portance than horses, hogs, or calves; yet not the thousandth part of the care is taken to rear fine specimens of the former as there is to produce thoroughbred specimens of the latter.

In this age, as in ancient times, the nations which have excelled in muscular development have produced the best linguists. The majority of continental Europeans possessing a supremacy of the muscular system are excellent linguists, many of them speaking several languages. The English, not possessing as pliant muscles as the Celtic Europeans, and having heavy bones in combination, are quite inferior to the latter in linguistic attainments. The Americans, also, are not as capable as the Celtic races in this direction, yet have more capacity for learning and pronouncing language than the English, for the reason that their muscles are more pliant and finer, and have, in addition, a more sensitive nervous system, which assists the ear in distinguishing sound. Then, too, the European races possess the procreative faculty in a greater degree than do Americans, and, as this power is based upon the strength and integrity of the muscular system, they are more creative mentally; hence, able to learn and use languages with greater ease and facility. Singers learn languages easily, and most of the great musical artists speak several languages fluently. They depend upon the fine development of muscle in both cases for their ability. The integrity of the reproductive system leads to great solidity of the family institution.

FACULTIES DERIVED FROM THE BRAIN SYSTEM.

Comparison, Causality, Reason. In the faces of all persons who excel as reasoners, such as jurists, statesmen, orators, naturalists, scientists, inventors, mathematicians, and chess-players, the nose is observed to be uncommonly broad and proportionately long. According to the law of harmony or of homogeneousness, there should be a corresponding proportional breadth of the body. Investigation and comparison of the physiognomies and forms of these several classes of persons prove this universal law of shaping. Not only is comparative physiognomy justified in this instance, but also comparative anatomy and physiology as well; for Nature declares that where the outlet of an organ is large the related organ itself is on a corresponding scale; hence, where the nose and nostrils are broad a similar form will characterize the lungs and digestive apparatus and produce breadth of body.

The reasoning powers are those that sit in judgment upon all the other mental faculties, as well as decide upon the qualities, conditions, and relations of all things in existence, and are used to comprehend the vast and complex chain of laws governing the

universe. It is evident, then, that the base from which the sustenance essential to support so important a faculty is drawn should be a broad one,-should have its foundation broad and deep. Accordingly, we find in the persons of those who excel in reason a proportionate breadth of body, and this reveals the fact that the visceral organs are large, round, and strong; also, that the muscular and osseous systems are well developed. If to these anatomical conditions we add high quality, we have all the essentials for sound judgment, reason, causality, and comparison. The mind, to co-ordinate,-to grasp broad generalizations,-to comprehend vast schemes, as in the laws of a country or the laws of a universe; the ability to plan a great campaign, or the capacity for analyzing and combining grand and abstruse mathematical principles, must have breadth and strength in the body in order to impart similar powers to the deductions. A survey of the organisms of many English jurists and commanders, or of the majority of eminent scientists of all nations, will illustrate this principle. I would refer the reader to an examination of the portraits of the following-named persons as elucidating the law governing the reasoning faculties: Lord Mansfield, attorney-general; Lord Chatham, jurist; Leonard Euler, mathematician; Benjamin Franklin, philosopher; John Locke, philosopher; Sir John Herschel, astronomer; Baron Cuvier, naturalist; George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, statesmen.

The noses of uncivilized races and of undeveloped persons, as well as those of children, are deficient in development of the "bridge," while in adult life the nose, if it become well developed, makes a most decided and broad contour at this part, and in those persons where this formation is present we may expect to find the reasoning faculties well exhibited. In physiognomy, as well as in all of Nature's works, Form is self-revealing, and needs only to be interpreted according to its shape in order to have the correct meaning; hence, breadth of nose, of shoulder, or of body signifies power of some sort,-if it be only power of the muscles, or capacity for digestion, or for breathing. If to breadth of body Nature has added quality, then we find breadth of mind; in other words, the capacity for logical ratiocination,—for comprehending cause and effect. In those in whom the square bony system is in combination with a broad form inventive power will be exhibited, but where the head and body are round, made so by a combination of muscle and brain, we have the right conformation for reasoning upon mathematical, astronomical, and philosophical questions. In the first instance, we shall observe the long, high, broad, and bony nose, the nose of science and of mechanical invention. In the second instance, we shall observe the nose to be long, broad,

and muscular. The mind, in combination with such noses, will possess the capacity for analyzing the general principles of systems, and by tracing effects to causes discover underlying laws. One individual thus characterized deals with the principles that move matter, the other with principles which exhibit mentality, and he seeks to connect cause with effect, and to trace the connecting links between motive and action. The physiognomies of Lord Bacon, Professor Tyndall, Professor Helmholtz, Michael Faraday, and Charles Darwin illustrate the former class, while the faces of Socrates, Sir Isaac Newton, Herbert Spencer, Sir William Herschel, and Dr. Gall stand representative of the latter class.

