expenditures, £6,605,901. Of the revenue £2,633,510 came from taxes, and the rest from the railroads, telegraphs, crown lands, and similar sources. The expenses of the public debt amounted to £1,285,904, and £1,413,690 were expended on railways, £968,284 on other public works, and £549,671 on posts and telegraphs. The expenditure for public educacation amounted to £642,070. The public debt at the end of 1885-'86 amounted to £30,127,382. The average rate of interest paid is 4 per cent. The revenue for 1886-'87 amounted to £6,733,000; that for 1887-'88 is estimated at £6,906,000, and the expenditure at £7,444,000. The receipts are to be increased by a duty of 38. 6d. per cwt. on cane-sugar, and 68. on beet-sugar, and by increased timber duties. A centennial exhibition is arranged to be held in Melbourne, to begin on August 1, 1888, and remain open six months.

South Australia.-The Legislative Council, elected by limited suffrage, can not be dissolved by the executive. Each of the fifty-two members is elected by the entire colony, but the seats are apportioned among four districts.

The House of Assembly consists of fifty-two members, elected by universal manhood suffrage. The Governor, who received his appointment in November, 1882, is Sir William O. F. Robinson. The House of Assembly passed a vote of want of confidence in the government on June 8, 1887, and a new Cabinet was formed, composed as follows: T. Playford, Premier and Treasurer; James Gordon Ramsay, Chief Secretary; A. Cott, Commissioner of Public Works; C. C. Kingston, Attorney-General; and Mr. Johnson, Commissioner of Education.

The area of the colony is 903,425 square miles. The estimated population on Dec. 31, 1885, was 313,423 persons, of whom 163,641 were males and 149,782 females.

The value of imports in 1885 was £5,548,403; of exports, £5,636,255. The leading articles of export are wool, of the value of £1,417,245 in 1885; and wheat and flour, of the value of £2,162,513. The area of cultivated land is 2,785,490 acres, of which 1,942,453 are devoted to wheat, producing 14,621,755 bushels in 1884-'85. There are 226,130 square miles held under pastoral leases. The number of sheep in the colony in 1885 was 6,696,406.

The railroad mileage in 1885 was 1,063 miles of completed lines and 718 under construction. There were 1,063 miles of telegraph lines and 9,378 miles of wire.

The revenue for the year ended June 30, 1886, was £2,279,038; the expenditure, £2,383,289. The revenue for 1886-'87 was estimated at £2,218,124, and the expenditure at £2,214,563. The actual receipts, however, only amounted to £1,868,000, leaving an accumulated deficiency of £1,080,000. The public debt amounted to £17,020,900 on Dec. 31, 1885. The entire amount was raised for productive public works.

Queensland. The members of the Legislative Council are nominated by the Crown for life, and those of the Legislative Assembly elected by the people without restriction of suffrage, holders of real estate having votes in the districts where their property is situated as well as in their places of residence. The Governor is Sir Anthony Musgrave, who was appointed in April, 1883. The ministry consists of the following members: Sir Samuel Walker Griffith, Premier, Chief Secretary, and Vice-President of the Executive Council; James Robert Dickson, Colonial Treasurer; Thomas MacDonald-Patterson, Postmaster-General; Arthur Rutledge, Attorney-General; William Miles, Secretary for Public Works; Berkeley Basil Moreton, Colonial Secretary and Secretary for Public Instruction; Charles Boydell Dutton, Secretary for Public Lands.

The colony has an area of 668,497 square miles and an estimated population on June 30, 1886, of 330,090 souls. The number of immigrants in 1885 was 34,334, including 679 Chinese and 1,929 Polynesians. The emigration was 22,768, including 1,238 Chinese and 1,903 Polynesians. The Chinese immigration in 1883 was 2,951, and the decline is caused by restrictive legislation. The number of births in 1885 was 11,672; of deaths, 6,235; of marriages, 2,842.

Of the total area of the colony, 7,728,568 acres, or less than 2 per cent., had been alienated by the Government up to the end of 1885. There were 307,290,880 acres leased for pastoral purposes in 1885, the number of runs being 9,292. The number of sheep in the colony was 8,994,322. Under the new land act of 1884 agricultural leases for not more than 1,280 acres will be granted for fifty years, and pastoral leases for a maximum of 20,000 acres to run thirty years.

