option of exchanging for the preferred shares of the railroad company to be formed.

Telegraphs. The number of offices in operation in 1885 was 63; the length of lines, 2,158 kilometres. While the receipts did not exceed $20,000 during the year, the expenses amounted to $51,764. On Feb. 5, 1887, direct telegraphic communication was formally opened between Central America and Mexico by the extension of the Mexican land-lines to Guatemala. The lines in every one of the states thus connected are owned and managed by the Governments, and there is a uniform rate.

In April, telegraphic communication was opened with the new station at San Francisco, in the department of Santa Rosa.

Mining. Early in 1887 a syndicate of New York and Philadelphia capitalists obtained from the Government of Honduras the exclusive privilege of establishing customs works for the reduction of ores in any part of Tegucigalpa, El Paraiso, and Choluteca. The syndicate owns fifteen mines in the republic, having acquired them under condition that they should be thoroughly developed, and that roads should be constructed from them to the coast.

Boundary Question.-Honduras and Salvador have agreed to fix anew the boundary between the two republics, the line drawn some time ago by Señores Letona and Cruz having been rejected by the Congress of Honduras. Pending the determination of the frontier, the line existing in 1884 is to be adhered to. Meanwhile Señores Zelaya and Castellanos have made an agreement as to the details to be observed in fixing the new line, and the Congress of Honduras has approved it.

Colonization.-Jacob Baiz, Consul-General of Honduras at New York, has petitioned the Government of Honduras for a land grant of 25,000 acres for purposes of colonization between Trujillo and Iriona, including the towns of Limon and Cuzca in the Mosquito territory. American settlers are to be procured, and the land is to be planted with plantains, cocoanut groves, oranges, and other fruit. American capitalists are said to be interested in this project.

Prosperous Condition of the Country.-In 1887 Honduras made rapid strides in progress. The national debt was in course of reduction; schools, colleges, and telegraph lines were established, and high-roads built. Under this favorable condition of affairs, American capital has been flowing into the republic, where it is amply protected by law, and where valuable concessions are granted for public improvements. The frequent visits to the Atlantic coast of Honduras of steamers and sailing-vessels, buying fruit for sale in the United States, has led to a great rise in prices. Cocoanuts, formerly worth from $12 to $14 a thousand, now bring $45 to $48. Bananas, which could be bought for 30 cents a bunch, are now worth $1.30 a bunch.

American Enterprise.-Col. Hurley, Vice-Presi

dent of the Aguan Navigation and Improvement Company, has proposed to the Government the erection of light-houses on the northern coast of the republic. The company has displayed great activity during the year, not only in the enterprise of canalization, which is to connect the bay of Trujillo with the river Aguan, but also in its banking operations. Colonization of the lands granted to the company, with American settlers, is proposed.

In June, Gen. E. A. Lever, Consul of Honduras at New Orleans, arrived at Trujillo for the purpose of making a contract with the Government in behalf of American capitalists, about the navigation of the river Ulua and the acquisition of tracts of land for settlement.

HOPKINS, MARK, an American clergyman, born in Stockbridge, Mass., Feb. 4, 1802; died in Williamstown, Mass., June 17, 1887. He pursued preparatory studies in the academies at Lenox, Mass., and Clinton, N. Y., and was graduated at Williams College in 1824. Soon

afterward he began the study of medicine at the Pittsfield Medical College; but this course was interrupted by his appointment to a tutorship at Williams College, which he held two years, when he resumed his medical studies in New York city. He received the degree of M. D. at Pittsfield in 1829, and in the following year began practicing in New York city. In August, 1830, but a few weeks after opening his office, he was unexpectedly elected Professor of Rhetoric and Moral Philosophy in Williams College, and two years later he was licensed to preach by the Berkshire Association. From 1830 to 1836 he worked steadily at his professorship, lecturing and preaching. In the latter year the presidency of the college became vacant by the resignation of Rev. Dr. Griffin, and Prof. Hopkins, though then only thirty-four years old, was elected to succeed him. He held this office for thirty-six years, resigning its responsibilities in 1872, but retaining the professorship of moral and intellectual philosophy. Thus his connection with Williams

College as student, tutor, professor, and president, covered the long period of sixty-two years; while from 1872 till his death he took an active part in all its affairs, lecturing on his favorite subjects-ethics, metaphysics, and rhetoric-preaching, and making anniversary and commencement addresses. Of his many published writings the best known are: "Evidences of Christianity " (1849); "Moral Science" (1862); "The Law of Love, and Love as

a Law" (1869); and "An Outline of the Study of Man" (1874). The last three volumes have been adopted by several colleges as text-books, and translated for similar use abroad. President Hopkins received the degree of D. D. from Dartmouth College in 1837, and from Harvard University in 1841, and that of LL. D. from the Board of Regents of New York in 1857. He became President of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in 1857, and held that office till his death.

