ture of 1886, was completed during the year at an expense of $60,000, and the Territorial prisoners have been transferred to it. Their number in October was 103.

Mining. Until recently no considerable deposits of the precious metals were known to exist in the Territory. Since 1883 discoveries have been made of gold, silver, and copper ores in three localities in eastern Washington, and companies are now working mines with success. The Colville district is the largest, and extends along Columbia river in the eastern central part of the Territory. The most important discovery in this district was made in 1885, about six miles east of Colville, which led to the opening of the Old Dominion mine. The ore here found is chloride and galena. Shipments of over $100,000 have been made from this place. The Kettle river district is near the British Columbia boundary. A high grade of copper-ore, gold-quartz, placer, and galena, with carbonates is found here. Some of the mines have already been worked for three years. The Salmon river or Okanagan district is east of the Colville district. In Mav, 1886, the first mines were discovered on Salmon river, thirty miles from the Columbia. In September, 1886, additional discoveries were made four miles south of the first ores, and these two groups, called, respectively, Salmon City and Ruby City, are the present centers of attraction. Galena, gray copper, and silverbearing quartz have been discovered here.

The principal known deposits of iron-ore are in the eastern county of Kittitass and the western counties of Jefferson, King, and Pierce.

The total shipment of coal for the year ending June 30 was 525,705 15 tons, and the total product of the Territory since coal-mining began is estimated at 2,461,108 tons. The approximate acreage of coal-lands in the various counties is: King, 70,000; Pierce, 40,000; Kittitass, 50; Lewis, 5,000; Thurston, 5,000; Whatcom, 10,000; total, 180,000.

Timber. The timber-trees are the yellow and red fir, white and red cedar, spruce, larch, white pine, white fir, hemlock, bull pine, tamarack, alder and maple, ash and oak, cherry and laurel, and cotton woods. By far the largest article of export is the yellow and red fir, which is generally classed as "Oregon pine." The trees from which this product is obtained reach 12 feet in diameter and 300 feet in height, in exceptional cases, but the ordinary saw-logs range from 24 to 60 inches in diameter. Nearly all the timber wealth of the Territory is found west of the Cascade mountains. About 5,000 people are engaged in the lumber industry, and the annual product is estimated at about 645,000,000 feet.

Hops.-The hop-crop of 1881 was 6,098 bales; of 1893, 9,301; of 1885, 20,000; of 1887, according to present estimates, 25,000. The last crop is estimated to bring $1,125,000. The vines are universally free from pests, and as the yield is large, averaging 1,600 pounds to

the acre, growers find the business profitable on an average price of twelve cents a pound.

Railroads. The total mileage of railroads in the Territory, on October 1, was as follows: Northern Pacific, 564.2 miles; Oregon Railway and Navigation Company, 289 9; Mason County lines, 41; Puget Sound Shore, 23; Spokane and Palouse, 43; Seattle, Lake Shore, and Eastern, 40; Columbia and Puget Sound, 44·5; Olympia and Chehalis Valley, 15; total, 1,060 6 miles. The total mileage at the same time last year was 924 miles.

Exports. The value of goods exported from the Puget Sound district for the year ending June 30 was as follows: Coal, $1,549,652; lumber, $3,090,696; miscellaneous and produce, $2,527,000; total coastwise, $7,167,348; foreign exports, $1,769,209; total exports, 8,936,557. There were twenty-six new vessels built, and three rebuilt, during the year, of which twelve were steam-vessels and seventeen sailing-vessels.

Indians. The total acreage in Indian reservations for the Territory is 4,086,148. Of this, 3,753,000 acres are east of the Cascade mountains, and 333,148 acres west of the mountains. The total Indian population, not including that of the Colville agency (of which there is no report), is 5,895, of which 1,741, besides the Colville, are east of the mountains and 4,156 are west of the mountains.

WEST INDIES. British. Barbadoes. This island is the most easterly of the Caribbee group; it is nearly twenty-one miles long by fourteen in breadth, with an area of 166 square miles. Bridgetown, the chief town and port, has a population of 20,947, and the whole island 171,860, only 16,560 of whom are white. The island is almost encircled by coral reefs, and has the appearance of a well-kept garden. The Governor is Sir Charles C. Lees. The colony possesses representative institutions, but not responsible government. The island forms the headquarters of her Majesty's forces in the West Indies. The public debt amounts to £15,700. The revenue in 1885 was £145,758, and the expenditure £146,134. There is a college and also a good grammar-school in Bridgetown. A lunatic asylum and a lazaretto are kept up at the public expense, and there is a general hospital in Bridgetown. A railway from Bridgetown to the parish of St. Andrew, twenty-three miles, was completed in 1882. There is a station of the West India and Panama Telegraph Company at Barbadoes. The chief industry is sugar-planting. There are over 500 sugar-works in operation, and the annual product is over 50,000 hogsheads of sugar, and over 33,000 puncheons of molasses.