The total value of imports in 1885 was £6,422,490; the value of exports, £5,243,404. The export of wool was valued at £1,779,682; of sugar, £720,921. The area devoted to the cultivation of sugar-cane in 1885 was 59,186 acres. The produce of 38,557 acres was valued at £1,075,235. The quantity of gold produced in 1885 was 310,941 ounces.

At the end of 1885 there were 1,434 miles of railroad, in which the Government had invested £9,484,654. There were 558 miles more in course of construction. The railroad receipts during 1885 amounted to £691,541, and the working expenses to £444,140. The number of letters sent through the post-office in 1835 was 9,776,407. The mileage of telegraph lines was 7,533 at the end of 1885; of wires, 12,290. The number of messages during the year was 1,082,183.

The revenue of the Government during 1885-'86 was £2,868,295; the expenditure, £3,090,160. The revenue for 1886-'87 was £2,870,000; the expenditure, £3,263,000. The public debt on Dec. 31, 1885, amounted to £19,320,850.

Western Australia.-The Governor is assisted by a Legislative Council, composed of eight nominated and sixteen elected members. The present Governor is Sir Frederick Napier Broome, appointed in December, 1882.

The area of the colony is estimated at 975,920 square miles. The population at the end of 1885 was estimated at 35,186. The net immigration during the year was 2,228; the number of births, 1,200; the number of deaths, 600. The value of imports in 1885 was £650,391; of exports, £446,692. There were 2,288 miles of telegraph and 76 of completed railroad, while 48 miles of railroad were building.

Tasmania. The Legislative Council has 18 members, and the House of Assembly 36, all elected under property qualifications of different degrees for each house.

The Governor is Sir Robert G. C. Hamilton, appointed in January, 1887. The Cabinet resigned in March, 1887, and a new one was formed, composed of the following ministers: Premier and Chief Secretary, P. O. Fysh, who succeeded James W. Agnew; Treasurer, Mr. Bird, who succeeded William H. Burgess; Attorney-General, Mr. Clarke, successor to John S. Dodds; Minister of Lands, Mines, and Works, Mr. Braddon, successor to Nicholas J. Brown.

The area of the colony is estimated at 26,215 square miles. The population on Dec. 31, 1885, was estimated at 133,791 souls. The net immigration for the year was 649.

The imports in 1885 amounted to £1,757,486; the exports to £1,313,693. The chief articles of export are wool, gold, tin, timber, and preserved fruits. The revenue of the Government in 1885 amounted to £600,550, and the expenditure to £603,657.

New Zealand. - The Legislative Council is composed of 54 members, nominated for life by the Crown; the House of Representatives, of 95 members, elected by restricted suffrage for three years.

The Governor is Lieut.-Gen. Sir William Francis Jervois, appointed in November, 1882, in March, 1887.

The ministry is composed of the following members: Sir Julius Vogel, Colonial Treasurer, Postmaster-General, Commissioner of Telegraphs, and Commissioner of Stamp Duties and Customs; Sir Robert Stout, Premier, Attorney-General, and Minister of Education; Edward Richardson, Minister of Public Works; John Ballance, Native Minister, Minister of Defense, and Minister of Lands and Immigration; Joseph Augustus Tole, Minister of Justice; Patrick Alphonsus Buckley, Colonial Secretary; William J. M. Larnach, Minister of Mines and Minister of Marine; W. H. Reynolds, without office.

The area of New Zealand is estimated at 104,027 square miles. The North Island contains 44,736, the Middle Island 55,224, and Stewart's Island 1,300 square miles. The pop

ulation in 1886, according to a census taken on March 28 was, exclusive of aborigines, 578,482, of which number 312,221 were males, and 266,261 females. The number of births was 19,693 in 1885; of deaths, 6,081; of marriages, 3,813. The number of immigrants was 16,199; of emigrants, 11,695. The Maori population in March, 1886, was 41,432, of which number 22,765 were males and 18,667 females. The number of Maoris in 1881 was 44,097.