The development of the reasoning faculties among the masses within the last fifty years has advanced in an astonishing degree. As the great leaders of thought-those who treat of causation— give out freely to the world their theories and discoveries, the people, by the aid of cheap printing, read and accept their ideas, and thus become familiar with the grand generalizations of causal science as well as with the facts of life. This is doing much toward the uprooting of superstition and the development of reason, and has in many countries almost entirely supplanted mediæval superstition and bigotry. The environment of civilized man and his adaptation to it is not a more certain thing than that he is capable of comprehending the laws which control it, and until this is understood man falls short of his religious duty. To neglect the study of causes is to remain in childish ignorance To compare, classify, arrange facts, forms, substances, and from them to deduce the laws which govern and control them, is the power which distinguishes the civilized man from the savage. And in this connection let me say that the chief facial sign which distinguishes developed men from the undeveloped is the local facial sign for Reason, viz., height and width of the "bridge" of the

nose.

The median line of the face from the chin to the forehead, by its height above the plane of the face, as well as by its fullness, reveals in its development the perfected man. The physiognomies of persons in all ages of the world who have been pre-eminent in every department of thought and action disclose this peculiar for mation; and this determination outward and forward of the nose is one most decided evidence of the presence of reason and perfection of character in man. Comparison of the physiognomies of the leaders of thought in all ages shows the development in the median line of the face to be of about the same grade; from this we may conclude that the development of man mentally has reached its acme, and that further progress of the race will be in

the general and universal improvement of the masses uniformly and universally.

Mr. George Henry Lewes remarks that "to know more we must be more;" hence, in order to rise to greater heights man must have a different environment and another sphere of action. The world as now constituted is suited to man as now constituted, and the one progresses and improves as the other advances, but always within certain circumscribed limits varying only in the development of different sides of human nature in different ages. Thus, the classic age brought the artistic faculties of mankind to the highest degree of perfection possible to man. The present age gives scope to man's greatest capacity for invention and for the application of natural laws and principles. Which side of human nature will be next presented for the perfecting process it is difficult to say. We thus learn that progress is the eternal law of Nature, and we reason from this that advance of some kind will be continued until every department of our nature has been so wrought upon and tempered by experience that perfect human beings must eventually stand representative of the imperfect, feeble, and diseased procession of creatures who are marching adown the ages in solemn, yet hopeful spirit, looking ever forward to the future,"to the good time coming," which all see just ahead, and toward which all thoughts are turned, and upon which all hopes centre. The idea of ultimate perfection is ingrained and has its origin in the nature of man. It embraces cause and effect. Man is capable of advancing in reason and morality, and this tendency to improv ability, being an ordinance of Nature, is intuitional in man, and those who are not sufficiently developed in reason to take a broad view of the world, past and present, and to classify and summarize the progress which is apparent to the thoughtful and observant, feel rather than think that perfection-human perfection-is the ultimate destiny of the human race. The two prime factors working to produce this condition are the faculties of reason and of conscientiousness. The two latest-acquired features of the human physiognomy are a perfected chin and nose, and these two features represent the local signs for two powerful traits, without which man would be only an ingenious and amusing animal, quite limited in his scope, even as a human being, and doomed to die out, as do all races and individuals who are not based on truth, conscientious. ness, and morality; e.g., soundness in their physiological construction, and withal a perfected kidney system. For Conscience, like Reason, is founded in the physical structure. Says Dr. Cross:

Life is not a spirit floating loosely among the organs, but is the per petual produce of the vital manufactory within, while Nature herself is the assiduous and indefatigable operator.

The reasoning faculties increase in man in the ratio that physiological development and normal construction of the human organism advance. Health statistics and insurance-society reports show that the grade of health of civilized communities is higher than in former ages. This being the case, we may infer that the mental and moral conditions are changing for the better, and that reason will become more general; most especially as we join to this improved physical state knowledge of the wide-spread truths of the numerous sciences which are now being disseminated throughout the world. There are comparatively few independent thinkers, those who think outside the groove cut by tradition and custom. Then, too, the majority are like sheep, always following a leader, who, possessed perhaps of no more knowledge than his followers, may have much more craft and audacity, and so gets a following who quote him and repeat on all occasions his senseless and incomprehensible jargon, which, from its mystery, is by them confounded with wisdom; for it is the custom of the unreasoning to consider as wisdom that which is incomprehensible. Many dislike to reason on the merits of a question which comes up in a family or in a society; women especially are disinclined to reason on abstract principles, for the reason that they have been taught that to differ with others in a logical way is "unfeminine," but at the same time will not hesitate to dispute violently over the shade of ribbon or the pronunciation of a word. Men are, in one sense, blamable for this state of mind in women, for they discourage all attempts on the part of women to argue logically, condemning as “unwomanly," "unlovely," "masculine," and "strong-minded" those who thus exercise the God-like faculty of reason. In this way an incentive is held out to women to suppress reason and to live more and more in the emotional nature, which has been already too much developed in them. It is time that a check be put to its further development. Reason should be cultivated by those who are desirous of being the mothers of men; for soft, gushing, sentimental mothers are surely not fit to train heroes nor to mold the mind of youth to noble and useful purposes.

Among men, too, this faculty is greatly needed, for I find that whereas among women the softer emotions are allowed to usurp its place in the conduct of life, so in man the stronger emotions, the passions of hatred, revenge, combativeness, and destructiveness are exercised in place of reason and sound sense. Indeed, men in many instances act more like children than do women. Mothers should cultivate in their children the propensity which nearly all youth exhibit of inquiring into the cause of things. Parents should read up on all subjects upon which their children

question them,