British Guiana. The population on Dec. 31, 1885, was 270,042, including 7,487 aborigines and 92,005 East Indians, besides 3,474 Chinese. The capital is Georgetown, population, 60,000. The Governor is Sir Henry Turner Irving. The American Consul at Demerara is David T. Bunker. There is a good network of roads,

was

and there are small canals in connection with Demerara river. There is a railway from Georgetown to Berbice, twenty-one miles. The telegraph system owned and worked by the Government now comprises about 260 miles of line, with seven cables covering a distance of twelve miles. A telephone exchange is established at Georgetown in connection with the Government telegraph; length of telephone lines, thirty-two miles. The regular mail leaves Southampton every alternate Thursday. The public debt on Dec. 31, 1885, amounted to £162,000, the revenue £434,813 in 1885, and the expenditure was respectively £463,942. There were 105 sugar estates in active operation in 1885, having an aggregate of sugar-cane cultivation of 75,344 acres, and of plantain cultivation of 3,777 acres. The sugar-crop of 1885 was 107,028 hogsheads. The American trade in 1886 was: imports into the United States, $1,864,596; domestic exports, $1,544,726. The schools are denominational, except the estates schools. The number of schools receiving aid in 1885 was 166, with 17,793 pupils, and the aid granted amounted to £15,963. There is a Government college in Georgetown, in which a course of instruction is given similar to that of a public school or first grammar-school in England.

Jamaica is the largest of the British West India islands; area, about 4,193 square miles. The Cayman Islands are dependencies of Jamaica. The population, in 1881, was 580,804; 14,433 being whites, 109,946 colored, 444,186 black, and 12,240 East Indians. The Governor is Sir H. W. Norman. The American Consul at Kingston is Louis D. Beylard. There are in operation 64 miles of Government railways, constructed at a cost of £775,000. A line of telegraphs connects all the principal towns, having 43 stations. There is also telegraphic communication with Europe. The public debt amounts to £1,257,916. The revenue in 1885 was £595,156. The imports in 1885 amounted to £1,487,833; the exports to £1,413,722. Elementary education is left to private enterprise, aided since 1867 by a system of grants from the colonial revenue. The number of schools is 663, with 57,557 pupils. The Colonial Government maintains a system of inspection, and has provided two training colleges for teachers, which are wholly supported from public funds. The Leeward Islands-The Leeward Islands, comprising the colonies of Antigua, Montserrat, St. Kitts, Nevis, Dominica, and the Virgin Islands, were constituted a single Federal Colony by an act of Parliament in 1871. The total population in 1886 was 116,050. The Governor is Lord Gormanstown. The white population in 1881 was 1,795; black, 27,219; colored, 5,950; total, 34,964. The crop of 1885 consisted of 14,080 hogsheads of sugar, 6,059 puncheons of molasses, and 20 puncheons of rum. The island of Montserrat is about 12 miles long and 8 miles broad. It is considered the most healthful in the Antilles. Instead of VOL. XXVII.-51 A

a legislative assembly, the island has had, since Feb. 26, 1867, a legislative council. Montserrat is a presidency; the President is the resident district magistrate, and a Commissioner of the Supreme Court. The population in 1881 was 10,087. The principal export is sugar. For some years past a valuable export has been lime-juice, raw and concentrated. There are about 650 acres planted in limetrees, and the cultivation is extending. The twin islands, St. Christopher (also called St. Kitts), and Nevis, are separated by a strait about two miles wide at its narrowest part. They are traversed by a range of rugged mountains, which attains its greatest height at Mount Misery, 4,100 feet above the sea. The area of St. Kitts is 68 square miles. Since Jan. 1, 1883, the presidencies of Saint Christopher, Nevis, and Anquilla, with their respective dependencies, have formed the presidency of Saint Christopher and Nevis. There is an Executive Council for the United Presidency, appointed by the queen, and there is also a legislative body of twenty members. The acting President is F. Spencer Wigley.

The island of Anquilla is about sixty miles northwest of St. Christopher, and has an area of 35 square miles. The population is computed at 2,500, of whom 100 are white. Beside cattle, ponies, and garden stock, the productions are phosphate of lime and salt. The chief magistrate is J. L. Lake. The Virgin Islands are a cluster of rocks. The largest island in the group belonging to Great Britain is Tortola; population in 1881, 5,287. The President is F. A. Pickering. A small quantity of sugar is made, and recently many of the landed proprietors have planted cotton, which grows luxuriantly, and appears likely to prove remunerative. Dominica is in the center of the Caribbean Sea; it is 29 miles long, 16 miles broad, and very mountainous; population in 1881, 22,211. The local government is administered by a President, aided by an Executive Council of seven members. The Legislative Assembly was reduced in 1865 to fourteen members. The imports in 1885 were £56,205; exports, £52,486.