The chief industries of the colony are agriculture, stock-raising, and gold-mining. Two thirds of the surface of the islands is fitted for agriculture or grazing. The total area of the colony is 66,710,320 acres, of which 18,305,594 had passed into the hands of private owners up to the close of 1885. The cultivated acreage in 1886 was 6,668,920, but of this 5,465,157 acres were under grass-crops. The production of wheat in 1886 was 4,242,285 bushels. The average yield of wheat per acre is 24:40 bushels; of oats, 26:11; of barley, 25.92. The number of sheep in the colony in March, 1886, was 16,580,388. The product of the goldmines in 1885 was 222,732 ounces, valued at £890,056.

The total value of the imports in 1885 was £7,479,921; of the exports, £6,819,939. The export of wool was 86,507,431 pounds, valued at £3,205,275. Grain and flour were exported to the value of £627,865, and frozen meat of the value of £373,857. The value of the gold exported was £890,056.

On March 31, 1885, there were 1,654 miles of railroads in the colony. The capital investment up to March 31, 1886, amounted to £13,726,166. The net receipts for the year were £357,078, representing a profit of not quite 24 per cent. The post-office in 1885 forwarded 37,149,788 letters and 14,233,878 newspapers. There were, on Jan. 1, 1886, 4,463 miles of telegraph lines and 10,931 miles of wire.

The revenue for the year ended March 31, 1886, was £3,746,945, of which £181,833 were derived from land sales, leases, and mining licenses. The public debt in March, 1886, amounted to £34,965,222, in part offset by a sinking fund amounting to £3,276,873. The revenue for 1886-'87 was £3,882,428, and the expenditure £4,012,598. To secure an equilibrium the Government proposed to increase the property tax to 1d. in the pound for all properties exceeding £2,500 in value. The ministry was defeated on a resolution declaring the budget unsatisfactory, and Parliament was dissolved in June, 1887, and new elections were appointed for August. Before the prorogation a bill was passed providing for the self-adjustment of parliamentary representation on the basis of population.

British New Guinea.-Great excitement was caused in Queensland by the massacre of Capt. Craig and the "Emily," while pearl-fishing off Jeannet Island, New Guinea, in October, 1886. In the winter the British naval vessel "Diamond" was sent to punish the natives. They

Russia had concentrated a large force of cavalry on the frontier of Galicia, which caused a similar but less extensive movement of AustroHungarian troops, and hastened the carrying out of military measures already decided upon. Wooden barracks for cavalry were erected along the whole frontier of Galicia, and large numbers of workmen were employed in February and March in completing the fortress of Cracow, and on fortifications at Prezmysl.

The work on the strategic lines in Galicia was also pushed forward. The Austrian Reichsrath voted 12,011,655, and the Hungarian Diet 7,460,000 florins in February for the Landwehr and Landsturm, and arms were provided for the Austrian Landwehr and the Hungarian Honved, and uniforms purchased for the Landsturm of both countries. Following the example of France and Germany, the AustroHungarian Government prohibited the exportation of horses, making an exception in favor of Italy. The regulations for the organization of the Landsturm were not uniform in the two parts of the empire. In Austria every man below the age of forty-two, unless unfit even for ambulance service, and ex-officers up to the age of sixty are enrolled, while in Hungary those only are taken who have had military training, or are likely to make efficient soldiers. The Hungarian Government in order to satisfy the national craving for industrial independence of Austria granted valuable concessions to the firm of Nordenfeldt for the establishment of a factory for small-arms at Buda-Pesth, and contracted for a supply of 400,000 rifles within two years. Owing to the improved state of affairs in Bulgaria and Western Europe, the Imperial Government, after having spent 24,000,000 florins of the extraordinary appropriation, announced that they would require no more.

The Navy. The Austro-Hungarian Government in 1886 possessed 10 armor-clad vessels of from 3,550 to 7,390 tons displacement, with armor ranging from 5 to 14 inches. Great attention has been paid to the torpedo fleet. Three cruisers of 1,500 tons displacement, and capable of steaming 19 knots an hour, have recently been built. A new steel-plated turretship, the "Stéphanie," was launched at Trieste, April 14, 1887. The displacement is 5,100 tons, and the maximum thickness of the armor 9 inches.

