a certain percentage named; generally they are not to exceed the number of Chinese.

RACE FEELING

In spite of these conditions, and the advantage that they sometimes have, they have in many cases found it difficult to advance. They are not employed, generally speaking, in the lumber industry, altho they have been employed in a good many individual establishments. Often in other industries where large groups of men are brought together, especially where the different races must work in association, the race prejudice against the Japanese is found to be a hindrance.

Because of the attitude of other laborers, and the fact that the Japanese have to be directed largely through an interpreter, they have usually been employed in unskilled work. Only rarely have they been given positions of supervision, or put into places of responsibility.

AGRICULTURE

There seems, on the whole, to be no tendency further for the Japanese to be engaging in manufacturing industries; rather they are turning more generally to agriculture, as will be seen, tho many go also to the cities.

It is possible that not far from 30,000 Japanese were engaged in agriculture in 1909, in California alone, during the summer months. In most of the specialized intensive agriculture which prevails in many regions, they have a permanent position, occupying practically that held by the Chinese twenty years ago in similar industries. The Japanese do

practically all of the hand work in growing the various berries, two-thirds of that in the sugar-beet fields, possibly one-half of that in the vineyards, and a somewhat smaller part of that in the fields where vegetables are raised, and in the orchards. Generally speaking, in the raising of hops, they are not employed in so large numbers, and on general farms they are comparatively seldom employed. Usually, they are not given the care of teams, and do only hand-work. Wherever there has been specialized seasonal farming, the Japanese, being readily organized into gangs under a single contractor, are easily moved from place to place, and in consequence secure a large part of this specialized seasonal work. As already intimated, the Japanese have an advantage, as had the Chinese earlier, in that, where large numbers of men are to be employed for comparatively short periods of time, it is customary for the Japanese or the Chinese to board themselves and to take lodgings that would not be accepted by other laborers. This fact, with their organization, has made it easier for the grower to deal directly with the contractor and secure these people.

They were first engaged as fruit pickers about 1888 or 1889. By 1895 they had found employment in lines in which the Chinese had been engaged in every locality in California as far south as Fresno. Since 1900 they have gone into southern California, and since 1904 have been found in most localities in that part of the State also.

The Japanese have in many cases displaced the Chinese, and in some instances, at any rate, the white laborers. Usually at the beginning the Japanese worked for lower wages per hour, altho very fre

quently, inasmuch as they worked at piece-rates and kept longer hours, their daily wage was higher.

ADVANCE OF JAPANESE LABORERS

During late years the wages of Japanese laborers have advanced rapidly, both in the agricultural industries and others. Wherever there has been a strong demand for labor, the Japanese have been quick to take advantage of the opportunity. In this regard their organization under contractors has aided them materially, especially in connection with the supply of seasonal labor. In very many cases it is reported that the Japanese are untrustworthy, and that after they have taken a contract, at a certain fixt wage per day, just before the time of the maturing of the crop, when it is too late to secure other labor, they have struck for higher wages and have forced the employers to pay more than the contract wage. Many such cases are cited in the papers in the discussions concerning restriction of land holding. By the adoption of measures of this kind, in certain cases they have been able to force their wages even above those of white men; but ordinarily, if they have received more than white men, it has been because they have worked longer hours, or because the work in its character is especially disagreeable. More frequently they have worked at the same rate, and occasionally, even in late years, at a lower rate. The following brief table, giving the average wages per day earned by a specified number of farm laborers in California, by race, throws light upon the wages received by the different races:

AVERAGE WAGES PER DAY EARNED BY EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF FARM LABORERS IN CALIFORNIA, BY RACE

The amounts allowed the different races for board are noteworthy.

FARM OWNERS AND LEASEHOLDERS

Within the last few years the Japanese have become, to a very considerable extent, farm owners, or have taken to leasing farms. According to the returns made by the secretaries of the Japanese Association and to investigations of the Immigration Commission, in 1909, they owned 16,4491⁄2 acres of agricultural land and leased 137,233% acres more, 80,232 acres being leased for cash, the others on shares. These figures show that within the preceding. five years the land owners have very greatly increased. In the year 1904 only 2,442 acres were owned and a correspondingly smaller number than in 1909 were leaseholds. Besides this amount of land ownership in California a considerable amount is controlled by the Japanese in other States: in Colorado, approximately 20,000 acres, in Idaho 7,072, in Washington 7,000, and so on, more than 90 per cent. of it being leased.

The investigation shows that the farms fall regularly under the control of the race which controls the farm labor, especially in the case of the growing of sugar beets, vegetables and fruits. This advantageous position of the Japanese in the labor market has enabled them to secure land in this way in rather large tracts.

The conditions may be summed up as follows:

1. Because of the convenience of the tenant system and the difficulty experienced at times in securing laborers, there has been a strong inducement to lease land to a member of the race that could control labor most easily.

2. A further inducement has been found in the fact that both Chinese and Japanese, especially the Japanese, in order to establish their position, have offered so high a rent that in that way the owner could get the best returns on his land.

3. With the exception of one or two localities, the Japanese have been the strongest bidders for land, overbidding Chinese, Italians and native whites. Sometimes this bidding has been successful because they would cultivate land that white men would not lease for such small returns.

4. Much of the leasing is of the nature of a labor contract, under which the tenant does certain kinds of work and obtains a share of the crops. Recently, however, there has been a strong tendency for the Japanese to work independently either as cash tenants or as land owners.

5. Little capital has been required for the Japanese to become tenant farmers, because (1) they form partnerships readily among themselves; (2) the land owner often provides the necessary equipment for