ter only about 100 men, who were soon dispersed. Tok-kyan's large force was also crushed,and himself driven to flight with only 60 followers left. Nga-kway lost 200 of his 1,500 men in battle, 60 being slain in one fight, and after his band was broken up, offered to accept the promised amnesty. The Kanhle prince lost 200 men in a single combat, and was finally driven from his teak-stockade, and after collecting a fresh force, was again defeated, and compelled to flee from the district. The villagers in some cases beat off marauding bands without assistance from the troops, and sometimes dakoits were captured and sent in by the head men of the villages. Many of the robbers after surrendering were enlisted in the new Burmese police force, and their leaders were made officers. Waya-byin surrendered and delivered up his arms, and was restored to his former official position. Dakoits had formerly impoverished whole villages by driving off all the cattle and selling them for their hides and meat, and sometimes for their hides alone. Large numbers of draft-oxen were also taken for military purposes. The distress that was caused by robbery and the devastation of guerrilla warfare was, to some extent, relieved by giving the people labor at good wages on new roads, and on the Toungoo Railroad. The robbery of cattle was rendered unprofitable by preventing the exportation of hides.

In the north columns were placed in the field against Hla-oo as soon as the troops arrived from India. After numerous encounters, his forces were completely broken, and at length he offered to surrender on condition that he should not be banished, but the British would not agree to his remaining in the district. On April 15, when his band was reduced to 40 men, who were suffering for want of food, this insurgent chief was murdered in his hidingplace in the jungle, near Moneganee, in the Sagain district, by one of his own followers. In January an expedition was sent into the northern Shan country. The Sawbwa of Woontho had been accorded a year of grace in which to make his submission. When the troops appeared he fled northward, and his town was occupied by Gen. Cox. Other Sawbwas of the neighborhood submitted, and were confirmed in their offices by the British. The Woontho-Sawbwa afterward returned with a considerable force, and threatened the British. Re-enforcements were sent, and about the 1st of March, while the British were preparing an attack in force, he agreed to their terms, delivered up a quantity of arms, and after undertaking to pay a tribute of 30,000 rupees, received from them investiture as Sawbwa. A garrison was left in Woontho until the revenue should be paid in full, and other posts were held in Katha, on the north. The full amount of the tribute was paid by the Bombay and Burmah Trading Company for the Sawbwa, but his submission was only nominal, and he subsequently refused to meet the Commission

er of Mandalay, and fired on British troops. The Sawbwa of Gouksouk, with the assistance of a number of chiefs who had been supporters of the Limbin prince, carried out an attack on a British column that was sent into the eastern Shan states in January, but was defeated. The Shan confederacy began to break up in March, and many of the followers of the Limbin prince deserted him. In May this prince, who was the last of the Alaungpra pretenders in the field, gave himself up, and was taken as a prisoner of state to Rangoon. Sekyamise, another prince of the royal family, raised his standard in the summer, but was joined only by inconsiderable bands, which were continually hunted and harassed by the mounted infantry and police. Still another Alaungpra prince plotted an insurrection in Mandalay, but was captured in a house in that city with 60 other conspirators.

The

Sir Frederick Roberts returned to India in February, being succeeded as commander-inchief in Burmah by Gen. Arbuthnot. most important service of Gen. Roberts for the pacification of Upper Burmah was securing the co-operation of the Buddhist priesthood by recognizing the ecclesiastical authority of the regular head of the hierarchy, whereas formerly in British Burmah preference was shown to a schismatic sect. Before leaving, the general made a tour in Lower Burmah with the Buddhist archbishop. A proclamation had been issued at Mandalay, signed by the archbishop, who counseled submission and obedience to British rule, and by the commander-in-chief, who offered a full pardon to all who should deliver up their arms before February 16, and promised work to those who submitted. Sir Charles Bernard, the civil commissioner, was recalled about this time, being succeeded by C. H. T. Crosthwaite, formerly commissioner at Rangoon. The separation of the two provinces had already ceased, Upper and Lower Burmah being placed under the same civil administration. The strength of the military garrison in Upper Burmah for the ensuing season was fixed at 16,000 men, with about the same number of the new police. The police force already organized consisted only of 5,000 Sikhs and others from Northern India and 3,500 Burmese, but until it could be brought up to the required strength enough soldiers were retained to supply the deficiency. When the military force was reduced to its summer strength Gen. Arbuthnot turned over the command to Maj.-Gen. White. In May it was decided to increase the military police to 23,000 men, of whom 6,000 should be Burmans. About 11,000 men had already been raised in the Punjaub. Some severe encounters took place in May and June between the troops and the Burmans in the district where Boshway was still at liberty. There were also fresh disturbances on the other side of the river along the frontier of British Burmah, but the civil officer was here able to cope with the insurgents, and removed the cause of trouble by

giving the people work on the roads. There was a scarcity of rice, which rose to a very high price, but supplies were brought from Lower Burmah, and the large sums paid out in wages on the public works prevented a famine, except in some districts. The Shans, who refused to work, suffered great distress.