Commerce. The total value of the merchandise imports of the empire in 1885, including the annexed provinces but excluding Dalmatia, which lies outside of the imperial line of customs, was 557,948,324 florins, and the value of the exports 672,083,194 florins. The values of the leading articles of import were as follow: Vegetable fibers and manufactures, except cotton, 68,170,132 florins; silk and silk manufactures, 53,699,663 florins; clothing, etc., 27,452, 300 florins; wool and woolen goods, 21,957,428 florins; cotton and manufactures thereof, 9,450,484 florins; vegetables and fruits, 48,465,

518 florins; grain and pulse, 32,924,212 florins; sugar, coffee, etc., 27,586,642 florins; animals, 26,973,980 florins; fats and oils, 36,156,366 florins; furs, 16,551,260 florins; machinery and vehicles, 22,608,184 florins; wood and manufactures thereof, 15,937,841 florins; books and objects of art, 15,705,589 florins; gums and resins, 12,628,895 florins; salt, 12,738,321 florins; metals and metal manufactures, 11,839.271 florins; pottery, 8,945,570 florins; fuel, 7,700,738 florins; wines and spirits, 7,545,645 florins; minerals, 6,062,106 florins. The leading articles of export and their values for 1885 were as follow: Grain, flour, and pulse, 96,447,608 florins; fuel, 79,030,893 florins; sugar, 50,658,667 florins; instruments, watches, etc., 46,944,551 florins; wool and woolens, 40,004,984 florins; cattle, 35,666,612 florins; animal products, 31,300,839 florins; wines and spirits, 28,528,838 florins; leather and leather manufactures, 21,445,100 florins; glass and glass wares, 19,896,943 florins; vegetable fibers and manufactures thereof, 18,779,181 florins; cotton manufactures, 16,604,457 florins; minerals, 12,481,218 florins; paper and paper manufactures, 11,465,173 florins: iron and iron manufactures, 11,120,339 florins; tobacco, 8,167,673 florins.

The imports of specie and bullion in 1885 amounted to 12,282,529, and the exports to 8,727,579 florins. Of the merchandise imports 337,495,617 florins, and of the exports 317,319,252 florins passed over the German frontier, while 87,881,560 florins of imports and 95,002,077 florins of exports went through Trieste, and 31,748,124 florins of imports and 51,576,122 florins of exports through Fiume and the other sea-ports. The import trade with Roumania amounted to 40,047,638, and the export trade to 39,157,016 florins. The Russian imports were 21,390,116, and the exports to Russia 21,671,517 florins. The imports from Italy amounted to 19,176,409, from Servia to 14,162,174, from Switzerland to 5,477,370, and from Turkey and Montenegro to 569,316 florins, while the value of the exports to Italy was 47,638,326, to Servia 13,991,139, to Switzerland 29,570,127, and to Turkey and Montenegro 157,618 florins. High protective tariffs have caused a decline in the import trade, which were valued in 1884 at $247,860,000, and in 1885 were only $225,990,000, while for 1886 they were estimated at $221,616,000. Russian imports fell off most, but the decrease in those from Great Britain, Germany, and France were considerable. The customs dues have risen from 40 to 86 cents per capita, with a simultaneous increase in the consumption duties from 86 cents to $1.60. The estimated value of the exports in 1886 is $291,600,000.

The

Railroads and Telegraphs.-In January, 1886, the Austrian Government owned 2,299 miles of railroad and the joint-stock companies 6,023 miles, though of the latter 981 miles were operated by the state. The length of the Hungarian railroads in 1885 was 5,635 miles, of which

2,765 miles were operated by the Government. In 1885-'86 12,885,000 florins were appropriated for the construction of new lines in Austria.

The telegraph system of Austria in 1885 comprised 24,212 miles of lines and 62,447 miles of wires; that of Hungary, 10,872 miles of lines and 40,172 iniles of wires. In Bosnia and Herzegovina there were 1,730 miles of lines. The number of dispatches in Austria in 1885 was 6,701,899, and in Hungary 3,636,830.

The Post-Office.-The Austrian post-office in 1885 transmitted 383,118,000 letters and postal cards, 86,604,400 newspapers, 53,389,000 circulars and patterns, and 35,362,200 packages of goods. The receipts in 1884 were 20,020,730, and the expenses 16,473,730 florins. The extent of the postal traffic in Hungary was 120,651,740 letters and cards, 47,031,320 journals, 15,721,814 circulars, etc., and 10,502,302 parcels. The receipts of the Hungarian postoffice in 1884 were 8,801,264, and the expenses 7,215,917 florins.

