. -Mr. Turner is very hard upon the "dandies" and "mincing misses" who commence instead of begin their remarks, but the word would not have been introduced except there had been a use for it. We have an advantage in English to some extent of a duplicate vocabulary, classical and Teutonic, which gives a copiousness and variety to our literature not possessed by any other modern tongue. Begin will, of course, apply to every topic of human thought; commence usually is restricted to an undertaking with human agency. The sun begins