The Civil Administration. — Mr. Crosthwaite remedied certain evils that had existed under the administration of his predecessor. The Chinese had grievances which brought them into disputes with the authorities and threatened to increase the frontier difficulties. In January the deputy commissioner at Bhamo went so far as to impose fines on the Chinese community and imprison their head man. The new chief commissioner met a deputation of Chinamen at Mandalay on March 24, and agreed that the duty on jade should be paid at Mogoung, and that Chinese leases of the Indiarubber forests should be recognized. The barbarous practice of decapitating dakoits and exhibiting their heads, which had been permitted as a means of inspiring terror, was discontinued by his orders, after the subject had been brought up in the British Parliament. In the beginning of March the Kubo valley, on the frontier of the Indian province of Munipoor, was annexed to the British possessions.

The Government revised the leases held by the Bombay and Burmah Corporation, for a supposed infraction of whose contract rights the war against Thebaw was begun. The leases were recognized, but instead of paying the yearly rental specified in the contract, the company will be required to pay a fixed price for every log of teak extracted.

In the spring and summer the claims against the late Burmese Government were considered. They amounted altogether to 64 lakhs. The bulk of them were for articles furnished by merchants, mostly Frenchmen, to Thebaw. These were excluded under a decision that the Indian Government would not be responsible for the personal debts of the King, but only for the liabilities of his Government. This distinction, which was an entirely arbitrary one, and had never been recognized in Burmese jurisprudence, seemed particularly unjust, because the Indian Government had confiscated the contents of the King's palace and had sold for its own benefit many of the very articles for which payment was now refused.

The Ruby-Mines.-Northeast of Mandalay, at some distance back from the Irrawaddy river, is a ruby-producing tract, the only one known to exist. The mines were the property of the kings of Ava, who derived a considerable revenue from letting the right to dig for rubies. The last lease made by Thebaw expired in July, 1886. At the close of that year a military expedition was sent from Mandalay to take possession of the mines for the new Government. It set out on December 19, crossed a mountain pass, and descended upon Mogouk, the principal town of the mining district. Merchants

and miners who were working the mines contributed their means to raise a military force to resist the British occupation, and secured the co-operation of the Shan Sawbwas of the region. Strong stockades were erected and formidable preparations were made to meet the invaders, but as soon as the troops approached, the Shans and Burmese hirelings fled to the hills, after first robbing their employers of all their wealth. A garrison was left at the mines, but their possession was not secure because the Sawbwa of Mainlung and other Shan chiefs refused to submit to British authority. A column was sent against Mainlung, and was fired on when approaching the town, which was strongly stockaded. Sir Frederick Roberts visited the mines in January and arranged the disposition of garrisons and selected healthy quarters for troops during the hot season. Mr. Streeter, a junior member of a great London firm of jewelers, accompanied the original expedition to the mines, and was allowed to purchase rubies, thoroughly examine the mines, and make experiments in mining. After his inspection an offer of four lakhs of rupees per annum was made for a five years' lease of the mines. The Indian Government provisionally accepted this tender, but when the facts became known the secret bargain was denounced in Burmah, India, and Europe. Merchants of Bombay, Calcutta, and Rangoon asked permission to examine the mines, but the authorities refused to furnish them with an escort, or to allow them to visit the mines without an escort. A syndicate of Parisian jewelers, who were supposed to represent the banking-house of Rothschild, made an offer of twelve times the price proposed by Messrs. Streeter. Those who were acquainted with the subject asserted that the mines, with the aid of machinery and explosives, would pay a profit on a rent many times greater than the English jewelers offered to pay. Mr. Crosthwaite went to inspect the ruby-mines in April. While he was there the Sawbwas of Momeik and Mainlung offered their submission and agreed to pay tribute. Other Shan chiefs still held aloof. The Government finally decided to retain the monopoly of the mines in its own hands, throwing them open to be worked by the old methods, and exacting the usual duty of 30 per cent. of the value of every stone.