Shipping and Navigation.-The Austro-Hungarian merchant-marine in 1886 numbered 61 steamers of 69,452 tons, in the foreign trade; 82 coasting steamers, of 14,491 tons; and 9,225 sailing-vessels of all descriptions, of which the tonnage was 228,044. In 1884 there were 62,112 vessels, of 7,478,522 tons, entered; and 61,998 vessels, of 7,481,690 tons, cleared at Austro-Hungarian ports. Of the tonnage, 87 per cent. was Austrian.

The Occupied Provinces. The provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina were occupied by Austria-Hungary under the provisions of the treaty of Berlin, and have since been administered by imperial civil officials. The same instrument stipulated that the Austrian military should occupy the Sanjak of Novi-Bazar, but that the civil administration should continue to be Turkish. Bosnia has an area of 16,200 square miles, and contained 187,574 inhabitants in 1885. The area of Herzegovina is 3,540 square miles, and the population in 1885 was 1,148,517. Novi-Bazar, with an area of 3,522 square miles, had 168,000 inhabitants in 1879. The revenue of the occupied provinces for 1887 was estimated in the budget at 8,977,390, and the expenditure at 8,920,616 florins. The cost of the army of occupation was estimated at 5,119,000 florins.

Secret Treaty with Russia. In April, 1887, the German Government, through the semi-official press, revealed the existence of a secret treaty in which Russia agreed to an annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as the price of Austrian neutrality, long before the Russo-Turkish war. The disclosure, which was intended to refute complaints of Russian journals that Germany had supported Austrian policy in antagonism to Russia, was embarrassing to Austro-Hungarian statesmen, and especially so to Tisza, the Hungarian Premier, who resigned when the occupation of the provinces was resolved upon by the Imperial Government, because his country

men, whose sympathies were with the Turks during the war, considered it a betrayal of Turkey. He withdrew his resignation, and obtained from Parliament the supplies for the occupation, but it was by representing AustriaHungary's action as necessitated by the situation resulting from the war. The secret treaty was negotiated in 1876 during the meeting of the Austrian and Russian Emperors at Reichstadt, and was signed at Vienna on Jan. 15, 1877. When the Russian troops entered Bulgaria Count Andrassy did not proceed to the occupation of the provinces, and is said to have been driven from office by the pro-Russian party at court because he would not act in concert with Russia, and thus failed to obtain the absolute possession of the promised territory. The occupation finally took place by an arrangement arrived at after the cession of Cyprus to Great Britain, which Russia was precluded by the previous secret understanding from opposing. The Russian delegate at Berlin therefore acquiesced in the proposal of Great Britain to intrust Austria-Hungary with the pacification and administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina. M. Tisza, in an explanation to the Chamber on May 21, 1887, defended his statements made at the time by explaining that the conditions of the secret treaty were never fulfilled, and that the occupation was undertaken in obedience to the European mandate.

The Ansgleich. A new ten-year treaty between the two states composing the empire was finally settled in May, 1887. The negotiations occupied an entire year, and on several occasions came to a stand-still. The difficulties which threatened to prevent a continuance of the customs league were not solved, but were simply waived or compromised for the sake of averting the external and internal dangers that would result from a breech of the fiscal union. Count Szapary broke off the negotiations in March, and refused to agree to a new basis suggested by M. Tisza, but in the Cabinet crisis that ensued was forced to resign his post as Hungarian Minister of Finances, and allow the Premier to conclude the arrangements. The Hungarians were desirous of formally incorporating in their kingdom the small strip of territory called the Militärgrenze, which is an integral part of Hungary, but is included in the old military boundaries of Austria. They assumed the share of this territory in the common expenditures, but, failing to obtain certain concessions, would not agree to a new apportionment of the burden which presses unequally on Austria, whose share in the common expenses for the ten years' period beginning Jan. 1, 1888, will be 68 per cent., while Hungary pays only 31 per cent.

Treaty Negotiations with Roumania.-There was a conference at Bucharest for the negotiation of a new commercial treaty with Roumania in March, 1887, but it led no nearer to a conclusion than the previous negotiations. The Rou