Trinidad. This island lies eastward of Venezuela, being separated from the continent by the Gulf of Paria. Its area is 1,754 square miles. Sugar and cocoa are the staple products. The climate is healthful; the average rainfall during the past 19 years has been 66.39 inches. The mean temperature during the same period was lowest at 76° Fahr. in January, and highest at 79° in September and October. The population of the island in 1881 was 153,128. The chief town and principal port is Port of Spain; population, 31,858. The next town and port is San Fernando, population, 6,335, about 30 miles south from Port of Spain. The harbor is the finest in the West Indies. There is a lake of pitch, 90 acres in extent, about 30 miles from Port of Spain; it has considerable value on account of the asphaltum

rather than ruin themselves, were compelled to reduce production. The rise in coffee, on the contrary, restored planters of that product to a more prosperous condition than they had seen for five years. The Spanish Antilles being flooded with Mexican and other foreign fractional coins, the home Government resolved to provide a special circulating medium in the shape of new silver money, to show on its face the stamp "Antillas Españolas." The commercial modus vivendi between Spain and the United States relating to Cuba and Porto Rico was by mutual agreement prolonged to July 1, 1888. The colonial budget estimate for 1887-'88 fixed the revenue of the island at $3,550,372, and the expenditure at $3,551,841. The peninsular and foreign trade movement in Porto Rico for two years was: In 1885, imports, $11,745,022; exports, $14,048,639. In 1884, imports, $13,132,293; exports, $11,618,883. The chief articles exported during 1885 were: Sugar, 88,959 tons, valued at $5,782,346; coffee, 21,669 tons valued at $6,067.185; molasses, 30,646 tons, valued at $735,494; tobacco, 3.495 tons, valued at $1,139,498. The American trade with Porto Rico has been as follows:

The custom-houses of the island collected in 1886 a revenue of $2,087,923. There entered Porto Rican ports in 1885, 1,648 vessels, with a joint tonnage of 108,896, while the departures were 1,544, registering together 147,125 tons.

WEST VIRGINIA. State Government.-The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, E. Willis Wilson; Secretary of State, Henry S. Walker; Treasurer, William T. Thompson; Auditor, Patrick F. Duffey; Attorney-General, Alfred Caldwell; Superintendent of Free Schools, Benjamin S. Morgan; President of the Supreme Court of Appeals Okey Johnson; Judges, Thomas C. Green, Adam C. Snyder, and Samuel Woods.

Legislative Session.-The Legislature was in session from January 12 to February 25. It was charged with the duty of electing a successor to United States Senator Johnson N. Camden, but after repeated ballotings it adjourned with out a decision. Senator Camden was a candidate for re-election, but failed to command the united support of his party. At a caucus on January 19, attended by 38 of the 51 Democrats in the Legislature, he was nominated with only two dissenting votes; but in the legislative balloting, which began on January 25, he failed to secure a majority. The Republicans made no nomination, but cast their 35 votes as a coinpliment to various party leaders. There were six Greenback-Labor members, who first voted for Samuel C. Burdett, and then joined their strength with the Republicans.

The legislation of the session included a general act permitting the incorporation of savings-banks, an act to secure to laborers in mines and manufactories the fortnightly payment of wages in lawful money, and an act revising and consolidating the license and tax laws. The last measure raises the tax-rate on real and personal property for general purposes from 20 to 25 cents, leaving the rate for school purposes unchanged, and increases the liquortax on brewers and dealers. The former now pay from $50 to $550, and the latter, whether wholesale or retail, $350. Dealers in domestic wines, ale, and beer pay $100. Other license taxes were also revised.

Three amendments to the Constitution were proposed to be voted upon by the people in 1888. One prohibits the manufacture and sale of liquor; another strikes out the following clause: "No fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined than according to the rules of the common law"; the third extends the regular legislative session from 45 to 60 days and longer, if two thirds of each house agree to such further extension. Other acts of the session were as follow:

To provide for the study of the nature and effect of alcoholic drinks and narcotics in the public schools of the State.

To prevent the employment of minors under twelve years that can not read and write in any factory, workshop, manufactory, or mine.

Imposing a tax on collateral inheritances, distributive shares, and legacies.

Providing for the removal of mill-dams and all other dams from the lower part of the Elk and Guyan

dotte rivers.

Revising the game laws.