HOUSES. American Country-Seats.-The present epoch of domestic architecture in the United States, though scarcely more than ten years old, is remarkable in performance and in promise. Twenty years ago the late Andrew J. Downing, an architect of repute, declared that our houses were mainly either of the plainest or most meager description, or, if more ambitious, were frequently shingled palaces of very questionable convenience, and not in the least adapted by their domestic and rural beauty to harmonize with our landscape. Nineteen years ago Mr. E. L. Godkin, in an address before the American Institute of Architects, said that, while their calling was the only one that brought art into contact with busy life-affecting men's imaginations while ministering to their material comfort-the people were only beginning to learn the need of architects. "You have been occupied from the dawn of civilization in the construction of temples and palaces, cathedrals and castles; but it is only in our day that the distribution of property and the arrangements of society have been such as to call your services into requisition for the construction of homes." Eighteen years ago the Rev. Dr. William H. Furness, in an address on a similar occasion, lamented the misfortune of the American architect who lived in a country so young in everything, especially in the fine arts, that architecture was "hardly yet appreciated as an art, or its professors and students deemed anything more than builders and working mechanics. The consequence of this confounding of artists with mechanics is that your art is not only defrauded of its dignity, but is without its rightful authority, and you have incessantly to submit to the humiliation of discussing as questions of taste what are no questions of taste at all, but matters of knowledge, of fact, with persons who have never given a thought to them.

The first private house of the present era of domestic architecture in the United States was

designed by the late Mr. H. H. Richardson, and erected in Newport, R. I., near the residences of Mr. Louis L. Lorillard and Mr. Cornelius Vanderbilt, in the year 1870; but it was not until about eight years afterward that Mr. Charles F. McKim designed the Newport Casino, and Mr. Richard M. Hunt the residence of Mr. Henry G. Marquand in the same city, which were speedily followed by other notable structures in various parts of the country. To Newport, therefore, and to the three architects just mentioned, must be awarded especial honor. So rapid and distinguished was the progress of this new American architecture that the British Institute of Architects, a few years later, sent to the United States a delegation of its members with instructions to examine the results obtained by their American brothers. On their return to London these gentlemen reported their surprise and delight at much that they had seen, particularly at the development of the American country-seat. Similar surprise and delight were expressed soon afterward by M. Paul Sédille, the architect of the city of Paris, in a letter to a French journal recounting some impressions of a visit to the United States. Among the best places for studying grouped examples of the new American country-seat are Newport, Lenox, Bar Harbor, Manchester-by-the-Sea, Tuxedo Park, Elberon, the suburbs of Philadelphia, and the Westchester and New Jersey suburbs of New York city. The whole continent of Europe might be searched in vain for a Newport, a Lenox, or a Bar Harbor.

No distinctive American or national style has yet been created, but adaptations of foreign styles and reproductions of our own colonial style are numerous. In the countryhouses of the Northwest there is a tendency toward Byzantine effects, bold sometimes to brutality. In New England there is an unmistakable revival of old colonial; five or six colonial houses have been built in Newport alone during the past two years, that belonging to Mr. H. A. C. Taylor being unusually noteworthy for purity of style. Some architects, like Mr. H. Edwards Ficken, Mr. C. C. Haight, and Mr. C. A. Rich, are fond of expressing the domestic sentiment of the lowland counties of England. Mr. W. D. Washburn's house at Minneapolis is called modern Gothic; Mr. R. C. Jefferson's house at St. Paul, modern French; Mr. George Noakes's house on Riverside Drive, New York. Norman Gothic; Col. Andrews's house at Cleveland, Italian Renaissance (see illustration, p. 362); Mr. C. A. Potter's house, near Philadelphia, somewhat Flemish. But architects, as a rule, do not designate their country-houses as specimens of any special styles, and are almost invariably confused when asked such a question as, "What is the style of this house?" Yet it was only ten years ago that an American architect publicly eulogized the "free classic or Queen Anne style," which he described as showing the influence

of the Elizabethan, the Jacobean, and the Francis I styles, and which he asserted to be "our vernacular style." The present disposition of our leading architects is expressed in the words of a correspondent of "The American Architect" for February, 1884, who advises his fellow-artists to leave "Queen Anne to the grandmammas of the profession-it goes well with tea and toast."

When Mr. Edward A. Freeman, the historian, was asked to write an article on the more recent achievements of American architecture, he declared that the city of Albany

had pleased him most of all; but "What," he asked, "should be the architecture of the United States-i. e., the architecture of an English people settled in a country in the latitude, though not always in the climate, of Italy? Should it be the Gothic of England or the Romanesque of Italy?" To the American architect no such dilemma presents itself. The range of his vision is wider.

The exterior color of country-houses is becoming darker, the aim being to subdue the effect to that of the trees and hills, and to silhouette the edifice against the sky, thus setting