Petroleum Fields.-There are two places in Burmah where earth-oil has been produced in quantities for some years. At Akyab, on the coast of Arakan, in British Burmah, wells have been sunk and are worked by two English companies on the American system. The oil obtained here is light and clear, and has the advantage over American oil of being less explosive, though its illuminating power is less. The production, however, is so costly that the works have yielded no profit. The other oilfield is at Yenangyoung, on the Irrawaddy, in Upper Burmah. Here there are no bores. The oil is obtained by digging holes in the earth,

and allowing it to ooze up and collect. It is a dark, heavy liquid, like the Baku product when the wells there were worked in the same way. There are other parts of Upper Burmah where oil of the same kind is obtained by the same process. Great expectations are enter

CALIFORNIA. State Government.-The following were the State officers at the beginning of the year: Governor, Washington Bartlett, Democrat; Lieutenant-Governor, R. W. Waterman, Republican; Secretary of State, W. C. Hendricks, Democrat; Treasurer. Adam Herold, Democrat; Comptroller, J. P. Dunn, Democrat; Attorney-General, G. A. Johnson, Democrat Surveyor-General, Theodore Reichert, Republican; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Ira G. Hoitt, Republican; State Engineer, William H. Hall, Democrat; Railroad Commissioners, A. Abbott, P. J. White, J. W. Rea; Supreme Court: Chief-Justice, Robert F. Morrison; Associate Justices, E. W. McKinstry, J. D. Thornton, J. R. Sharpstein, Jackson Temple, T. B. McFarland, A. Van R. Patterson. The death of Chief-Justice Morrison in March, caused a vacancy on the supreme bench, which was filled by the appointment of Miles Searle. On Sept. 12, Governor Bartlett died, and the State government again came into the hands of the Republicans, by the promotion of Lieutenant-Governor Waterman. Legislative Session.-The Legislature assembled Jan. 3, and adjourned March 12. One of its earliest acts was the election of George Hearst, Democrat, to be United States Senator for six years, by a vote of 65 against 52 for Henry Vrooman. The measures of prime importance discussed at this session related to the disposition of mining débris, and to irrigation. Legislation was had on the latter subject only. As the Supreme Court of the State had decided in favor of the ownership of the riparian proprietor in the streams of the State, the irrigation problem consisted in devising some means of permitting the withdrawal of water without violating that right. It was enacted that "whenever fifty or a majority of freeholders owning lands susceptible of one mode of irrigation, from a common source, and by the same system of works, desire to provide for the irrigation of the same, they may propose the organization of an irrigation district." An election shall then be held, in which the voters of the proposed district decide whether such district shall, in fact, be organized. If the proposal is favored, certain district officers and a board of directors are chosen for a term of two years. The board of directors shall have the right to acquire, either by purchase or by condemnation, according to law, all lands and waters and other property necessary for the construction, use, supply, repair, or improvement of canals, or other works needful for irriga

tained regarding the petroleum-fields of Upper Burmah, yet nothing is yet known of the depth of bore necessary to reach a flow of oil, of the strata of rock, of the probable productivity of the wells, or of the quality of the oil when obtained by scientific methods from below.

tion purposes. It shall have power to manage and conduct the business of the district, make all necessary contracts, take conveyances, maintain suits at law or in equity to carry out its powers, and generally to accomplish the purpose of the act by constructing canals, apportioning the flow of water, and otherwise. It may issue bonds of the district in payment for lands or waters purchased or taken. These bonds shall be paid by an annual assessment on the real property of the district. The use of all water required for irrigation in any such organized district, together with the rights of way for canals and other property required for the purpose of this act is declared to be a public use. Under this act several districts were created during the year, but no test of its constitutionality has yet been made.

Another important measure authorizes the annual levy of a tax of one cent on each $100 of property, for the exclusive support and improvement of the University of California, the money thus collected to be called the State University fund.

The insurance laws were extensively amended in matters of detail, and numerous changes made in the organization and regulation of the militia. The uniformed militia of the State is named the National Guard of California, and is not to exceed fifty companies.

An act regulating the hours of labor fixes eight hours as a day's work, unless otherwise stipulated by the parties. Twelve hours of labor, shall, however, constitute a day's work for drivers, conductors, and grip-men, on streetcars, and any contract for longer hours shall be void at the option of the employé.

Towns, cities, and municipal corporations, are permitted to issue bonds and incur indebtedness for extensive public improvements only when two thirds of the legislative branch of the town or city and the executive thereof approve and two thirds of the voters at a special election signify their assent.

The laws regulating government of counties and the duties of county officers were also thoroughly revised.

