models, trade-marks, trade-names, the statements of place of origin, suppression of unfair competition, the advantages which the respective laws now grant or may hereafter grant to the citizens of that country. Consequently, they shall have the same protection. as the latter and the same legal remedies against any infringements of their rights, provided they comply with the formalities and requirements imposed by the national laws of each State upon its own citizens. Any obligation of domicile or of establishment in the country where the protection is claimed shall not be imposed on the members of the Union.

ART. 3. The subjects or citizens of countries which do not form part of the Union, who are domiciled or own effective and bona fide industrial or commercial establishments in the territory of any of the countries of the Union, shall be assimilated to the subjects or citizens of the contracting countries.

ART. 4. (a) Any person who shall have duly filed an application for a patent, utility model, industrial design or model, or trade-mark, in one of the contracting countries, or the successor or assignee of such person shall enjoy, for the purpose of filing application in the other countries, and subject to the rights of third parties, a right of priority during the periods hereinafter specified.

(b) Consequently, the subsequent filing in one of the other countries of the Union, prior to the expiration of such periods, shall not be invalidated by acts performed in the interval, especially by another application by publication of the invention or the working of the same, by the sale of copies or the design or model, nor by the use of the mark.

(c) The periods of priority above referred to shall be twelve months for patents and models of utility, and four months for industrial designs and models, as also for trade-marks.

(d) Whoever shall wish to avail himself of the priority of an anterior filing shall be required to make a declaration showing the date and the country of this filing. Each country shall determine at what moment, at the latest, this declaration must be executed. This information shall be mentioned in the publications issued by the competent Administration, particularly on patents and the specifications relative thereto. The contracting countries shall require of one who makes a declaration of priority the production of a copy of the application (specification, drawings, etc.) previously filed, certified to be a true copy by the Administration which shall have received it. This copy shall be dispensed from any legalization. It may be required that it be accompanied by a certificate of the date of filing, issuing from this Administration, and of a translation. Other formalities shall not be required for the declaration of priority at the time of the filing of the application. Each contracting coun

try shall determine the consequences of the omisison of the formalities prescribed by the present article, unless these consequences exceed the loss of the right of priority.

(e) Later other justifications can be demanded.

ART. 4. Patents applied for in the different contracting countries by persons admitted to the benefit of the Convention in the terms of Articles 2 and 3, shall be independent of the patents obtained for the same invention in other countries, adherent or not to the Union.

This provision shall be understood in an absolute manner, particularly in the sense that the patents applied for during the term of priority are independent, as much from the point of view of the causes of nullity and of forfeiture as from the point of view of the normal duration.

It applies to all patents existing at the time of entrance into force. It shall be likewise, 'in case of accession of new countries for patents. existing on both sides at the time of accession.

ART. 5. The importation, by the patentee, into the country where the patent has been granted, of articles manufactured in any of the countries of the Union shall not entail forfeiture.

However, the patentee shall be obliged to work his patent according to the laws of the country into which he introduces the patented objects, but with the restriction that the patent shall not be liable to forfeiture because of non-working in one of the countries of the Union until after a term of three years, from the date of the filing of the application in that country, and only in case the patentee shall fail to show sufficient cause for his inaction.

ART. 6. Every trade-mark regularly registered in the country of origin shall be admitted to registration and protected as that in the other countries of the Union.

However, there may be refused or invalidated:

(1) Marks which are of a nature to infringe rights acquired by third parties in the country where protection is claimed.

(2) Marks devoid of all distinctive character, or even composed exclusively of signs or data which may be used in commerce, to designate the kind, quality, quantity, destination, value, place of origin of the products, or the time of production, or become common in the current language or the legal and steady customs of commerce of the country where the protection is claimed.

In the estimation of the distinctive character of a mark, all the circumstances existing should be taken into account, particularly the duration of the use of the mark.

(3) Marks which are contrary to morals and public order.

The country where the applicant has his principal establishment shall be considered as the country of origin.

If this principal establishment is not located in one of the countries of the Union, that to which the applicant belongs shall be considered as country of origin.

ART. 7. The nature of the product on which the trade-mark is to be applied can not, in any case, be an obstacle to the filing of the mark.

ART. 7. The contracting countries agree to admit for filing and to protect marks belonging to associations the existence of which is not contrary to the law of the country of origin, even if these associations do not possess an industrial or commercial establishment.

Each country shall be judge of the special conditions under which an association may be admitted to have the marks protected.

ART. 8. Trade-names shall be protected in all the countries of the Union without the obligation of filing, whether it be a part or not of a trade-mark.

ART. 9. Any product bearing illegally a trade-mark or a tradename shall be seized at importation in those of the countries of the Union in which this mark or this trade-name may have a right to legal protection.

