The Interaction of Contract Law and Tort and Property Law in Europe: A Comparative Study

Pirmais vāks
sellier. european law publ., 2004 - 541 lappuses
Against the background of the creation of an EU-wide frame of reference for private law relevant to the Common Market, this study, which was requested by the EU Commission, analyses the dovetailing between contract and tort law on the one hand, and between contract and property law on the other. The study examines the legal orders of almost all the Member States of the EU, illustrates the differences between contractual and non-contractual liability and evaluates the different systems of the transfer of property, of movable and immovable securities as well as trust law. The study comes to the conclusion that the intensive considerations on the creation of a model-law in the area of European private law do not allow these thoughts to be limited to contract law. Such a limitation to the scope of the regarding of this area would probably cause more problems than it would solve, or at any rate not do justice to the needs of the Common Market.

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Saturs

Introduction
1
Reactions
2
The approach of the European Parliament
3
The Economic and Social Committee
4
Principles as applicable law?
5
The Commissions Action Plan
6
Study on product liability
7
Strategy document
8
2 Liability for Bodily Injury and Damage to Property
239
Italy
240
Greece
241
Portugal
242
Sweden
243
United Kingdom
244
Belgium and France
245
85
246

Working group on mortgage loans II The Problems
10
Absence of a uniform concept of contract law
11
The structure of the interference problem
12
Examples in the relationship of tort law to contract law
13
Peculiarities of tort law
14
Further aspects of the interference problem
15
The passing on of information
16
Economic contexts
17
Examples in the relationship of trust law to contract law
18
2 Differences in External Representation
26
48
32
57
33
61
39
70
45
Common law countries
52
87
58
Key argument in favour of liability 258
60
2 Damages for Economic Loss
68
b Contract
75
b Contract law
98
The package travel directive
99
National implementation
100
Discrimination in employment law
101
National implementation
102
General
103
Belgium and France
104
United Kingdom
105
Germany
106
Sweden
107
Greece
108
Sweden
109
Contract and tort law
110
Breadth of application
111
France and Belgium
113
Astreinte
114
Italy and Austria
115
Greece
116
Germany
117
Scandinavia
118
No universal definition
119
intention versus negligence
120
Belgium France Luxembourg Spain
121
Closure of public markets transportation corridors and public infrastructures
122
Reliance upon flawed data advice or professional services
123
A challenge to traditional views
124
Historical perspective
125
Pragmatic regimes
126
Austria
127
Italy
128
Greece
129
England and Wales
130
The Netherlands
131
Contract and tort
132
Austria
133
Portugal
134
Sweden
135
Interim conclusions
136
The time factor
137
Key areas of negligencebased protection
138
France and Belgium
139
Italy
140
Portugal
141
Spain
142
Austria
143
United Kingdom
144
b Contract law
148
Italy and Germany
149
Greece
150
Sweden
151
8 Reduction or Exclusion of Liability
152
a Tort law
153
The Netherlands
154
Contractual restrictions of tortious liability
155
Italy
156
Portugal
157
United Kingdom
158
b Contract Law
160
PECL
161
Spain
162
Germany
163
Italy and The Netherlands
164
The internal market
167
9 Contributory Negligence or Fault
168
72
169
Spain
170
The Netherlands
171
b Contract law
174
Austria
175
United Kingdom
176
10 Prescription
178
The Netherlands
179
United Kingdom
180
Criticisms
181
Personal injury actions
182
a Tort law 229
183
5 Strict Liability
202
55
212
Misleading information leading to breach of contract 259
213
Illustrations 260
215
Change of agent or sole distributor 262
216
83
225
France and Belgium
231
Spain
232
Germany
233
Italy
234
Portugal
235
Obstacles to the smooth running of the internal market
236
1 Overview
237
Greece
238
The Netherlands
248
Austria
249
United Kingdom
250
Germany
251
Instructions warnings and toys
255
General
263
89
265
Damage to property
267
Entitlement to claim damages
269
Limitation mechanisms
273
Damage to an item of the debtor in which the creditor has a direct interest
274
Common Law
275
Employment contracts
276
Material damage to tools or equipment necessary for the injured partys performance to the creditor
277
Introduction
278
Greece
280
Portugal
283
Sweden
287
56
289
Common Law
292
Equity
295
Standard contract terms
305
Law of obligations
307
Scotland 229
308
91
313
the Netherlands
319
92
321
4 The Qualification of Contractual Rights for Use of an Asset
323
33
324
The split approach
334
93
335
Spain
337
Effects between the parties
340
Conclusions and reactions of stakeholders
347
Portugal
350
Effects in relation to third parties
352
Exceptions
358
Arrangement of the chapter
364
4 Private International Law Difficulties
370
Experience from the European Coal and Steel Community
371
Coexistence of trusts and contracts
372
the example of the Quistclose trust
373
The economic function of Quistclose trusts
374
Constructive trust and equitable conversion
375
i between the contracting parties
376
Promises to transfer afteracquired property
377
Equitable interest of the promisee
378
d Assignment trusts of contractual rights and third party rights
379
Third party rights to enforce contracts and trusts of contractual rights
380
e Trusts and contribution to financing property acquisition
381
Relationship to contract rules
382
Loans and contributions
383
Express private trusts and statutory trusts
384
Selfhelp structures in other jurisdictions
385
c Appointment of trustees resident abroad
386
Necessity for a good reason
388
EU legislation
401
Notices
404
Substance
405
5 Conclusion
406
Laccueil de la théorie par le droit positif
407
Le fondement discuté de lopposabilité
408
Plan
409
Opposabilité du transfert
410
Droits réels immobiliers
411
Meubles corporels
412
Sûretés sui generis?
413
Publicité foncière
414
Linefficacité fréquente en France des sûretés mobilières de droit étranger
415
Les arrêts DIAC et Fristol
416
Elément matériel
417
Elément moral
418
Autres aspects de lopposabilité aux tiers en matière de responsabilité délictuelle
419
La portée du principe dans les opération transfrontalières
420
lexemple du droit allemand
421
91
422
Les fautes délictuelles à légard des tiers commises dans lexécution dun contrat
423
Incidence du principe du noncumul
424
Remedies
425
Autres aspects de lopposabilité et détermination de la nature contractuelle ou délictuelle de laction
426
Les distorsions de concurrence pouvant résulter des divergences de législation
427
Information about Foreign Law
428
Information from Legal and Business Practice 666 General
431
Appendix
433
Summary of responses
435
Qn 1 abstaining from business due to inestimable risks
436
Qn 2 auditing of particular risks of liability
437
Qn 4 incorrect information
438
Qn 6 nonexcludable comparative competitive disadvantages
439
Qn 10 different modes and costs in securing crossborder credit
440
Qn 12 unsuitability of domestic modes of security
441
Summary of responses
443
Ditto
463
Ditto
465
Ditto
466
Property Law and Contract Law
467
Other obstacles to a free flow of commerce in the internal market
468
Harmonization of security laws in steps
469
Annexes Table of Abbreviations
471
Austria 252
485
Germany
491
92
497
Spain 252
500
Sweden
507
United Kingdom 255
510
Table of Cases from English Speaking Jurisdictions
515
Table of Literature
525
Interference with Contractual Rights 255
532
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