An appropriation of $5,000 was made for a monument to James W. Marshall, the discoverer of gold in California, to be erected at his grave in Coloma, Eldorado County. Other acts were as follow:

To prevent fraud and imposition in the matter of stamping and labeling produce and manufactured goods. Appropriating $250,000 for the erection of additional buildings for the chronic insane.

To encourage and provide for the dissemination of a knowledge of the arts, sciences, and general literature, and the founding, maintaining, and perpetuating public libraries, museums, and galleries of art, and the receipt of donations and contributions thereto when established.

To prohibit the sophistication and adulteration of wine, and to prevent fraud in the manufacture and sale thereof.

To authorize certain officials of cities to levy taxes for the maintenance of public parks of over ten acres within their respective limits.

To provide for permanent improvements at the California Home for the care and training of feebleminded children; also an act to provide for the government and management of said Home.

To grant to the United States certain tide-lands, belonging to the State of California, for the purpose of improving the harbor of Humboldt Bay.

To provide for the completion of all unfinished connty, city, city and county, town, and township buildings in the several counties, cities, and counties, cities, and towns throughout the State.

To enlarge the county of San Benito, by including therein portions of the counties of Fresno and Merced; to redefine the boundaries of Del Morte and Siskiyou counties.

To protect life and property against the careless and malicious use or handling of dynamite and other explosives.

To authorize executors and administrators to make mortgages and leases of the real estate of decedents in certain ways.

For the better protection of settlers on the public land of the United States within the State of California, and for the protection and encouragement of persons desirous of settling thereon. To amend the law relating to mechanics' liens. Regulating the use of trade-marks.

To regulate the vocation of fishing, and to provide therefrom revenue for the restoration and preservation of fish in the waters of the State, requiring every person engaged in such vocation on the public waters of the State, who shall use a boat and net, to obtain a license for such fishing.

Appropriating $10,000 to prevent the introduction of contagious and infectious diseases.

Providing for the incorporation of any church or other religious association."

Constitutional Amendments.-Three amendments to the State Constitution were submitted by this Legislature and voted upon by the people at an election held April 12. Two of these, relating to the Supreme Court of the State, failed of adoption. The third and successful amendment gives to cities containing a population of over 10,000 the same right to frame their own charter as that enjoyed under the Constitution by San Francisco and other cities of over 100,000 inhabitants. This right is exercised by the election of 15 freeholders of the city, who submit a draft of a charter, which must be approved by a majority of the voters of the city, voting at a general or special election, and by a majority of the State Legislature, before becoming law.

Finances. In accordance with a provision of the Legislature of 1883, a portion of the State debt, represented by the State Capitol bonds of 1872, amounting to $250,000, and maturing July 1 of this year, was discharged at that time. This payment reduced the bonded indebtedness of the State to $2,703,500, of which the sum of $2,698,000 in funded-debt

bonds of 1873 is interest-bearing. These bonds, with the exception of $334,000 held by individuals, are all held in trust by the State treasurer for the support of the common schools and for the State University. They mature in 1893, and bear 6 per cent. interest. The Controller's report shows that the State expenditures for the thirty-sixth and thirty-seventh fiscal years exceeded the two preceding years by $2,622,591.74, necessitating an increase in the rate of taxation from 45 2 cents in 1884, to 56 cents in 1886. Yet, even at this increased rate the disbursements for the last two fiscal years exceeded the receipts by $374,135.37. No less than fifty deficiency bills were passed by the Legislature of this year, as a result of this over-expenditure in various departments. The same body directed a levy of $9,800,000 by taxation for the thirty-ninth and fortieth fiscal years, as against $8,152,512 for two previous years.

The long-continued dispute between the State and the railroads, over the payment of taxes, is still unsettled." A test case, which was appealed to the United States Supreme Court in 1885 to determine the constitutionality of the assessment, was advanced upon the calendar, and heard in the latter part of that year. A decision adverse to the State was then given on a technical point raised by the defendants, leaving the main issues still to be decided. At the beginning of this year the State claimed from the Central and Southern Pacific roads and their branches, the sum of $2,347,618.59 in unpaid taxes. Of this sum $416,252.28 are due for the years 1880, 1881, and 1882; for 1883, $222,251.23 of the sum of $555,628.46 assessed are yet unpaid; for 1884 the assessment was $653,373.12, of which the sum of $323,852.49 is due; for 1885 and 1886 nothing has been paid, the taxes for these years being $720,703.31 and $664,559.18 respectively. A suit brought in the State Superior Court to collect the taxes for 1886 was decided in May against the State, on the ground that the provision of the State code prescribing a form of complaint to be used by the people to recover railroad taxes was unconstitutional. The railroads have thus far successfully evaded all attempts to force payment, and the State suffers great inconvenience and loss by this withholding of nearly 5 per cent. of her revenue.