To regulate the working, ventilation, and drainage of coal-mines, and to provide for the appointment of two mine-inspectors.

Changing the name of the State "Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and Blind" to the "West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and the Blind." Revising the election laws.

Providing for the appointment of a State board of Examiners, who shall conduct stated examinations shall grant certificates. of candidates for teachers in the public schools and

The Legislature having adjourned without electing a successor to Senator Camden, Hon. Daniel B. Lucas was appointed by the Governor on March 5 to hold office until the next meeting of the Legislature having authority to fill the vacancy. There had also been a failure at this session to pass the usual appropriation bills, and important measures relating to the courts and to railroads had been untouched. The Governor, therefore, issued a call for an extra session, to meet on April 20. The Constitution provides that at special sessions only such business shall be acted upon as the Governor in his proclamation shall direct. The subjects for legislation as set forth by the Governor included the appropriations, regulating the costs in criminal cases, limiting the allowance for maintenance of lunatics in jail, the regulation of railroad traffic, the prohibition of free passes to public officers or to members

of political conventions, the punishment of corruption and bribery at elections, and the establishment of the boundary between the State and Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. No mention was made regarding the election of a United States Senator, and the session apparently had no authority to act upon that question. Nevertheless, on May 3 both houses voted to ballot for United States Senator, and W. H. H. Flick received 9 votes and Camden 10 in the Senate, with 4 votes scattering, and Flick 23 and Camden 29 in the House, with 13 votes scattering. Seven joint ballots were taken thereafter, with no choice, but on the eighth Charles J. Faulkner obtained 48 votes, and Flick 31, with 10 scattering, and Faulkner was declared elected by the presiding officer. Governor Wilson refused to sign the certificate of his election, but his claim to the office was presented to the Senate on the meeting of Congress in December, and that body decided in his favor. While the Senatorial contest was pending, the Legislature passed the regular appropriation bills, accepted and adopted the acts of the several commissions appointed to establish the Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia boundaries, fixed the allowance for lunatics in prison at not over 60 cents a day, and limited the liability of the State in criminal prosecutions to payment for five witnesses in its behalf in ordinary cases.

State Institutions. The following appropriations for the year ending Sept. 30, 1887, were made: State Normal School, $13,200; State University, $23,036; Institution for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind, $25,000; Insane Asylum, $100,000. For the care of lunatics in jail, $20,000 was appropriated, and $90,000 for the costs of criminal prosecutions.

WHEELER, WILLIAM ALMON, an American legislator, born in Malone, Franklin County, N. Y., June 30, 1819; died there, June 4, 1887. He prepared himself for college, entered the University of Vermont, in 1833, and pursued his studies there for two years, when he began studying law in the office of Asa Hascall, in Malone. In 1845 he was admitted to the bar, and in the following year, when Mr. Hascall, who had held the office of district-attorney of Franklin County for several years, was compelled by failing health to resign it, Mr. Wheeler was appointed his successor for the remainder of the terin. His brief conduct of this office was so satisfactory that in 1847, at the first election by popular vote under the Constitution of 1846, he was chosen to fill the office for the full term of three years. At this time his political sympathies were with the Whig party, as whose candidate he was elected a member of the State Assembly in 1849-'50; but in the early part of the Frémont campaign, in 1856, he gave his support to the newlyformed Republican party, and remained in unswerving allegiance to it till the close of his life. In 1851 an affection of the throat threatened to impair his practice as an advocate, and

Northern New York Railroad Company, and for twelve years he was the supervisory manager of the line from Rouse's Point to Ogdensburg. He was a member and president pro tem. of the State Senate in 1858-59, and displayed special aptitude for the duties of presiding officer of a deliberative body. He was elected a Representative in Congress from the Sixteenth District in 1860, and returned to his railroad and banking interest at the close of the term. In 1867 he was again called to public service, being elected a member, and then president, of the State Constitutional Convention, and in 1868 was returned to Congress. From March 4, 1869, till March 4, 1877, he served continuously, holding at various times the chairmanship of the Committee on the Pacific Railroad, and membership in the committees on Appropriations and Southern Affairs. He was the first member in either House to cover his back pay into the Treasury after the passage of the back-salary act, and was the author of the famous "compromise" in the adjustment of the political disturbances in Louisiana, by which Mr. Kellogg was recognized as Governor, while the State Legislature became Republican in the Senate and Democratic in the House. In 1876 he received the nomination for Vice-President of the United States in the Republican National Convention, and after the declaration by the Electoral Commission of the election of the Republican candidates, took his seat as presiding officer of the Senate, March 4, 1877. On the expiration of the term, March 4, 1881, he returned to his home in Malone, and passed the remainder of his life in retirement.