If the laws of a country do not admit of seizure on importation, the seizure shall be replaced by prohibition of importation.

The seizure shall be likewise effected in the country where illegal affixing shall have been made, or in the country into which the product shall have been imported.

The seizure shall be made at the request of the public ministry, or any other competent authority, or by an interested party, individual, or society, in conformity to the interior laws of each country.

The authorities shall not be required to make the seizure in transit. If the laws of a country admit neither of the seizure on importation nor the prohibition of importation, nor seizure in said country, these measures shall be replaced by the acts and means which the law of such country would assure in like case to its own citizens.

ART. 10. The provisions of the preceding article shall be applicable to any product bearing falsely, as indication of place of production, the name of a definite locality, when this indication shall be joined to a fictitious or borrowed trade-name with an intention to defraud.

The interested party is considered any producer, manufacturer, or merchant, engaged in the production, manufacture, or commerce of such product, and established either in the locality falsely indicated as place of production or in the region where this locality is situated. ART. 10. All the contracting countries agree to assure to the members of the Union an effective protection against unfair competition. ART. 11. The contracting countries shall accord, in conformity with their national laws, a temporary protection to patentable inventions, working models, industrial models, or designs, as well as to

trade-marks, for products exhibited at international expositions, official or officially recognized, organized in the territory of one of them.

ART. 12. Each of the contracting countries agrees to establish a special service for industrial property and a central office for the communication to the public of patents, working models, industrial models, or designs and trade-marks. This service shall publish, as often as possible, an official periodical.

ART. 13. The International Office instituted at Berne under the name of "Bureau international pour la protection de la propriété industrielle" is placed under the high authority of the Government of the Swiss Confederation, which regulates its organization and supervises its operation.

The International Bureau shall centralize information of any nature relative to the protection of industrial property, and form it in a general statistical report which shall be distributed to all Administrations. It shall proceed to considerations of common utility interesting to the Union and shall edit, with the aid of the documents put at its disposal by the different Administrations, a periodical in the French language on questions concerning the object of the Union.

Numbers of this periodical, like all the documents published by the International Bureau, shall be distributed among the Administrations of the countries of the Union in proportion to the number of contributive units mentioned below. Copies and supplementary documents which shall be requested, either by the said Administrations, or by societies or individuals, shall be paid for separately.

The International Bureau shall hold itself at all times at the disposition of the members of the Union, to furnish them special information of which they may have need, on the questions relative to the international service of industrial property. It shall make an annual report of its management which shall be communicated to all members of the Union.

The official language of the International Bureau shall be French. The expense of the International Bureau shall be borne in common by the contracting countries. They may not, in any case, exceed the sum of sixty thousand francs per year.

In order to determine the contributive part of each of the countries in this sum-total of the expenses, the contracting countries and those which later join the Union shall be divided into six classes, each contributing in proportion to a certain number of units, to wit:

These coefficients shall be multiplied by the number of countries. of each class, and the sum of the products thus obtained will furnish the number of units by which the total expenses are to be divided. The quotient will give the amount of the unit of expense.

Each of the contracting countries shall designate at the time of its accession, the class in which it wishes to be ranked.

The Government of the Swiss Confederation shall supervise the expenses of the International Bureau, make necessary advances and draw up annual statements of accounts which shall be communicated to all the other Administrations.

ART. 14. The present Convention shall be submitted to periodical revisions with a view to introducing improvements in it of a nature to perfect the system of the Union.

To this end Conferences of the delegates of the contracting countries shall be held successively in one of the said countries.

The Administration of the country where the Conference is to be held shall prepare, with the concurrence of the International Bureau, the works of such Conference.

The Director of the International Bureau will assist at the meetings of the Conferences and take part in the discussion without a vote.

ART. 15. It is understood that the contracting countries reserve to themselves respectively the right to make separately, between themselves, special arrangements for the protection of industrial property, in so far as these arrangements may not interfere with the provisions of the present Convention.

ART. 16. The countries which have not taken part in the present Convention shall be permitted to adhere to it upon their request. Notice of adhesion shall be made through diplomatic channels to the Government of the Swiss Confederation, and by the latter to all the others.

It shall entail complete adhesion to all the clauses and admission to all the advantages stipulated by the present Convention, and shall take effect one month after the notification made by the Government of the Swiss Confederation to the other unionist countries, unless a later date shall have been indicated by the adhering country. ART. 16. The contracting countries have the right to adhere at any time to the present Convention for their colonies, possessions, dependencies, and protectorates, or for certain ones of them.

They may, to this end, either make a general declaration by which all their colonies, possessions, dependencies and protectorates are included in the adherence, or expressly name those included therein, or simply indicate those excluded from it.

This declaration shall be made in writing to the Government of the Swiss Confederation and by the latter made to all the others.