Development. The Governor, in his message at the beginning of the year, says: "The manifold industrial, mechanical, and commercial interests of the State are in a highly-prosperous condition; immigration is pouring in, property values are being enhanced, rich resources developed, and fields for labor are multiplying."

The following figures will show the condition of the chief industries: The product of wheat for 1886 is estimated at 1,070,000 tons; the total production of wool for 1886 was 47,225,160 pounds. This staple has shown some fluctuation in the last few years, the total for

1884 being 37,415,330 pounds, and for 1885 50,439,840 pounds.

The raisin industry has grown from a product of 180,000 pounds in 1881 to 14,060,000 pounds in 1886. Nearly all of this comes from three districts, the Fresno, the Riverside, and the Orange and Santa Ana. The total driedfruit crop for 1886 was 20,745,000 pounds, against 5,070,000 pounds for 1883. In this total are included, besides raisins :

175,000

50,000

Shipments of oranges from the State aggregated, in 1886, 25,966,830 pounds. Of this amount 21,513,880 pounds went from Los Angeles, 4,267,850 from Colton, 81,300 from Sacramento, and 43,800 from San Francisco.

The product of extracted honey for the same year amounts to 6,000,000 pounds, besides 800,000 pounds of comb, and 80,000 pounds of bees-wax.

The vintage of 1887 was 15,000,000 gallons, or nearly the same as in 1884. It reached 17,000,000 gallons in 1886.

The salt-water fisheries have flourished, but of the principal inland-fishing industry, the Commissioners of Fisheries say: "It is a matter of serious regret that our choicest and most valued fish, the Quinnat salmon, is annually decreasing, and the supply for exportation and home consumption is diminishing. On account of the small run, and decreased take of salmon, more than half of the canneries that were operated in 1883-'84 were closed in 1885-'86. The number of cases packed in 1885 was 90,000, as against 120,000 for 1883, and 200,000 for 1882. In 1882 nineteen canneries were in successful operation, while in 1885 only five or six were running."

By the report of July, 1882, made to the Bank Commissioners, the deposits of the savingsbanks of San Francisco amounted to $46,369,689.91. The report of the same banks for January, 1887, shows a deposit of $57,586,741.31, a gain of $11,117,051.40, or of $2,779,262.85 per year. The savings-banks outside this city gained in the same period $1,770,349.36. The total gain for the whole State in four years was $12,887,400.76, and the total deposits at last report was $66,196,189.54. The population of California is put at a million, and the deposits in her savings-banks, which are largely the surplus earnings of her wage-workers, equal $66 to each man, woman, and child in the State.

The assessed value of railroad property is slightly over $7,000,000. There were operated in 1886 in the State 2,425 miles of broad-gauge, and 426 miles of narrow-gauge road. The total assessed valuation of the State was for 1885, $761,271,449; for 1886, $768,395,600.

Education. The State supports a normal school at San José, and a branch normal school at Los Angeles, both of which are flourishing;

The total valuation of school property for 1886 was $8,920,984, a gain of $493,797 over 1885, and of $984,364 over 1886.

Mention has already been made of the generous provision of the Legislature for the State University. Higher education in the State will be still further advanced by the founding of Stanford University, the corner-stone of which was laid at Palo Alto, with appropriate ceremonies, on May 20. The founder, Senator Stanford, contemplates the establishment of an institution of the highest standard, richly equipped and endowed.

Charities and Prisons.-In the last two fiscal years the State expended for the orphan asylums, $443,526.33; for aged persons in indigent circumstances, $123,145.56; for the Veterans' Home, $20,913.60; and for the Home for Feeble-Minded Children, $37,139.44, making a total for charitable institutions of $624,724.93.

It also supports a school for the deaf, dumb, and blind, at which 186 persons have received instruction during the last two years. A separate institution for the adult blind was provided for by the Legislature of 1885, but unfortunate management has partially defeated the purposes of the act.

There are two insane asylums, the one at Stockton having 1,486 patients in 1886, an increase of over 135 per year during the last two years. The asylum at Napa held in 1886 1,436 patients, and two years previous 1,319, showing an increase of 117, or less than half that of Stockton. An asylum for the chronic insane in Santa Clara County was completed in 1887.

The State Prison at San Quentin contained